CODE OF ETHICS: The guiding principle in nursing
code are the direction of conduct , understanding of what is right and wrong while providing care in the hospital and community settings.The ICN code of ethics are the milestone to establish nursing as a profession.
gud evening guys
this is descrive you that this ppt is making very simple way and i hope this will help you to understand lightky about nursing theories
outlines are Introduction
Basic assumptions
Major concepts
Proposition of king’s theory
Nursing paradigms
Theory of Goal Attainment and Nursing Process
References
Virginia henderson's theory of nursingMandeep Gill
Virginia Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1897, the fifth of eight children in her family. During the World War 1, Henderson developed an interest in nursing. So in 1918 she entered the Army school of Nursing in Washington D.C. Henderson graduated in 1921 and accepted a position as a staff nurse with the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service in New York. After 2 years, in 1923, she started teaching nursing at the Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia. She has enjoyed a long career as an author and researcher. She is known as, “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing” & “The 20th century Florence Nightingale."
CODE OF ETHICS: The guiding principle in nursing
code are the direction of conduct , understanding of what is right and wrong while providing care in the hospital and community settings.The ICN code of ethics are the milestone to establish nursing as a profession.
gud evening guys
this is descrive you that this ppt is making very simple way and i hope this will help you to understand lightky about nursing theories
outlines are Introduction
Basic assumptions
Major concepts
Proposition of king’s theory
Nursing paradigms
Theory of Goal Attainment and Nursing Process
References
Virginia henderson's theory of nursingMandeep Gill
Virginia Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1897, the fifth of eight children in her family. During the World War 1, Henderson developed an interest in nursing. So in 1918 she entered the Army school of Nursing in Washington D.C. Henderson graduated in 1921 and accepted a position as a staff nurse with the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service in New York. After 2 years, in 1923, she started teaching nursing at the Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia. She has enjoyed a long career as an author and researcher. She is known as, “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing” & “The 20th century Florence Nightingale."
History of development of Nursing ProfessionsAnamika Ramawat
History of development of Nursing Professions, Characteristics, Criteria of the Nursing Profession, Perspective of Nursing Profession- National and Global Level
Florence nightingale’s environment theoryShrooti Shah
The foundation of Nightingale’s theory is the environment- all the external conditions and forces that influence the life and development of an organism.
According to her, external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
Her goal was to help the patient retain his own vitality by meeting his basic needs through control of the environment.
History of development of Nursing ProfessionsAnamika Ramawat
History of development of Nursing Professions, Characteristics, Criteria of the Nursing Profession, Perspective of Nursing Profession- National and Global Level
Florence nightingale’s environment theoryShrooti Shah
The foundation of Nightingale’s theory is the environment- all the external conditions and forces that influence the life and development of an organism.
According to her, external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
Her goal was to help the patient retain his own vitality by meeting his basic needs through control of the environment.
Nurses as the primary care providers would be the immediate health care professional to assess the patient's response and to determine whether he is improving or deteriorating. Signs of brain death can be identified and reported early by a nurse with adequate knowledge.
lecture 12 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes DSM-IV TR psychiatric disorders including Post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, anterior cingulate
Social Determinants of Health InequitiesRenzo Guinto
Lecture given during the pre-APRM workshop on Social Determinants of Health and Global Health Equity, September 11, 2012, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
20 Shortcuts On Organizational Change ManagementLuc Galoppin
If you would ask me to summarize our field of expertise in 20 points, this e-book would be my answer. It contains my personal view on the basics of Organizational Change Management.
I use it as a companion to my trainings on Change Management because I don’t do PowerPoint. I do People instead.
Appraise the component of various nursing theories; description, purpose, concepts, definition.
Discuss the application of nursing theories in nursing practice.
Nursing is both an art and a science. The science of nursing examines the relationship among person, health and environment. The art of nursing is embedded in caring relationship between nurse and client.
As an increasingly emerging profession, nursing is now deeply involved in identifying its own unique body of knowledge that is essential to nursing practice. The development of a body of knowledge is basic to any professional discipline, which can be applied to its practice. Such knowledge often expressed in terms of concepts and theories in the area of the behavioral or social sciences.
Nursing is both an art and a science. The science of nursing examines the relationship among person, health and environment. The art of nursing is embedded in caring relationship between nurse and client.
As an increasingly emerging profession, nursing is now deeply involved in identifying its own unique body of knowledge that is essential to nursing practice.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
2. • A system of idea intended to explain something,
especially one based on general principle.
