The document summarizes key aspects of oil analysis that can be used to detect oil degradation in gas engines. It discusses several techniques including measuring kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, total base number, total acid number, and initial pH. These metrics provide information about oxidation, nitration, additive depletion, and corrosion protection. Regular oil analysis is important for gas engines using fuels like biogas that can vary in quality, to assess oil condition and determine optimal drain intervals.
Oil analysis involves sampling machine lubricants and analyzing them to monitor lubricant health, equipment health, and contamination levels. It can detect wear in components, coolant leakage, and filter effectiveness. Common tests analyze viscosity, water content, acidity, additives, and wear particles. Together these provide information on lubricant condition, equipment operation, and maintenance strategy effectiveness to optimize service intervals and avoid unexpected breakdowns.
The oil analysis report is a vital tool for a smooth running operation. Going deeper than the report summaries and knowing how to analyze the oil analysis report can help prevent equipment breakdown and unnecessary equipment teardowns. During this educational webinar you will learn from analyst, Dwon Ruffin, his process for reviewing and analyzing oil analysis reports. Dwon will review some of the most common tests run on industrial equipment and teach you how to read test reports. He will also walk you through marginal and critical reports and teach you how to decipher various alarms. You will walk away with an improved knowledge of oil analysis report interpretation.
This document discusses lubrication of medium speed diesel engines. It covers topics like the properties required for lubrication in internal combustion engines including bearing lubrication, piston cooling, cylinder lubrication, and cam shaft/gear lubrication. It also discusses recent engine design trends that impact lubrication like higher combustion pressures and describes how this affects properties like viscosity and detergency needed in lubricating oils. The document provides an overview of used oil analysis and how it can help identify issues like ingression of fuel or combustion byproducts into the oil from sources like leakage. It provides an example analysis of engine #1 where rises in viscosity and drops in base number indicate likely fuel ingression that could be addressed by identifying and fixing the ingress source.
This document discusses varnish formation in gas turbine systems and methods for measuring and removing varnish. Varnish is an insoluble deposit that forms from the breakdown of oil additives and contributes to increased operating temperatures, plugged filters, and valve issues. The rate of varnish precursor generation is higher under severe operating conditions and their removal is important to prevent downtime. Methods for measuring varnish potential include FTIR, particle counting, and color patch tests. Varnish can be removed through electrostatic filtration, chemical cleaning, or adsorption filtration which utilizes the affinity of filter media for varnish particles.
Determination of machine condition by oil analysis Done By Raymon CharlyRaymon Charly
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on machine condition monitoring through oil analysis. It discusses various techniques for analyzing lubrication oil samples such as FTIR spectroscopy, ferrography, particle counting, and online debris monitoring. These analysis methods examine properties of the oil like viscosity and acidity, as well as contamination levels and concentrations of wear metals. The results can provide insights into equipment health and identify failure risks to enable preventative maintenance.
Oil analysis provides a proactive maintenance tool to trend the condition of critical assets through oil sample testing. The document discusses how oil analysis works, the various analyses performed at the lab including wear metals, viscosity, particle counting and more. It also covers how to properly take an oil sample and provides a case study example where ferrography identified water ingress and lubrication starvation issues.
The document provides an overview of lubrication fundamentals and base oil refining processes. It discusses the importance of lubrication, key lubricant properties like viscosity and viscosity index, and how additives are used to improve properties. It then describes how crude oil is distilled to produce base stock feedstocks, and how further refining like solvent refining, hydro-treating, and hydro-cracking is used to create base stocks of different qualities that are the building blocks for finished lubricants.
Oil analysis involves sampling machine lubricants and analyzing them to monitor lubricant health, equipment health, and contamination levels. It can detect wear in components, coolant leakage, and filter effectiveness. Common tests analyze viscosity, water content, acidity, additives, and wear particles. Together these provide information on lubricant condition, equipment operation, and maintenance strategy effectiveness to optimize service intervals and avoid unexpected breakdowns.
The oil analysis report is a vital tool for a smooth running operation. Going deeper than the report summaries and knowing how to analyze the oil analysis report can help prevent equipment breakdown and unnecessary equipment teardowns. During this educational webinar you will learn from analyst, Dwon Ruffin, his process for reviewing and analyzing oil analysis reports. Dwon will review some of the most common tests run on industrial equipment and teach you how to read test reports. He will also walk you through marginal and critical reports and teach you how to decipher various alarms. You will walk away with an improved knowledge of oil analysis report interpretation.
This document discusses lubrication of medium speed diesel engines. It covers topics like the properties required for lubrication in internal combustion engines including bearing lubrication, piston cooling, cylinder lubrication, and cam shaft/gear lubrication. It also discusses recent engine design trends that impact lubrication like higher combustion pressures and describes how this affects properties like viscosity and detergency needed in lubricating oils. The document provides an overview of used oil analysis and how it can help identify issues like ingression of fuel or combustion byproducts into the oil from sources like leakage. It provides an example analysis of engine #1 where rises in viscosity and drops in base number indicate likely fuel ingression that could be addressed by identifying and fixing the ingress source.
This document discusses varnish formation in gas turbine systems and methods for measuring and removing varnish. Varnish is an insoluble deposit that forms from the breakdown of oil additives and contributes to increased operating temperatures, plugged filters, and valve issues. The rate of varnish precursor generation is higher under severe operating conditions and their removal is important to prevent downtime. Methods for measuring varnish potential include FTIR, particle counting, and color patch tests. Varnish can be removed through electrostatic filtration, chemical cleaning, or adsorption filtration which utilizes the affinity of filter media for varnish particles.
Determination of machine condition by oil analysis Done By Raymon CharlyRaymon Charly
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on machine condition monitoring through oil analysis. It discusses various techniques for analyzing lubrication oil samples such as FTIR spectroscopy, ferrography, particle counting, and online debris monitoring. These analysis methods examine properties of the oil like viscosity and acidity, as well as contamination levels and concentrations of wear metals. The results can provide insights into equipment health and identify failure risks to enable preventative maintenance.
Oil analysis provides a proactive maintenance tool to trend the condition of critical assets through oil sample testing. The document discusses how oil analysis works, the various analyses performed at the lab including wear metals, viscosity, particle counting and more. It also covers how to properly take an oil sample and provides a case study example where ferrography identified water ingress and lubrication starvation issues.
