King's theory Historical background. Origin of the Conceptual Model Strategies for Knowledge Development of the system framework. King's theory Assumptions. World View Unique focus of the model Basic paradigm concepts. The three dimensional Nursing Process based on King's Theory. Relationship Among the four Process of nursing . Propositions of the model. Concepts and Components of the framework. Influences from other scholars. Model of transaction

1. ‫بلندی؟‬‫های‬‫و‬‫سر‬‫کوچک‬‫سار‬ ‫سایه‬ ‫کدامین‬‫یر‬‫ز‬‫؛‬‫من‬‫خدای‬!!
‫ساملندی‬ ‫ی‬‫پرستار‬ ‫شد‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ ‫شناس‬‫ر‬‫کا‬ ‫ی‬‫دانشجو‬

2. King's
theory
Historical
backgroun
d.
Origin of
the
Conceptual
Model Strategies
for
Knowledge
Developm
ent of the
system
framework
.
King's
theory
Assumptio
ns.
World
View
Unique
focus of
the model
Basic
paradigm
concepts.
The three
dimension
al Nursing
Process
based on
King's
Relationshi
p Among
the four
Process of
nursing .
Propositio
ns of the
model.
Concepts
and
Componen
ts of the
framework
.
Influences
from other
scholars.
Model of
transaction
‫موضوعات‬

3. 1923
• Born
1945
• completed her diploma in nursing from st. John’s
hospital
1948
• bachelor’s of science in nursing education
1957
• She received her MS in nursing
1961
• She obtained her Doctorate in Education from Columbia U. N.Y.
‫نگار‬ ‫یخ‬‫ر‬‫تا‬

4. From 1968 to 1972, King was the director of the school of Nursing at The
Ohio State University in Columbus. While at Ohio State, her book Toward
a Theory for Nursing was published.
Her first theory article appeared in 1964 in a journal
edited by Dr. Martha Rogers titled Nursing Science
From 1961 to 1966, king was an associate professor of
nursing.
She has practiced as a staff nurse, nurse educator, and
nurse administrator.

5. 1980
• she was
appointed as a
professor at the
university of
South Florida
College of
Nursing. The
manuscript for
her second book,
A Theory for
Nursing:
Systems,
Concepts,
Process, was
published
1981
• addition to her
first two
books, she has
authored
multiple book
chapters and
articles in
professional
journals
1986
• published a
third book,
Curriculum
and
Instruction in
Nursing,. -
• King retired in
1990, is
currently a
professor at
the University
of South
Florida.

6. 1994
• she was a
member in the
American
Academy of
Nursing
1997
• she is one of the
founding members
of a nursing
organization (King
International
Nursing Group)
established to
facilitate utilization
of her systems
framework and
Theory of Goal
Attainment
1996
• she received the
Jessie Scott
Award at the
American
Nurses
Association
convention

7. ‫مفاهیم‬‫یشه‬‫ر‬
king’s
philosophical
perspective
personal
derived from
general system
theory
interaction
theory

8. ‫مفاهیم‬‫یشه‬‫ر‬
king’ selected systems
theory because it reflected
perspectives of wholeness,
rather than reductionism
King’s conceptual system can be
inferred based on Morgan and
Smircich’s(1980) discussion of
subjectivity and objectivity
within the social sciences

9. • What is the goal of nursing?
• What are the functions of nurses?
• How can nurses provide quality care?
King posed several questions:
‫مفاهیم‬‫یشه‬‫ر‬

10. human environment
healthy
for
human
‫نظریه‬ ‫فرضیات‬
The central focus of nursing is the interaction

11. human
social
rational
reacting
perceivi
ng
sentient
controll
ing
purpose
ful
action-
oriente
d
time
oriente
d
‫نظریه‬ ‫فرضیات‬

12. The interaction
• process is influenced by
perceptions, goals,
needs, and values of
both the client and the
nurse.
Human being as patients
• have rights to obtain
information, to participate
in decisions that may
influence their life, health,
and community services,
and to accept or reject care
It is the responsibility of health care members
to inform individuals of all aspects of health
care to help them in making ''informed
decision''.
Incongruities may exist between the goals of
health for caregivers and recipients. Persons
have the right to either accept or reject any
aspect of health care. (1981).
‫نظریه‬ ‫فرضیات‬

13. Implicit Assumptions:
• Patients want to participate actively in the care
process.
• Patients are conscious, active, and cognitively
capable to participate in decision making
(Austin and Champion, 1983, p. 56)
‫نظریه‬ ‫فرضیات‬