- Oxford dictionary
• Principle : Fundamental truth or proposition
serving as the foundation for belief or action.
3. • It may consist of one or more relatively
specific and concrete concepts and
propositions that purport to account for, or
organize some phenomenon (Barnum, 1988)
• A set of concepts, definitions, models,
propositions, and assumptions that project a
systematic view of a phenomena.
4. • Concepts – Ideas and mental images that help to
describe phenomena (Alligood and Marriner-Tomey,
2002).
• Definitions – Convey the general meaning of the
concepts.
• Models – These are representations of the
interaction among and between the concepts
showing patterns.
5. • Prepositions -are statements that explain the
relationship between the concepts.
• Assumptions – Statements that describe
concepts.
• Phenomenon – Aspect of reality that can be
consciously sensed or experienced (Meleis,
1997).
6. • A theory is a set of statements that is developed
through a process of continued abstractions. It
is a generalized statement aimed at explaining a
phenomenon.
• A model, on the other hand, is a purposeful
representation of reality.
7. • A nursing paradigm is a concept that has
developed over time from the beliefs and
practices of professionals in the healthcare sector.
• According to Nursing Theories, a nursing
paradigm is a pattern that shows the relationship
between a person, the environment in which she
lives and her health.
9. • Nursing has its domain in a paradigm that includes
four linkages:
• Person/client
• Health
• Environment
• Nursing (goals, roles, functions)
Each of these concepts is usually defined and described
by a nursing theorist. Of the four concepts, the most
important is that of the person. The focus of nursing
is the person.
10. • Nursing theory aims to describe, predict and
explain the phenomenon of nursing (Chinn and
Jacobs 1978).
• It provides the foundations of nursing practice,
help to generate further knowledge and
indicate in which direction nursing should
develop in the future (Brown 1964).
11. • Theory is important because it helps us to decide
what we know and what we need to know
(Parsons1949).
• It helps to distinguish what should form the basis
of practice by explicitly describing nursing.
• This can be seen as an attempt by the nursing
profession to maintain its professional
boundaries.
12. • It guides nursing practice and generates
knowledge.
• It helps to describe or explain nursing.
• Enables nurses to know WHY they are doing
WHAT they are doing.
13. 1. Systematic, logical and coherent
(orderly reasoning, no contradictions)
2. Creative structuring of ideas
mental images of one’s experiences and create
different ways of looking at a particular event or
object.
3. Tentative in nature ( change over time or evolving
but some remain valid despite passage of time)
14. 4. Interrelate concepts in such a way as to create
a different way of looking at a particular
phenomenon.
5. Are logical in nature.
6. Are generalizable.
7. Are the bases for hypotheses that can be
tested.
15. 8. Increase the general body of knowledge within
the discipline through the research implemented
to validate them.
9. Are used by the practitioners to guide and
improve their practice.
10.Are consistent with other validated theories,
laws, and Principles but will leave open
unanswered questions that need to be
investigated.
16. • Theory guides and improve nursing practice.
• Theory provides goal for nursing care and with
goals, nursing practice is rendered more
effective and efficient.
• Theories help to focus the goals, making nurses
more confident about the practice.
17. • Theory guides research
• It validates and modifies the theory.
• Theory contributes to the development of the
disciplines body of knowledge.
• Theory enhances communication.
18. • Meta-theory - the theory of theory. Identifies specific
phenomena through abstract concepts.
• Grand theories – broad and complex
• Middle-range theories- address specific phenomena
and reflect practice
• Practice theory - explores one particular situation
found in nursing. It identifies explicit goals and details
how these goals will be achieved.
19. • Descriptive theories – first level of theory
development
• Prescriptive theories – address nursing
interventions and predict their consequences
20. • These theories have the broadest scope and
present general concepts and propositions.
• Theories at this level may both reflect and provide
insights useful for practice but are not designed
for empirical testing.
• Grand theories consist of conceptual frameworks
defining broad perspectives for practice and ways
of looking at nursing phenomena based on the
perspectives.
21. • These theories are narrower in scope than
grand nursing theories and offer an effective
bridge between grand nursing theories and
nursing practice.
• They present concepts and propositions at a
lower level of abstraction and hold great
promise for increasing theory-based research
and nursing practice strategies.
22. • Nursing practice theories have the most
limited scope and level of abstraction and
are developed for use within a specific
range of nursing situations.