The document provides an overview of lubrication fundamentals and base oil refining processes. It discusses the importance of lubrication, key lubricant properties like viscosity and viscosity index, and how additives are used to improve properties. It then describes how crude oil is distilled to produce base stock feedstocks, and how further refining like solvent refining, hydro-treating, and hydro-cracking is used to create base stocks of different qualities that are the building blocks for finished lubricants.
This document discusses lubricant testing at thermal power plants. It describes the primary functions of lubricants as reducing friction, heat, and wear while protecting surfaces and removing contaminants. Regular lubricant testing is recommended to monitor equipment condition, ensure specifications are met, and reduce failure rates. Key tests described include particle counting, viscosity testing, acid number measurement, and analysis of additives, water content, and oxidation stability. Specific lubricant testing procedures and frequencies are outlined for steam turbines, mills, fans, pumps and other equipment. Factors that deteriorate lubricant quality like oxidation, thermal degradation, water accumulation and contaminants are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of lubrication fundamentals including tribology, lubrication functions, lubrication films and regimes, base oils, additives, greases, lubricant failures, and oil analysis basics. It discusses topics such as how lubricants are formulated using base oils and additives, common lubricant types, mineral and synthetic base oil properties, grease consistency, grease thickeners, and ways that lubricants can fail through contamination, oxidation, thermal degradation, and additive depletion.
Testing Of Lubes And Its Significance Nov 2011M Hussam Adeni
The document discusses the types and testing of lubricants. It outlines the different categories of automotive and industrial lubricants and provides examples for each. It then describes various routine tests performed on lubricants like gear oils, turbine oils, compressor oils, and refrigeration oils. These tests include analyzing properties such as color, viscosity, acidity, and water content. Finally, it discusses some common lubricant tests and specialized tests performed using sophisticated equipment.
NTM Corp: Presentation on the basic concept of base oilsjapjaca
A presentation on the basic concept of base oils and base oil groups prepared as an introductory deck for a series of training given to customer and in-house staff.
NOTE: This contains parts of the standard Mobil presentation decks.
This document provides an overview of Elf lubricant products for motorcycles and automotive engines. It discusses the basics of lubrication and different types of lubricants including their composition and functions. Specific Elf products covered include Elf Super Sporti ADV 15W50, Elf Molygraphite 15W50, Elf Molygraphite 10W30, Elf Grapholia MS 15W40, Elf Synthetic Pro 10W50, Elf Moto 2T Power, and Elf Moto 4T Power.
Improving the temperature limit of diesel filterabilityIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that tested different mixtures of diesel fuel to improve the temperature limit of filterability. Eight diesel mixtures were prepared with varying percentages of light gas oil, heavy gas oil, kerosene and naphtha. The mixtures were tested for flash point, distillation characteristics, and cold filter plugging point (TLF). Only two summer mixtures met standards for distillation and TLF. For winter mixtures, adding the additive "infenium" was needed to meet the TLF standard of -5°C. The best mixture would meet standards while containing maximum heavy gas oil, minimum naphtha and minimum infenium for economic reasons.
Properly characterizing a lubricant deposit can provide insight into the cause of a problem and allow plants to make corrective actions, resulting in tremendous savings. This webinar will present a multitude of real-world case studies where this practice of deposit characterization has been used in the field. Attendees will learn how a unique deposit that is not detectable through normal varnish testing caused a million-dollar shutdown at a nuclear facility, about the creation of tar balls in a sensitive gas turbine, how black goo was generated in a critical gas compressor, among others. (Greg Livingstone, Fluitec, 2014)
The document discusses the key functions and properties of engine oil. It explains that engine oil acts as a lubricant to reduce friction between moving parts, as a coolant to dissipate heat, and to clean the engine by removing dust and carbon buildup. The document also discusses viscosity grades for engine oils, with multi-grade oils rated using two numbers (like 5W40) to indicate their viscosity at different temperatures. Viscosity is identified as the most important property, as it determines how easily the oil flows through the engine. Formulas for Stokes' law and terminal velocity in relation to viscosity are also provided.
The document discusses engine lubrication systems and motor oil properties. It describes the functions of engine oils including reducing wear and friction. It also outlines organizations that set oil standards and properties such as viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point, sulfated ash and zinc content. The document explains lubrication systems, oil degradation, filtration systems, and selecting the proper oil for an engine.
Liquid Fuel Specification for Industrial Gas TurbineMd. Moynul Islam
Liquid Fuel Specification for Industrial Gas Turbine, a Special Article on Liquid Fuel Selection for Industrial Gas Turbine and the Role of Various Fuel Additives in Protecting Turbine Blades from High Temperature Corrosion
This document discusses automatic transmission fluid (ATF) used in Toyota vehicles. It describes the purpose and functions of ATF, including transmitting torque, operating hydraulic systems, and lubricating transmission components. It outlines various ATF additives that control viscosity, oxidation, foaming, and corrosion. Three types of ATF used by Toyota are identified: Type T for All-Trac transaxles, and Dexron II for other automatic transmissions from 1984 onward. The document also describes evaluating ATF condition based on color and smell to identify potential internal transmission issues.
Presentation on re refining of lubricating oil by avadhut ,pravin & manojpalekaravadhut
The document discusses re-refining of used lubricating oil. It begins by defining lubricating oil and its functions. It then discusses the production and demand for lubricating oil worldwide and in India. It describes the types of lubricating oils and their hydrocarbon composition. The document outlines the additives used in lubricating oils and contaminants that are present in used lubricating oil. It discusses the environmental impacts of improper disposal of used lubricating oil. Finally, it summarizes different methods for re-refining used lubricating oil including physical, physiochemical, and sulfuric acid refining methods.
This document provides information about synthetic plug valve lubricant sticks from Project Sales Corp. It details the specifications of two lubricant/sealant stick products: the 800-XH stick and 900M stick. Both sticks are formulated for use in plug valves and have non-dropping points, synthetic base oils, and temperature ranges from -40°F to 650°F. The 800-XH stick exhibits excellent tack and adhesion for straight or tapered plug valves. The 900M stick is recommended for natural gas pipelines and compressor valves exposed to hydrogen sulfide.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by a student at the Research Designs & Standards Organisation in Lucknow, India. It covers the student's training in various labs, including the Lubricants and Tribology lab, Paints and Corrosion Engineering lab, Rubber and Plastic lab, and Composite lab. The report includes sections on lubricants, greases, paints, and tests conducted on these materials. It provides acknowledgements and introduces concepts such as friction, lubrication functions, lubricant classification and properties. Standard tests are described for properties like viscosity, flash point, pour point, and more.