14.  King stated that human beings have three fundamental
health needs:
1. The need for health information that is usable at the
time when it is needed and can be used.
2. The need for care that seeks to prevent illness.
3. The need for care when human beings are unable to
help themselves.
‫نظریه‬ ‫فرضیات‬

15. ‫ها‬ ‫سیستم‬‫چوب‬‫ر‬‫چها‬ ‫و‬ ‫دانش‬ ‫توسعه‬ ‫ای‬‫ر‬‫ب‬ ‫ی‬‫اتژ‬‫ر‬‫است‬
An awareness of the complex dynamics of human behavior
in nursing situations prompted King’s formulation of
conceptual framework that represents (personal,
interpersonal, and social systems) as a domain of nursing
King’s process of concept development is one of synthesis
and reformulation using inductive and deductive processes,
critical thinking, empirical observations, extensive reviews
of the nursing and other literature.

16. ‫دانشمندان‬ ‫دیگر‬ ‫از‬ ‫ی‬‫پذیر‬ ‫تاثیر‬ King has repeatedly mentioned the
influence of the literature of nursing
and adjunctive disciplines on the
development of the general systems
framework and theory of goal
attainment:
• (Bertalanffy, 1968 ) focused on wholism.general system theory
• (Erikson,1950), (Freud,1966), (Orem,1969),
(Parson,1951), (Selye, 1956)(Piaget,1969) &(Peplau,
1952)
many disciplines
• The term transaction came from a study of
Dewey’s theory of knowledge.
Dewey’s theory of
knowledge.
• to explore the concepts of perception, time and
stress
Kaufman’s( 1958)
doctoral dissertation
• Influence of students , academic colleagues, nurse
researchers, and clinicians.OTHER

17. ‫بینی‬ ‫جهان‬
1
• The general systems framework
reflects reciprocal interaction
world view
2
• The holistic element indicated by the
focus of the framework on three systems-
the personal, interpersonal, and social as
wholes.
3
• Reciprocal interaction world view
reflected by King’s view of human beings
as active participants in interaction with
one another and her philosophical claim
“a science of wholeness”

18. ‫مدل‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫تمرکز‬
unique focus of the general systems framework as “human
beings interacting with their environment”.
Particular attention is given to the continuing ability of the
individuals to meet their basic needs to function in their
socially defined roles
King’s framework most of the characteristics of systems
models
System is addressed through the personal, interpersonal, and
social systems, which King(1981) viewed as open, dynamic,
and interacting

19. ‫مدل‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫تمرکز‬
King’s framework addresses environment in terms
environment
external
internal
between open
systems and
environment
are exchanged
matter
inform
ation
energ
y

20. tension
stress
strain
conflict
interpersonal
system.
King’s (1981) framework characteristics of
tension, stress, strain and conflict is addressed
in her discussion of stress and transaction as they
relate to the interpersonal system.
She commented “when transactions are
made, tension or stress is reduced in a
situation”
‫مدل‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫تمرکز‬

21. ‫مدل‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫تمرکز‬
A major feature is the social act of human interaction that
occurs in the relationship between nurse and patient
The characteristic of perception is considered in detail as a
major concept of personal system, it is a central aspect of the
process of human interaction.
Communication is a concept
associated with the interpersonal
system. Communication is used to
establish and maintain relationship
between human beings(King,1981).
Nurses and patients communicate to
establish mutual goals and decide on
the means to achieve these goals.

22. ‫مدل‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫تمرکز‬
• is another concept related to the interpersonal
system. King’s definition of health as “an ability
to function in social roles”.Role
• a composite of thoughts and feelings which
constitute a person’s awareness of his individual
existence, his conception of who and what he
is”.
self

23. The basic elements in the system, are bes understood by the
concepts of
‫نده‬‫ز‬‫سا‬ ‫ای‬‫ز‬‫اج‬‫و‬ ‫یمفاهیم‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬
Self
body
image
coping
personal
space
growth
learning
time
Percepti
on

24. process of organizing interpreting & transforming infor
mation from sense data and memory ( King, 1981).
The person's subjective environment, values, ideas, attitudes,
and commitment( composite of thoughts& feedings).
the processes that take place in an individual’s life that help the
individual move from potential capacity for achievement to
self actualization (King, 1981).
‫نده‬‫ز‬‫سا‬ ‫ای‬‫ز‬‫اج‬‫و‬ ‫یمفاهیم‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬

25. The way a person perceive his/ her body and the reaction of others to his/ her appearance.
Body image is subjective and changes as the person changes physically or emotionally.
existing in all directions and is the same every where.
duration between the occurrence of one event and occurrence of another event.
a process of sensory perception, conceptualization, and critical thinking involving multiple
experiences in which changes in concepts, skills, symbols, habit and values can be
evaluated in observable behaviors.
the constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and
internal demands that are appraised as taxing the resourses
‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫نده‬‫ز‬‫سا‬ ‫ای‬‫ز‬‫اج‬‫و‬ ‫مفاهیم‬

26. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫نده‬‫ز‬‫سا‬ ‫ای‬‫ز‬‫اج‬‫و‬ ‫مفاهیم‬
:
Requires an understanding of the concepts of communication,
interaction, role. Stress/Stressors and transaction.
A. Interaction: acts of two or
more persons in mutual
presence
B. Communication:
information processing, a
change of information from
one state to another
C. Transaction: a process of
interaction between a person
and another person or a person
and the environment to achieve
goals that are valued.

27. • D. Role
Set of behaviors expected when
occupying a position in social
system.
• E. Stress
dynamic state whereby a human
being interacts with the
environment to maintain
balance for growth ,
development and performance
which involves an exchange of
energy & information between
the person and the environment
for regulation& control
stressors.
‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫نده‬‫ز‬‫سا‬ ‫ای‬‫ز‬‫اج‬‫و‬ ‫مفاهیم‬

28. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫نده‬‫ز‬‫سا‬ ‫ای‬‫ز‬‫اج‬‫و‬ ‫مفاهیم‬
Social systems occur when interpersonal systems come together to
form larger systems; such as families, religious groups, school, work,
and peer groups.
The social systems are comprised of:
Social roles, behaviors, and practices
that are developed to maintain values
and include organizations, authority,
power, status, and decision making.

29. • Organization:
a system whose continuous activities are conducted to achieve goals.
• Authority:
is the power or the individual who make decisions that guide other's
actions.
• Power:
capacity to use resources in organizations to achieve goal.
• Status:
the position of an individual in a group or a group in relation to other
groups in an organization.
• Decision Making:
Dynamic and systematic process by which a goal directed choice of
perceived alternatives is made and acted upon by individuals or
groups to attain a goal
‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫نده‬‫ز‬‫سا‬ ‫ای‬‫ز‬‫اج‬‫و‬ ‫مفاهیم‬

30. • Man is an important focus of King's framework.
• Man is defined as personal system.
‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
The major concept
associated with personal
system is perception and
the sub concepts are
growt
h&
develo
pment
body
image
time
space
learni
ng
self

31. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King (1989) maintained
that perception “ is a
comprehensive concept in
personal system.
Knowledge of perception
is essential for nurses to
understand self & to
understand other
individuals
She defined perception as
“ a process of organizing,
interpreting &
transforming information
from sense data&
memory
It is a process of human
transactions with the
environment

32. • The self is a composite of thoughts & feelings which constitute a persona's
awareness of his individual existence, his conception of who & what he is
• The self is the individual as known to the individual.
‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬

33. • King’s (1981) description of growth & development drew
from the works of Erikson (1950), Freud (1966) & Piaget
(1969). She identified two characteristics of growth&
development:
– Growth & development include
cellular, molecular, &behavioral
changes in human beings.
– Growth & development are a function
of genetic endowment , meaningful &
satisfying experiences & an
environment conducive to help
individuals move toward maturity.
‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬

34. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King defined the concept of body image as “a person’s
perception of his own body , others reaction to his
appearance & is a result of other reactions to self.
body image
person’s
perception of
his own body
others reaction
to his
appearance

35. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King defined time
(1981) as “ the duration
between the occurrence
of one event & the
occurrence of another
event”.
She defined space as “
existing in all directions
&is the same
everywhere ….. As the
physical called territory

36. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King(1986)added learning to the list
of concepts related to the personal
system in her discussion of use of the
general systems framework as a
guide for curriculum development.
She did not define or describe that
concept.
King linked all concepts except
learning related to the personal
system in the following statement.

37. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
An individual’s perceptions of
self, of body image, of time and
space influence the way he or she
responds to persons, objects and
events in his or her life.
As individuals grow and develop
through the life span, experiences
with changes in structure and
function of their bodies over time
influence their perceptions of self

38. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
Composed of “two , three, or more individuals
interacting in a given situation”.
interpersonal
systems level
increase
consciousness
and are open to
interpersonal
perceptions
communications
persons and
things in the
environment
interactions

39. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
interpersonal
system moves
from the
individual
alone
individuals
interacting
in dyads,
triads, small
groups and
large groups

40. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
The major
concept of the
interpersonal
system is
interaction the
sub concepts are
comm
unicati
on
role
transac
tion
stress
coping

41. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
Interactions can
reveal
A- how one
person thinks and
feels about
another person
B- how each
perceives the
other & what the
other does to him
She defined interaction as:
the act of two or more persons in mutual presence

42. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
process of
interactions
represents
a sequence
verbal &
nonverbal
behaviors
goal
directed

43. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
she added that
“all behavior is communication”.
communication
vehicle by
which human
relations
developed
maintained

44. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
She viewed role in 3 dimensions :
1) Role is a set of behaviors expected when
occupying a position in a social system.
2) Rules or procedures define rights and
obligation in a position in an
organization.
3) Role is a relationship with one or more
individuals interacting in specific
situations for a purpose

45. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
• as negative and positive as well
as constructive and destructive
King (1981)
viewed stress
• stress is reduced when
transactions are made
King (1981)
explained that
• is an essential area of
knowledge related to the
interpersonal system
King (1987)
viewed coping

46. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King the defined a social system as ”an organized boundary
system of:
social roles
mechanisms
to regulate
the practice
and rules
behaviors and
practice
developed to
maintain
values

47. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King (1989) pointed out that organization is “ a comprehensive
concept in social system “..
human
roles
positio
ns
organiza
tion

48. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King (1989) pointed out that organization is “ a comprehensive
concept in social system “..
use
resources
accomplish
personal
organizational
goals

49. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King(1981) defined status as “ the position of individual in group
or a group in relation to other groups in an organization.
The concept of power was defined as “ the process whereby one
or more persons influence other persons
in a situation.

50. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
Decision making in organizations is a
dynamic and systematic process by which
goal-directed choice of perceived alternatives
is made and acted upon by individuals or
groups to answer a question and attain a
goal.

51. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King (1986) added control to be the list of concepts related to
the social system as a guide for curriculum development.
She did not however, provide a definition or description of
that concept.

52. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
1. Man is a reactive
being
is aware of other
things; persons and
events in the
environment.
At various times this
awareness makes the
being respond to the
environment based upon
his perceptions,
expectations and needs.

53. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
2.a time-oriented
being
Is influenced
by time
orientation.
Each person
presents with
by his past
experience that
influences his
actions.
His awareness
of the present
helps shape the
future.

54. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
3.a social being
Has a continuous
exchange with
persons in the
environment
Language is a social
link and facilitates
interpersonal
communication

55. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
set goals perceive

56. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
terms
environment
health care
environment
internal
environment
external
environment
King used the terms environment:

57. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
Internal environment of human beings transforms energy to
enable them to adjust to continues external environmental
changes.
The person continuously adjusts to stressors in the internal
and external environment.
King (1990a) stated that “environment is a function of balance
between internal and external actions”.

58. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King makes the assumption that humans are open systems
which are in constant interactions with their environment
through three interacting systems:
three
interacting
systems
2)Interpersonal
system
1)Personal
system
3) Social
system

59. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
Systems have both internal and
external environments;
the internal environment of human
beings exchange energy, matter, and
information to enable them to adjust
to continuous external environmental
changes.

60. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
Health: is a dynamic life experiences of
human being, which implies continuous
adjustment to stressors in the internal and
external environment through optimum
use of one’s resources to achieve
maximum potential for daily living
(King,1981) .
She also defined health as:
an ability to function in social roles

61. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King did not use the term
wellness, and although she did
mention illness, she “rejects a linear
continuum of wellness-illness”
( King 1989a).
King(1989a) regards health as (a
dynamic state of an individual in
which change is a constant and
ongoing process).

62. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
Illness : Disturbances in the dynamic state are regarded as
illness or disability.
illness
deviation
from normal
an imbalance
social
relationships
psychological
biological

63. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
The dynamic state of health occurs in
the life cycle from conception to death
(King,1989).
 Illness is an interference in the
continuation of the life cycle.
 There is no consideration of age group
or point of time in King's definition of
health.

64. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
"is a process of actions, reaction, interaction, and transaction
whereby nurses assist individuals of any age and socioeconomic
group to meet their basic needs in performing activities of daily
living and to cope with health and illness at some particular point
in the life cycle." (1991)

65. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
domain of
nursing
promotion of
health
restoration of
health
care of the sick
and injured
care of the
dying
Furthermore King viewed nursing as a helping profession that
”provides a service to meet a social need”.

66. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
•According to King(1976), nurses are key figures
in health care delivery as partners with
physicians, social workers, and allied health
professionals in promoting health, in
preventing disease, and in managing patient
care.
They cooperate with physicians, families, and
others to coordinate plans of health care

67. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
goal of
nursing
attain
maintain
restore
hea
help individualsand
groups

68. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King(1973) defined the nursing process as:
a) a dynamic
b) ongoing
c) interpersonal process
in which
the nurse and the patient are viewed as a
system with each affecting the
behavior of the other and both being
affected by factors within the situation

69. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
Emphasis on
client
participation
goal setting
goal
achievement
major strength
of this model

70. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King's Goal Attainment Theory the
focus of interacting
1) nursing
2) human beings
3) environment
with their leading to
1) state of health for individuals
2) which is an ability to function in
social roles

71. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
Three-dimensional
Nursing process based
on King's Theory
Dimension 1:
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Intervention
Evaluation
Dimension 2:
Conceptual
Focus, perception,
Communication,
Interaction, Self,
Role, Growth and
Development,
Coping, Time,
Personal space
Dimension 3: Human
interaction:
Agreeing on means to
attain goals
Exploring means to
achieve goals
Mutual goal setting
Disturbance
Reaction
Action

72. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
• Recently, King(1989a) began to refer to the nursing process
described by the theory as an “interaction-transaction
process model”.
• The components of the nursing process, or transactional
model, where identified as perception, judgment, action,
reaction, disturbance, mutual goal setting, exploration of
means to achieve the goal, agreement on means to achieved
goal, transaction, and attainment of the goal.

73. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
The process, is
follows a
sequence
that
encompasses
two people
nurseclient

74. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
In the assessment phase:
 the nurse and the client perceive each other
 make mental judgments about the other
 take some mental action, react to each one’s
 perception of the other
 communicate
 and begin to interact

75. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
In the planning
phase
interaction can be
observed directly
the data about
those interactions
can be recorded

76. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
King (1992a) explained that goal setting
• is based on the nurse’s assessments of the clients
concerns their problems
and disturbances in
health
perception of
problems
and their sharing of information with
clients and families to move toward
quality improvement in their health

77. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
In the implementation phase of the process is when
transactions are made.
Transactions, which are the valuation
components of the interaction can be
observed in the form of goal attainment
measures

78. ‫ی‬‫ر‬‫تئو‬ ‫پایه‬ ‫های‬ ‫ادایم‬‫ر‬‫پا‬
The
evaluation
phase
Requires a
decision
with regard
the goal
was
attained
the goal
was not
attained
the
determinati
on of why

79. ‫کینگ‬‫مدل‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫ی‬‫پرستار‬ ‫آیند‬‫ر‬‫ف‬

80. ‫کینگ‬‫مدل‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫ی‬‫پرستار‬ ‫آیند‬‫ر‬‫ف‬
Goal
Attainment
Provides the
theoretical
basis for
nursing practice

81. ‫کینگ‬‫مدل‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫ی‬‫پرستار‬ ‫آیند‬‫ر‬‫ف‬
underscored the importance of nursing process as both method
and theory when she stated:
1) Nurses are first, and foremost, human beings
2) who perform their function in professional role
3) in their role, do with and for individuals
4) that differentiates nursing from other health
professionals

82. ‫کینگ‬‫مدل‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫ی‬‫پرستار‬ ‫آیند‬‫ر‬‫ف‬
• is a system of interrelated actions,
the methods by which nursing is
practiced.
the traditional
nursing
process
• The critical thinking process reflects
highly developed thinking skills
essential for nursing practice
in the twenty-
first century

83. ‫کینگ‬‫مدل‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫بر‬ ‫ی‬‫پرستار‬ ‫آیند‬‫ر‬‫ف‬
The theory of Goal Attainment King (1999) recently drew
comparisons between
1) the process of ethical decision making
2) the nursing process
3) and the transaction process
to illustrate the use of her theory for dealing with
ethical issues in present-day nursing practice