• Nursing practice theories provide
frameworks for nursing interventions, and
predict outcomes and the impact of nursing
practice.
23. • In the early part of nursing’s history, knowledge
was extremely limited and almost entirely task
oriented.
• Role of nurses where questioned; what they do, for
whom where and when were determined.
• The professionalization of nursing has been and is
being brought about through the development and
use of nursing theory.
24. Brought leading scholars and theorists to discuss and
debate on issues regarding nursing science and
theory development.
25. Environmental theory
• Pure fresh air
• Pure water
• Effective drainage
• Cleanliness
• Light(especially direct sunlight)
Any deficiency in one or more of these factors could lead to
impaired functioning of life processes or diminished health
status.
26. • "Patients are to be put in the best condition for nature
to act on them, it is the responsibility of nurses to
reduce noise, to relieve patients’ anxieties, and to help
them to sleep."
• As per most of the nursing theories, environmental
adaptation remains the basis of holistic nursing care.
27. Nursing need theory
Modern Nursing Nightingale /The 20th century Nightingale
“ The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick
or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to
health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or
knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain
independence as rapidly as possible" (Henderson, 1966)”
28. The 14 components
1. Breath normally.
2. Eat and drink adequately.
3. Eliminate body wastes.
4. Move and maintain desirable postures.
5. Sleep and rest.
6. Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting
clothing and modifying environment
8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the
integument
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.
10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs,
fears, or opinions.
11. Worship according to one’s faith.
12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment.
13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal
development and health and use the available health facilities.
29. Interpersonal theory
• Focuses on the interpersonal processes and therapeutic
relationship that develops between the nurse and client.
4 phases of Nurse- patient relationship
• Orientation
• Identification
• Exploitation
• Resolution
30. 21 Nursing Problems Theory
1. To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort
2. To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest, sleep
3. To promote safety through prevention of accident, injury, or
other trauma and through prevention of the spread of infection
4. To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct
deformity
5. To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body
cells
6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition for all body cells
7. To facilitate the maintenance of elimination
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
9. To recognize the physiologic responses of the body to disease
conditions—pathologic, physiologic, and compensatory
31. 10. To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions
11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function
12. To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and
reactions
13. To identify and accept interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness
14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and nonverbal
communication
15. To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships
16. To facilitate progress toward achievement and personal spiritual goals
17. To create or maintain a therapeutic environment
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical,
emotional, and developmental needs
19. To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of limitations, physical
and emotional
20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems that arise
from illness
21. To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the
cause of illness
32. Theory of Goal Attainment
King has interrelated the concepts of interaction,
perception, communication, transaction, self, role, stress,
growth and development, time, and space into a theory of
goal attainment.
Nursing is a process of action, reaction, and interaction
whereby nurse and client share information about their
perceptions in the nursing situation. The nurse and client
share specific goals, problems, and concerns and explore
means to achieve a goal.
33. Concepts for Personal
System
• Perception
• Self
• Growth & development
• Body image
• Space
• Time
Concepts for Interpersonal
System
• Interaction
• Communication
• Transaction
• Role
• Stress
Concepts for Social System
• Organization
• Authority
• Power
• Status
• Decision making
34. Self care deficit theory
People should be self-reliant and responsible for their own
care and others in their family needing care.
Composed of three interrelated theories:
(1) The theory of self-care
(2) The self-care deficit theory, and
(3) The theory of nursing system
35. • Nursing is as art through which the practitioner of
nursing gives specialized assistance to persons
with disabilities which makes more than ordinary
assistance necessary to meet needs for self-care.
The nurse also intelligently participates in the
medical care the individual receives from the
physician.
36. System model
It provides a comprehensive flexible holistic and
system based perspective for nursing.
Human being is viewed as an open system that
interacts with both internal and external environment
forces or stressors. The human is in constant change,
moving toward a dynamic state of system stability or
toward illness of varying degrees.
37. The Conservation Model
Nursing’s role in conservation is to help the person with the
process of “keeping together” the total person through the least
expense of effort.
Levine proposed the following four principles of conservation:
• The conservation of energy of the individual
• The conservation of the structural integrity of the individual.
• The conservation of the personal integrity of the individual.
• The conservation of the social integrity of the individual.
38. Adaptation model (RAM)
RAM is one of the widely applied nursing models
in nursing practice, education and research.
Nursing goals are to promote adaptation for
individuals and groups in the four adaptive
modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life,
and dying with dignity.