This document discusses oil ratings and viscosity. It explains that modern engine oils are rated using various standards like the API, ILSAC, and ACEA systems. Key factors discussed include viscosity grades (like SAE 5W-30), which affect oil thickness at different temperatures. Additives are described that improve properties like viscosity index and protection against wear, corrosion, and oxidation. The importance of using the specific oil recommended for each vehicle is emphasized to avoid problems that can arise from using the wrong oil.
The document summarizes the processes involved in manufacturing lubricant base oils from petroleum crude oil and synthesizing base oils. It discusses the multi-step refining process used to remove impurities from crude oil through distillation, extraction, dewaxing, and hydrofinishing to produce Group I-III base oils. It also describes how Group IV polyalphaolefin and Group V synthetic base oils are produced. The American Petroleum Institute categorizes base oils into these five groups based on saturation level, sulfur content, and viscosity index. Group II and III base oils produced through more extensive refining are becoming more prevalent in industrial applications.
Diesel fuel is more efficient than gasoline, with 50% of its energy going to motion compared to only 25% for gasoline. Modern diesel engines use cleaner diesel fuel, advanced injection technologies like common rail injection, and effective emissions control systems including diesel particulate filters to reduce emissions by over 95%. Renewable diesel produced through hydrogenation is chemically similar to petroleum diesel and can be used in existing engines and infrastructure.
1. Synthetic oils are manufactured using chemical synthesis and contain additives. They can be made from synthetic hydrocarbons, organic esters, or other materials like phosphate esters or silicones.
2. Synthetic oils offer advantages over mineral oils like wider temperature ranges, better oxidation stability, and lower friction for improved fuel economy. They form thicker oil films for better wear protection.
3. Pertamina's synthetic oil products include the Fastron fully synthetic 0W-50 engine oil with PAO base oil and synthetic compressor oils under the GC Lube Syn brand made with diester base oil.
Methane (CH4) is the primary component of natural gas and biogas. As South Africa seeks to diversify its energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, natural gas and biogas are becoming increasingly important. Gas engines, which run on gases like natural gas and biogas, are used for power generation. Oil analysis is a valuable tool for monitoring gas engine health and reliability by detecting abnormal wear, contamination, and oil degradation early on. It provides insights into potential problems before costly repairs are needed.
The practice of lube analysis has been proven time and again to be an effective approach to reduce maintenance and downtime costs. However many lube analysis programs do not deliver outstanding results. Join Tim Nelson as he explores some of the most common reasons why lube analysis programs fail and what you can do to help ensure yours will succeed. By focusing on the reasons for failure, you will learn how to avoid them and create a world-class lube analysis program. Tim Nelson has more than 30 years experience working in the maintenance and reliability disciplines. Much of his knowledge and experience was gained while managing the Lubrication and Oil Analysis programs for a major chemical plant.
This document discusses lubricant testing at thermal power plants. It describes the primary functions of lubricants as reducing friction, heat, and wear while protecting surfaces and removing contaminants. Regular lubricant testing is recommended to monitor equipment condition, ensure specifications are met, and reduce failure rates. Key tests described include particle counting, viscosity testing, acid number measurement, and analysis of additives, water content, and oxidation stability. Specific lubricant testing procedures and frequencies are outlined for steam turbines, mills, fans, pumps and other equipment. Factors that deteriorate lubricant quality like oxidation, thermal degradation, water accumulation and contaminants are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of lubrication fundamentals including tribology, lubrication functions, lubrication films and regimes, base oils, additives, greases, lubricant failures, and oil analysis basics. It discusses topics such as how lubricants are formulated using base oils and additives, common lubricant types, mineral and synthetic base oil properties, grease consistency, grease thickeners, and ways that lubricants can fail through contamination, oxidation, thermal degradation, and additive depletion.
Testing Of Lubes And Its Significance Nov 2011M Hussam Adeni
The document discusses the types and testing of lubricants. It outlines the different categories of automotive and industrial lubricants and provides examples for each. It then describes various routine tests performed on lubricants like gear oils, turbine oils, compressor oils, and refrigeration oils. These tests include analyzing properties such as color, viscosity, acidity, and water content. Finally, it discusses some common lubricant tests and specialized tests performed using sophisticated equipment.
NTM Corp: Presentation on the basic concept of base oilsjapjaca
A presentation on the basic concept of base oils and base oil groups prepared as an introductory deck for a series of training given to customer and in-house staff.
NOTE: This contains parts of the standard Mobil presentation decks.
This document provides an overview of Elf lubricant products for motorcycles and automotive engines. It discusses the basics of lubrication and different types of lubricants including their composition and functions. Specific Elf products covered include Elf Super Sporti ADV 15W50, Elf Molygraphite 15W50, Elf Molygraphite 10W30, Elf Grapholia MS 15W40, Elf Synthetic Pro 10W50, Elf Moto 2T Power, and Elf Moto 4T Power.
Improving the temperature limit of diesel filterabilityIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that tested different mixtures of diesel fuel to improve the temperature limit of filterability. Eight diesel mixtures were prepared with varying percentages of light gas oil, heavy gas oil, kerosene and naphtha. The mixtures were tested for flash point, distillation characteristics, and cold filter plugging point (TLF). Only two summer mixtures met standards for distillation and TLF. For winter mixtures, adding the additive "infenium" was needed to meet the TLF standard of -5°C. The best mixture would meet standards while containing maximum heavy gas oil, minimum naphtha and minimum infenium for economic reasons.
Properly characterizing a lubricant deposit can provide insight into the cause of a problem and allow plants to make corrective actions, resulting in tremendous savings. This webinar will present a multitude of real-world case studies where this practice of deposit characterization has been used in the field. Attendees will learn how a unique deposit that is not detectable through normal varnish testing caused a million-dollar shutdown at a nuclear facility, about the creation of tar balls in a sensitive gas turbine, how black goo was generated in a critical gas compressor, among others. (Greg Livingstone, Fluitec, 2014)
The document discusses the key functions and properties of engine oil. It explains that engine oil acts as a lubricant to reduce friction between moving parts, as a coolant to dissipate heat, and to clean the engine by removing dust and carbon buildup. The document also discusses viscosity grades for engine oils, with multi-grade oils rated using two numbers (like 5W40) to indicate their viscosity at different temperatures. Viscosity is identified as the most important property, as it determines how easily the oil flows through the engine. Formulas for Stokes' law and terminal velocity in relation to viscosity are also provided.
The document discusses engine lubrication systems and motor oil properties. It describes the functions of engine oils including reducing wear and friction. It also outlines organizations that set oil standards and properties such as viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point, sulfated ash and zinc content. The document explains lubrication systems, oil degradation, filtration systems, and selecting the proper oil for an engine.
Liquid Fuel Specification for Industrial Gas TurbineMd. Moynul Islam
Liquid Fuel Specification for Industrial Gas Turbine, a Special Article on Liquid Fuel Selection for Industrial Gas Turbine and the Role of Various Fuel Additives in Protecting Turbine Blades from High Temperature Corrosion
This document discusses automatic transmission fluid (ATF) used in Toyota vehicles. It describes the purpose and functions of ATF, including transmitting torque, operating hydraulic systems, and lubricating transmission components. It outlines various ATF additives that control viscosity, oxidation, foaming, and corrosion. Three types of ATF used by Toyota are identified: Type T for All-Trac transaxles, and Dexron II for other automatic transmissions from 1984 onward. The document also describes evaluating ATF condition based on color and smell to identify potential internal transmission issues.
Presentation on re refining of lubricating oil by avadhut ,pravin & manojpalekaravadhut
The document discusses re-refining of used lubricating oil. It begins by defining lubricating oil and its functions. It then discusses the production and demand for lubricating oil worldwide and in India. It describes the types of lubricating oils and their hydrocarbon composition. The document outlines the additives used in lubricating oils and contaminants that are present in used lubricating oil. It discusses the environmental impacts of improper disposal of used lubricating oil. Finally, it summarizes different methods for re-refining used lubricating oil including physical, physiochemical, and sulfuric acid refining methods.
This document provides information about synthetic plug valve lubricant sticks from Project Sales Corp. It details the specifications of two lubricant/sealant stick products: the 800-XH stick and 900M stick. Both sticks are formulated for use in plug valves and have non-dropping points, synthetic base oils, and temperature ranges from -40°F to 650°F. The 800-XH stick exhibits excellent tack and adhesion for straight or tapered plug valves. The 900M stick is recommended for natural gas pipelines and compressor valves exposed to hydrogen sulfide.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by a student at the Research Designs & Standards Organisation in Lucknow, India. It covers the student's training in various labs, including the Lubricants and Tribology lab, Paints and Corrosion Engineering lab, Rubber and Plastic lab, and Composite lab. The report includes sections on lubricants, greases, paints, and tests conducted on these materials. It provides acknowledgements and introduces concepts such as friction, lubrication functions, lubricant classification and properties. Standard tests are described for properties like viscosity, flash point, pour point, and more.
This document discusses oil ratings and viscosity. It explains that modern engine oils are rated using various standards like the API, ILSAC, and ACEA systems. Key factors discussed include viscosity grades (like SAE 5W-30), which affect oil thickness at different temperatures. Additives are described that improve properties like viscosity index and protection against wear, corrosion, and oxidation. The importance of using the specific oil recommended for each vehicle is emphasized to avoid problems that can arise from using the wrong oil.
The document summarizes the processes involved in manufacturing lubricant base oils from petroleum crude oil and synthesizing base oils. It discusses the multi-step refining process used to remove impurities from crude oil through distillation, extraction, dewaxing, and hydrofinishing to produce Group I-III base oils. It also describes how Group IV polyalphaolefin and Group V synthetic base oils are produced. The American Petroleum Institute categorizes base oils into these five groups based on saturation level, sulfur content, and viscosity index. Group II and III base oils produced through more extensive refining are becoming more prevalent in industrial applications.
Diesel fuel is more efficient than gasoline, with 50% of its energy going to motion compared to only 25% for gasoline. Modern diesel engines use cleaner diesel fuel, advanced injection technologies like common rail injection, and effective emissions control systems including diesel particulate filters to reduce emissions by over 95%. Renewable diesel produced through hydrogenation is chemically similar to petroleum diesel and can be used in existing engines and infrastructure.
1. Synthetic oils are manufactured using chemical synthesis and contain additives. They can be made from synthetic hydrocarbons, organic esters, or other materials like phosphate esters or silicones.
2. Synthetic oils offer advantages over mineral oils like wider temperature ranges, better oxidation stability, and lower friction for improved fuel economy. They form thicker oil films for better wear protection.
3. Pertamina's synthetic oil products include the Fastron fully synthetic 0W-50 engine oil with PAO base oil and synthetic compressor oils under the GC Lube Syn brand made with diester base oil.
Methane (CH4) is the primary component of natural gas and biogas. As South Africa seeks to diversify its energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, natural gas and biogas are becoming increasingly important. Gas engines, which run on gases like natural gas and biogas, are used for power generation. Oil analysis is a valuable tool for monitoring gas engine health and reliability by detecting abnormal wear, contamination, and oil degradation early on. It provides insights into potential problems before costly repairs are needed.
The practice of lube analysis has been proven time and again to be an effective approach to reduce maintenance and downtime costs. However many lube analysis programs do not deliver outstanding results. Join Tim Nelson as he explores some of the most common reasons why lube analysis programs fail and what you can do to help ensure yours will succeed. By focusing on the reasons for failure, you will learn how to avoid them and create a world-class lube analysis program. Tim Nelson has more than 30 years experience working in the maintenance and reliability disciplines. Much of his knowledge and experience was gained while managing the Lubrication and Oil Analysis programs for a major chemical plant.
This document provides an overview of lubricants presented by Md. Arman Hossain of SAJ Engineering & Trading Company. It defines lubricants as substances that reduce friction between surfaces. The presentation covers the functions of lubricants, properties, classifications, types (mineral-based, synthetic, semi-synthetic), brands and institutes. It provides details on mineral oils, additives, and limitations while emphasizing advantages of synthetic lubricants. Pertamina lubricants and their approvals from automobile and equipment manufacturers are highlighted. The presentation stresses the importance of using quality lubricants for engine protection and performance.
The document discusses lubrication systems for engines. It describes the purpose of lubrication as reducing friction, protecting from wear, removing impurities, forming seals, and serving as a coolant. The main lubrication systems are mist, wet sump, and dry sump. Mist lubrication uses oil mixed with fuel for 2-stroke engines. Wet sump systems include splash and circulating pumps or pressure systems. Properties of lubricants that are important include viscosity, flash point, pour point, and additives that improve properties.
The cylinder liner forms the cylindrical space in the engine where the piston reciprocates. It is manufactured separately from the cylinder block using an alloy that has better wear resistance at high temperatures. This allows for replacement of just the liner if it wears. The liner is cooled, often with tangential bore cooling, to maintain an optimal temperature for lubrication and reducing thermal stresses. Proper lubrication and minimizing abrasive particles are important to reduce liner wear over the life of the engine.