40. Theory of human caring
• Caring can be effectively demonstrated and
practiced only interpersonally.
• Caring consists of carative factors that result in
the satisfaction of certain human needs.
• Effective caring promotes health and individual
or family growth.
41. 1. The formation of a humanistic- altruistic system of values.
2. The installation of faith-hope.
3. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others.
4. The development of a helping-trust relationship
5. The promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive
and negative feelings.
6. The systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method
for decision making
7. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning.
8. The provision for a supportive, protective and /or corrective
mental, physical, socio-cultural and spiritual environment.
9. Assistance with the gratification of human needs.
10. The allowance for existential-phenomenological forces.
42. The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship
• The role of the nurse is to find out and meet the
patient's immediate need for help.
• The patient's presenting behavior may be a plea for
help, however, the help needed may not be what it
appears to be.
• Therefore, nurses need to use their perception,
thoughts about the perception, or the feeling
engendered from their thoughts to explore with
patients the meaning of their behaviour.
43. The Aspects of Care, Core, Cure
The theory contains of three independent but
interconnected circles:
• The core: The person or patient to whom nursing care
is directed and needed.
• The care : The attention given to patients by the
medical professionals
• The cure: The attention given to patients by the
medical professionals.
44. Theories can also be categorized as:
– "Needs "theories.
– "Interaction" theories.
– "Outcome "theories.
– "Humanistic theories"
45. • These theories are based around helping
individuals to fulfill their physical and mental
needs.
• Needs theories have been criticized for relying
too much on the medical model of health and
placing the patient in an overtly dependent
position.
46. • These theories revolve around the
relationships nurses form with patients.
• Such theories have been criticized for
largely ignoring the medical model of health
and not attending to basic physical needs.
47. • These portray the nurse as the changing force,
who enables individuals to adapt to or cope
with ill health (Roy 1980).
• Outcome theories have been criticized as too
abstract and difficult to implement in practice
(Aggleton and Chalmers 1988).
48. • Humanistic theories developed in response to the
psychoanalytic thought that a person’s destiny was
determined early in life.
• Humanistic theories emphasize a person’s capacity
for self actualization .
• Humanists believes that the person contains within
himself the potential for healthy and creative growth.
• The major contribution that Rogers added to nursing
practice is the understanding that each client is a
unique individual, so person-centered approach now
practice in Nursing.
50. • Systems model
• Basic Human Needs model
• Health and Wellness Models
• Stress and Adaptation
• Developmental Theories
• Psychosocial Theories
51. • Systems theory may be considered as a specialization of
systems thinking and a generalization of systems science.
• Many nursing theorists have drawn from systems theory.
– Neuman's Systems Theory
– Rogers 's Theory of Unitary Human Beings
– Roy's Adaptation Model
– Imogene King's Theory of Goal Attainment
– Orem Self-care Deficit Theory
– Johnson's Behavior Systems Model
52.
53.
54.
55. • Freud : Psychosexual theory
• Erikson : Psychosocial theory
• Piaget : Cognitive theory
• Kohlberg : Theory of moral development
56. • Everyday practice enriches theory
• Both practice and theory are guided by
values and beliefs
• Theory helps to reframe our thinking about
nursing
• Theory guides use of ideas and techniques
• Theory can close the gap between theory
and research
• To envision potentialities (Gordon, Parker, &
Jester, 2001)
57. • Organize patient data
• Understand patient data
• Analyze patient data
• Make decisions about nursing interventions
• Plan patient care
• Predict outcomes of care
• Evaluate patient outcomes (Alligood, 2001)
58. • Medical science
• Nursing education
• Professional nursing organizations
• Evolving research approaches
• Global concerns
• Consumer demands
• Technologies
59. They are derived through two principal methods:
1. Deductive reasoning
2. Inductive reasoning.
60. • Theory → practice → theory
Theory developed in other discipline and used in nursing
situations
• Practice → theory : theory evolved from clinical practice
• Research → theory or inductive method
Must evolve from research findings or empirical evidence.
• Theory → research → theory . Original theory examined
and given a new research findings.
61. • Nursing theory is generally neglected on the wards.
• A nursing theory should have the characteristics of
accessibility and clarity.
• It is important that the language used in the development
of nursing theory be used consistently.
• Many nurses have not had the training or experience to
deal with the abstract concepts presented by nursing
theory.
• Majority of nurses fail to understand and apply theory
to practice (Miller 1985).