The document discusses engine components and how they wear over time, focusing on the role of electronics and the electronic control module in monitoring key engine functions like temperature and pressure. It provides details on features and benefits of electronic engine controls as well as what options exist if the ECM or sensors fail. The document also compares Cat engine parts to competitors' parts, noting Cat's emphasis on precision, quality materials and rigid tolerances that lead to better performance and reliability.
This document provides an overview of industrial lubricants. It defines lubricants as substances introduced between moving surfaces to reduce friction. Lubricants typically contain 90% base oil and less than 10% additives. Additives include anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antiwear agents, and foam inhibitors. The document outlines the types, features, uses, applications, functions, and marketing strategies of industrial lubricants. It also lists some major companies that manufacture lubricants.
The document discusses the basics of lubricants and lubrication. It defines lubrication as using a material between surfaces to reduce friction. The two main methods of lubrication are hydrodynamic lubrication and boundary lubrication. It also describes different types of lubricants including liquids, solids, and gases. It provides examples of typical lubricants and their applications.
This document provides an overview of diesel engine systems. It begins with an introduction and agenda, then discusses various engine families and the locations where they are built. It provides information on common engine components and systems, including the combustion process, cylinder head, crankshaft, piston assembly, and turbocharger. It also outlines expected engine wear items and different service strategies for rebuilding engines. The document aims to familiarize the reader with diesel engine workings and components.
The document discusses the functions and components of diesel engine fuel, air intake, and exhaust systems. It describes how the fuel system meters and regulates fuel delivery to control power and emissions. The document outlines the evolution of fuel systems from mechanical to electronic control and various injection technologies. It also discusses the role of the air intake and exhaust systems in providing combustion air and removing exhaust gases. The potential causes of wear and failure in these systems are explained.
Lubricants are fluids introduced between moving parts to reduce friction, heat, and wear. Lubrication functions include reducing friction, wear, corrosion, and improving machine efficiency. Good lubricants have high boiling points, viscosity, oxidation resistance and thermal stability. Lubrication types include thick film hydrodynamic, thin film boundary, and extreme pressure lubrication. Lubricants are classified as liquid, semi-solid, or solid and their properties like viscosity, viscosity index, and flash point determine their performance and applications.
This document provides an overview of diesel engine systems. It begins with an introduction and agenda, then discusses various engine families and the locations where they are built. It provides information on common engine components and systems, including the combustion process, cylinder head, crankshaft, piston assembly, and turbocharger. It also outlines expected engine wear items and different service strategies for rebuilding engines. The document aims to familiarize the reader with diesel engine workings and components.
The document describes the purpose and components of an engine lubrication system. The key purposes of lubrication are to reduce friction, seal components, clean the engine, cool the engine, absorb shocks, and absorb contaminants. The main types of lubrication systems are mist/petrol-oil premix, autolube, splash, and pressure-fed wet or dry sump systems. The document outlines the components of these systems including the oil sump, pump, pickup, pressure regulator, filter, galleries, and indicators. It explains how each component functions to circulate oil through the engine.
This document discusses the process of producing lubricating oil from crude oil. It begins with an overview of lubricating oil and its uses. It then describes how crude oil is extracted from underground deposits and its varied composition. The main steps of production are described as sedimentation to remove contaminants, fractional distillation in two towers to separate components by boiling point, filtering and solvent extraction to remove aromatics, adding additives, and quality control testing. Future reliance on synthetic oils is discussed as petroleum reserves dwindle over time.
Multigrade engine oil is better than monograde oil for most modern engines. Multigrade oil is engineered to maintain a thicker viscosity at high temperatures compared to monograde oils, protecting the engine better. It also has a thinner viscosity at low temperatures, allowing it to reach all engine parts more quickly on start-up and reducing wear. Overall, multigrade oils provide better engine protection and typically allow for improved fuel economy compared to monograde oils.
Lubrication is one of the main preventative maintenance activities.
Lubricants have a wide range of properties that impact their physical and chemical properties Knowing about these properties is important in determining which lubricant is best for which situation.
Oil analysis identifies early signs of contamination, fluid degradation and abnormal wear before they cause costly and permanent damage to equipment.
The document provides an overview of lubricant base oils and refining processes. It discusses how crude oil is distilled to produce base stock feedstocks, which are then refined through various processes like solvent refining, hydro-treating, and hydro-cracking to produce Group I through Group III base stocks. Higher quality base stocks produced through more advanced refining have properties like very low sulfur and nitrogen levels, higher viscosity indexes, and excellent low-temperature performance.
This document discusses maintenance of mineral transformer oil. It describes the properties and importance of testing transformer oil to monitor for contamination and degradation. Key tests described include dissolved gas analysis to detect faults from gases produced by arcing, overheated oil or cellulose. Monitoring transformer oil condition allows reliability by discovering faults early to prevent expensive failures and downtime.
The crude oil assay is the collection of the results of physical tests that are performed to determine the key properties (boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatom contents, acid number, etc.) of crude oil and its fractions. It is the procedure based on laboratory and pilot plant testing for determining the general distillation and quality characteristics of crude oil. Crude oil assay is important for determining the value and processability of crude oil. This is the preliminary step before processing the crude oil in the refinery. . In order to utilize the crude oil assay data, it is necessary to understand the results and significance of some of the laboratory tests.
This document provides an overview of lubricating oils and the lubricant blending process. It defines lubricants and lubrication mechanisms. It describes the types of base oils (mineral and synthetic) and additives used in lubricants. The key equipment in a lube oil blending plant and the blending process are outlined, including base oil and additive charging, blending, and quality control testing. Key tests described are kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, and flash/fire point determination. In summary, the document introduces lubricating oils, their composition and properties, and the blending process used to produce finished lubricant products.
1. Lubrication is the process of applying a lubricant between two surfaces to reduce friction. Early humans discovered lubrication reduced effort and wear in simple machines.
2. The document defines lubrication and lubricants, and discusses the primary purposes of lubrication as reducing friction, wear, and excessive heating. It also lists several secondary purposes like extended equipment life and reduced costs.
3. The properties of viscosity, flash point, and viscosity index are among the most important properties of lubricating oils discussed in the document. Various lubricant classifications like ISO, SAE, and AGMA viscosity grades are also covered.
IMechE Sept 2007 compressor paper final 12 JulyPeter Smith
This document discusses lubricants for modern rotary air compressors. It describes how compressors now operate under more extreme conditions, placing greater demands on lubricants. The paper examines key lubricant performance requirements like oxidative stability, deposit resistance, and anti-wear properties. It also discusses how lubricant manufacturers test oils using lab tests and compressor rigs to develop lubricants that meet requirements, protect equipment, and extend oil life.
This document discusses the causes of oil discoloration in oil film bearings, including particulate contamination from external and internal sources, liquid contamination, and oxidation over time. Particulate contamination can come from the environment entering through clearances or be generated internally from wear of bearing components. Liquid contamination primarily refers to water entering through seals. The document recommends oil analysis, monitoring operating temperature, and using premium lubricants suited for the application to maintain proper oil quality and maximize bearing life. It also describes solutions from Dodge to minimize contamination, such as sealing systems, oil filtration units, and a compact circulating oil system.
This document discusses lubricating oils used in mechanical engineering. It begins by defining lubricating oils and their uses in reducing friction and wear between surfaces. It then discusses the key properties oils should have and different types including mineral oils derived from petroleum and vegetable/animal oils. The rest of the document discusses additives used in mineral oils, classification systems for oils, and commercial automotive lubricants and their properties.
Enhancement in viscosity of diesel by adding vegetable oilIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Statistical evaluation of vegetable oil as lubricant for aluminium 6063IRJET Journal
The document presents a statistical evaluation of using vegetable oils as lubricants for aluminum 6063. It investigates the performance of different vegetable oils (sunflower oil, soybean oil, palm oil, and peanut oil) compared to straight cutting oil on friction force, wear rate, and pin temperature. An experiment was designed using Taguchi methods with density of oil, RPM, load, and sliding distance as control factors. Analysis of variance was used to determine the impact of each factor on the output parameters. The results found that oils with higher density provided better lubrication at higher loads and RPM, though did not control temperature as well as straight cutting oil. Vegetable oils performed better than straight cutting oil from a lubrication perspective.
This document discusses different types of fuels used in thermal equipment, including their properties and characteristics. It describes liquid fuels like furnace oil and their density, specific gravity, viscosity, flash point, pour point, and calorific values. It also describes solid fuels like coal and their classification, properties, and proximate analysis in terms of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content. The document provides details on the various laboratory tests used to evaluate fuel properties and specifications to help select the appropriate fuel for different applications and maximize energy efficiency.
This document discusses turbine lubrication and monitoring turbine oil condition. It describes how turbine oils degrade through oxidation and thermal degradation. One result is the creation of insoluble contaminants that can form varnish. The document introduces Quantitative Spectrophotometric Analysis (QSASM) as a way to measure a turbine oil's varnish potential before failures occur. It also outlines common turbine oil tests, analytical packages for condition monitoring, and how to maximize the life of turbine oils through various best practices.
The document provides an overview of lubrication topics including definitions of lubricants and their functions, types of friction, lubrication regimes, importance of viscosity, API ratings, lubricant formulations, additives, international standards, service categories, and Phoenix's product portfolio. It describes key lubrication concepts such as the different lubrication regimes, factors that influence viscosity selection, additive functions, and performance standards for various Phoenix lubricant products.
Diesel fuel is produced from various sources like petroleum, biomass, and natural gas. It is characterized by properties like cetane number, viscosity, density, sulfur content, etc. Diesel fuel specifications include limits for flash point, viscosity, carbon residue, cetane number, distillation characteristics, corrosion properties, and sulfur and water content. Ignition quality is expressed by terms like cetane number, self-ignition temperature, and aniline point. Diesel fuel must burn cleanly and completely while providing sufficient lubrication and ease of ignition.
a presentation about ( Engine Oil ) to Petrochemical lecture
Outline:
• Engine oil introduction
• Types of Engine Oil
• Oil Consumption for cars
• What are the reasons for high oil consumption in cars?
• What is motor oil?
• Detergents
• Anti - wear additives
• Modifiers
• Anti - Foam additives
• Rust & corrosion
• Viscosity index improves
• Pour - point depressant
Hope you like it and benefits you.
The document provides details about the author's summer training at an Indian Oil Corporation lube blending plant. It describes the plant's production capacity and certification. It then discusses the process of blending lubricants which involves storing base oils and additives in tanks, blending them in kettles, and packaging the finished lubricants. Quality control and safety procedures are also summarized. The document includes sections on the definition and purpose of lubricants, their classifications, and the types of base oils used.
This document discusses fuels and combustion. It provides details on the types of liquid fuels like furnace oil and LSHS that are predominantly used in industrial applications. It describes various properties of liquid fuels like density, specific gravity, viscosity, flash point, pour point, specific heat, calorific value, sulfur content, ash content, carbon residue, and water content. It also discusses the storage, handling, and preparation of liquid fuels, including removing contaminants through strainers. Pumping methods for heavy fuel oils are also mentioned.
Similar to CH4 can be worth so much more P2 WearCheck TB61 (20)
1. ISSUE61
CH4
CAN BE
WORTH SO MUCH MORE
The role of oil analysis in gas engine reliability (part 2)
by Steven Lara-Lee Lumley, N6 Mech.Eng.
In Technical Bulletin 60, we looked at the
various laboratory techniques used to detect
abnormal wear and contaminants in gas
engine oils and the relevance thereof.
In this final instalment, we will look at what
oil analysis can measure in terms of the third
function of oil analysis, which is to detect oil
degradation.
Oil is the lifeblood of any mechanical system
and as such has many functions to perform.
These functions can be categorised into
four fundamental groups: reduction of wear,
removal of contaminants, removal of heat
and acting as a structural material. All these
functions are negatively impacted if the oil
physically or chemically degrades.
Mrs Steven Lara-Lee Lumley (HND N6 MLA II),
(Technical Development) WearCheck Africa
A Jenbacher JMS312 GS-BL engine powered by biogas derived from the anaerobic digestion of fruit waste. Courtesy of Clark Energy
WearCheck is a registered ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and ISO 17025 company
Condition Monitoring Specialists
2. 2
As already mentioned, gas engine oils need to withstand
the various levels of oil degradation caused by the gas
fuel combustion process. This is even more important in
applications where fuel quality can vary significantly over
time, such as gas engines running on biogas.
Due to these variations in fuel quality, it is vitally important
that oil samples be taken regularly to assess the oil’s
condition, rate of deterioration and ultimately determine
the optimal oil drain intervals.
The most widely used and OEM-requested laboratory
techniques for detecting oil degradation will be discussed
below.
kv (kiNemaTic viscosiTY)
Kinematic viscosity is defined as a fluid’s resistance to
flow under gravity, at a specified temperature and this in
turn determines the thickness of the oil film that prevents
contact between metal surfaces. KV is measured in
centistokes (cSt) and is typically reported at 40°C (KV40)
and 100°C (KV100) for gas engine oil analysis.
the lubricant manufacturer. Trending of viscosity data
is important as deviations from the norm may indicate
base oil degradation, additive depletion or the use of an
incorrect lubricant.
When the oil’s viscosity increases, it is usually due to the
presence of insoluble polymerisation products formed
as a result of oxidation or nitration, high operating
temperatures, the presence of water, the presence of
other oxidation catalysts or the addition of an incorrect
lubricant.
Decreases in oil viscosity are attributed to degradation of
the viscosity index improver (VII) additive in multigrade oils
or due to the use of an incorrect lubricant during refilling
and topping-up procedures. As gas engines burn gaseous
fuel, there is no risk of a reduced viscosity as a result of
fuel dilution. This of course does not apply to dual fuel
applications where both gas and diesel can be utilised as
a fuel source.
vi (viscosiTY iNdex)
The VI characterises the effect of temperature on an oil’s
viscosity and is of particular importance in applications
where operating temperatures vary significantly. The VI
can change when the lubricant degrades (chemically
“breaks down”) or degradation by-products accumulate.
The kinematic viscosities at 40˚C and 100˚C are used to
calculate the viscosity index. In layman’s terms, the higher
the viscosity index value, the less the viscosity changes
with a change in temperature.
fTir (fourier TraNsform iNfrared)
All the functions that an oil has to perform, as listed at
the beginning of this Technical Bulletin, are negatively
impacted if the viscosity of the oil falls outside of the
intended viscosity range i.e. too high or too low. If the
viscosity is not correct for the load, the oil film cannot
be adequately established at the friction point. Heat and
contamination are not carried away at the proper rates,
and the oil cannot sufficiently protect the component.
A lubricant with the improper viscosity will lead to
overheating, accelerated wear, and ultimately failure of the
component. It is for this reason that viscosity is considered
the most important physical property of a lubricant.
The viscosity readings obtained are compared with the
viscosity specifications of the new oil as defined by
The main functions of a lubricant
3900 3500 3100 2700 2300 1900 1500 1100 700
Wavenumber
Antioxidant
Water
Soot
Oxidation
Nitration
Glycol
AW
Fuel
Sulfation
FTIR spectrum showing oxidation and nitration peaks.
Courtesy of Noria Corporation
3. 3
combustion process, which results in the accumulation of
nitrogen oxides.
Since the rate of formation of NOx increases exponentially
with temperature, gas engines can generate NOx
concentrations high enough to cause severe nitration of
the engine oil.
The rate of nitrogen oxides formed during combustion is
also influenced by ambient air temperatures, spark timing,
air-to-fuel ratio, engine load and oil temperature, to name
a few.
If the oil is exposed to severe nitration conditions, the
nitration products formed in the oil will cause the viscosity,
acidity and insolubles to increase. This includes varnish in
hot areas of the engine, and sludge in cooler areas of the
engine which may lead to ring sticking and filter plugging,
respectively.
The usefulness of FTIR in determining oxidation is
dependent on the base oil used to formulate the lubricant.
Synthetic lubricants often contain ester compounds which
have a significant peak in the infrared spectra area where
the oxidation level for mineral oils is measured.
For this reason it is important to not view FTIR results
in isolation but instead to trend these results and view
them in conjunction with other oil-related parameters
like viscosity, TAN (Total Acid Number), TBN (Total Base
Number) and ipH (Initial pH). Evaluating these parameters
holistically will yield a more accurate assessment of the
oil’s condition and ability to withstand further degradation.
TBN (Total Base Number)
One of the many functions an engine oil has to perform
is to ensure appropriate corrosion protection for the
engine’s components. This is accomplished by blending
alkaline additives into the oil which neutralise acids that
are formed during the combustion process. These alkaline
additives, like all additives, are sacrificial in nature, which
means that as a result of this neutralisation reaction, the
alkaline additives in the oil are being consumed.
The TBN is a measure of the oil’s alkaline reserve and a
decrease in the TBN would be an indication of additive
depletion; in other words TBN measures the oil’s ability to
counteract acids.
The oil in an engine running on landfill gas is often more
FTIR analysis is a technique used to detect base oil
degradation. Oxidation and nitration are modes of oil
degradation measured by FTIR.
FTIR produces an infrared (IR) spectrum that is often
referred to as the ‘fingerprint’ of the oil as it contains
specific features of the chemical composition of the oil.
The IR spectrum can be used to identify types of additives,
trend oxidation and nitration by-products that could form
as a result of high operating temperatures and thermal
degradation. The FTIR can also be utilised as a screening
test for glycol, fuel and water contamination.
The technique is based on the principle that infrared “light”
is absorbed in very specific ways by different structures in
organic molecules. Consequently, the FTIR is capable of
detecting and identifying specific molecular structures
even in a complex mixture like used engine oil.
Oxidation
Oxidation is the reaction of oxygen with the hydrocarbon
molecules in the engine oil. The rate of oxidation increases
exponentially as temperature rises and with the presence
of metallic contaminants. An increase of 10 degrees Celsius
in the temperature of the oil effectively doubles the rate
of oxidation. Iron- and copper-containing alloys in the
engine act as catalysts for oxidation. Oxidation is typically
the main contributor to sludge and varnish formation in
gas engine oils.
Oxidation by-products form lacquer deposits, corrode
metal parts and thicken the oil beyond its ability to
lubricate efficiently. Most lubricants contain additives
that inhibit the oxidation process but these additives are
sacrificial in nature.
Nitration
Nitration is a form of oil degradation that occurs when
the oil reacts with gaseous nitrogen oxides (NOx) created
during the combustion process in gas engines.
Nitration products, formed during combustion, are
introduced into the oil via blow-by gases which leak past
the compression rings and into the oil reservoir. These
products, which are more commonly found in natural
gas engine oils, are highly acidic, create deposits and also
accelerate oil oxidation.
As a result, natural gas engine oils are designed to withstand
various levels of oil degradation caused by the gas fuel
4. 4
stressed than the same oil in an engine burning
natural gas. The additional stress is caused by trace
contaminants in the gas. Biogas – which includes
landfill gas and sewage gas – contains corrosive
hydrogen sulphide, which places more stress on the
oil in terms of its ability to neutralise acids.
Hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride are also
typically found in landfill gas. After combustion and
in the presence of water, these compounds can form
sulphuric acid, hydrofluoric acid or hydrochloric acid,
allofwhicharehighlycorrosivetoenginecomponents
such as liners, piston rings, piston ring grooves and
bearings. It is for this reason that monitoring the TBN
is particularly important in biogas applications.
TheTBNisalsoanessentialelementinestablishingthe
optimal oil drain intervals since it indicates whether
the additives are still capable of providing sufficient
engine protection. Most gas engine manufacturers
require the oil to be drained when its TBN reaches
one-half or one-third its original value.
The American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) defines two methods for determining the TBN
of an oil and it would be prudent to note that while
these two test methods are, in essence, designed to
measure the same thing, they do not necessarily yield
the same results.
ASTM D2896 requires the use of a very strong acid
(perchloric acid) for the test procedure. Perchloric
acid will react with the TBN additives as well as weak
bases and wear metals. It is for this reason that it is
more commonly used for new oils. When ASTM
D2896 is used to assess the TBN of a used oil, the
wear metals and weak bases present in the oil will
elevate the reading, resulting in an overestimation of
the TBN.
As a result of this, many commercial oil analysis
laboratories, in accordance with the ASTM, use ASTM
D4739 to determine the TBN of used engine oils. In
this method hydrochloric acid is used to neutralise
the base components present in the oil, resulting in a
more realistic assessment of the oil.
As per ASTM International ASTM D4739 – 11 (Book of
Standards, Volume: 05.02) points 5.3.1, 5.3.2 and 5.3.4:
5.3.1 “…When the base number of the new oil is
required as an expression of its manufactured
quality, Test Method D2896 is preferred…”
5.3.2 “When the base number of in-service oil is
required ASTM D4739 is preferred…”
5.3.4 “In ASTM Interlaboratory Crosscheck Programs
for both new and used lubricants, historically
Test Method D2896 gives a higher value for
base number.”
TAN (Total Acid Number)
TheTANisaquantitativemeasureofacidiccompounds
in the oil that are generated as a consequence of
oxidation and the formation of acidic degradation by-
products as a result of burning natural and landfill gas.
The TAN is a measure of both weak and strong, organic
and inorganic acids within the oil.
What should be noted, however, is that even an
unused engine oil will yield a TAN value when tested,
as a result of the inherent acidic properties that
certain engine oil additives possess. As a result of this,
the concentration of acids is best represented by the
difference between the TAN of the used oil and that
of the fresh oil.
The TAN of the new oil will vary based on the base
oil and additive package. As the TAN value of the oil
TBN ASTM test methods
5. 5
The RULER instrument is operated here by senior laboratory technician Sheila Naidoo
increases, viscosity rises and the lubricating potential
of the oil is compromised, ultimately leading to
increased wear.
Very much like the TBN, TAN is also used as an
indicator of oil serviceability. TAN is often used
to establish optimum oil drain intervals for many
types of industrial oils, particularly those used in gas
engines, as an increased TAN is viewed as an indicator
of nitration, oxidation and contamination.
Now for the new kid on the
block, ipH (Initial pH)
TAN provides an indication of acid concentration, but
not acid strength. As such, it cannot always be relied
upon to provide a reliable indication of the corrosion
potential of an oil.
To overcome this drawback, a new internationally
applicable standard for determining the ipH of an oil
was adopted in June 2014 by the ASTM.
This new method is believed to provide an absolute
measurement of the corrosive potential of used oil
and subsequent over-base additives depletion.
The ipH value is considered an important parameter
along with the TAN and TBN value, particularly for
the evaluation of engine oils in biogas and landfill gas
applications as it represents the strong acids in the oil
which directly cause corrosion of engine components.
While TAN and TBN provide information on the
overall content of acidic or alkaline compounds
respectively, the ipH value allows the acidity to be
qualitatively assessed.
This method can even be used to detect minor
quantities of strong corrosive acids in oil, even if the
TAN has not yet increased significantly.
6. 6
Sharon Fay Public Relations 08/2015
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via email in pdf format instead of in printed form, please email a request to:
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J o i n i n g to g ether to su p p ort the p l anet
Information correct at time of going to print.
Publications are welcome to reproduce articles or extracts from them providing they acknowledge WearCheck Africa, a member of the Set Point Group.
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RULER (Remaining Useful Life
Evaluation Routine)
A change in TBN, TAN or ipH is usually a lagging
indicator of oxidation. Despite the validity of all of these
measurements, the fact remains that they all reveal damage
to the base oil after it has occurred. A preferable scenario
would be to evaluate the oil’s ability to resist further
oxidation by measuring the anti-oxidant additive reserves,
in essence, its remaining useful life. Oil oxidation is a series
of chemical reactions both initiated and propagated by
reactive chemicals (free-radicals) within the oil. As the oil
degrades, a sequence of events occurs, each of which can
be measured with oil analysis. At first, the anti-oxidant
additive package depletes and then the base oil oxidises.
The anti-oxidant additive is sacrificial – it is there to
protect the base oil from oxidation. The most common
antioxidant additives found in gas engine oils are phenolic
inhibitors, aromatic amines and metal-containing additives
like zinc-dialkyl-dithiophosphate.
RULER is a proactive technique used for measuring anti-
oxidant depletion rates and calculating the remaining
useful life of the oil. Working in the proactive domain,
maintenance staff can perform a partial drain and
fill or top-treat the oil to replenish the anti-oxidant
concentration to avoid base oil degradation. Likewise,
for planning and scheduling purposes, RULER monitoring
provides management with a significant forewarning of
impending oil failure (assuming no intervention affects the
chemistry of the oil), which allows the possibility of such a
failure to be handled in a way that cost and impact on the
organisation are minimised. It is for this reason that RULER
analysis is ideally suited to monitoring gas engine oil
degradation caused by exposure to elevated temperatures
and oxidation. The rate of anti-oxidant depletion versus
time (anti-oxidant depletion trend) can be monitored and
used to predict the right oil change intervals.
The successful utilisation of gas engines for power
generation will be dependent on several factors, some
of which can be controlled and some of which cannot.
The type and quality of maintenance practices employed
by gas engine manufacturers or operators is a factor that
can be controlled and condition monitoring techniques,
like oil analysis, can facilitate the effective maintenance
of gas engines and ultimately support the utilisation of
this emerging form of power generation not only in South
Africa but in the world.
The truth is that CH4
can be worth so much more, and
when managed properly, it does not have to cost the earth.