There are various theories proposed by nursing theorist. among those, Orem is one who gave self care deficit theory. She proposed three interrelated concepts viz. theory of self care, theory of self care deficit , and theory of nursing system.

1. Presented By: MEERA (INTERN)
LHMC, CON
OREM’S GENERAL THEORY OF NURSING
NURSING
THEORIES
Presentation

2. What is
Theory?
“A set of concepts, definitions,
relationships, and assumptions
that project a systematic view of
a phenomena”.

3. Components
of theory
• CONCEPTS :- Ideas and mental images
that help to describe phenomena
• DEFINITIONS :- Convey the general
meaning of the concepts
• ASSUMPTIONS :- Statements that
describes concepts
• PHENOMENON :- Aspects of reality that
can be consciously sensed or
experienced

5. NURSING THEORY
• Nursing theory is developed to describe Nursing.
• Defined as a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of
action.
• It is an organized framework of concepts and purposes designed to guide the
practice of nursing.
• It serves the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling
desired outcomes of nursing care.

6. DOMAINS OF NURSING THEORY
DOMAIN: The view or perspective of the discipline.
Nursing has identified its domain in a paradigm that includes
above linkages
Person
/ client Environment
Health Nursing

8. WHY TO STUDY NURSING THEORY?
Theory guides use of ideas
and techniques
Theory helps to reframe out
thinking about nursing
Theory can close the gap btw
theory and research
To envision potentialities
It guides nursing practice and
generates knowledge
Enables nurses to know WHY
they doing, WHAT they are
doing
Everyday practice enriches
theory
Both practice and theory are
guided by values and beliefs

9. So How do Nurses Use Theory in Everyday Practice
Make decisions
about nursing
interventions
Analyze
patient data
Understand
patient data
Organize
patient data
Evaluate
patient
outcomes
Predict
outcomes of
care
Plan patient
care

10. “The act of assisting others in the
provision and management of self-care to
maintain/ improve human functioning at
home level of effectiveness”
(1914-2007)
 First published in 1959, later modified & published in
1971.

11. BACKGROUND OF THEORIST
• Theorist : Dorothea Orem ( 1914- 2007)
• Born 1914 in Baltimore, US.
• Received her diploma at Providence Hospital-
Washington, DC in 1934
• 1934- BSN Ed. And Master of science in nursing
education (1945) from Catholic University of America,
Washington D.C.
• Her clinical practice included staff nurse in the operating
room, pediatrics and adult medical surgical units.
• She also did private duty nursing in private home and the
hospital and was an emergency room supervisor
• She taught biological sciences and later served as
Director of nursing services and director of the school of
nursing at Providence Hospital Michigan.
• Received several honorary degrees.

12. •DOMAIN OF OREM’S THEORY
HUMAN/CLIENT
Men, women, and children
cared for either singly or as
social units.
Material object of nurses
HEALTH
Being structurally and
functionally whole or
sound.
It’s the ability to reflect
on one’s self to
symbolize experience,
and to communicate
with others
ENVIRONMENT
Has physical, chemical
and biological features.
It includes the family,
culture and community
NURSING
An art through which nurse
gives specialized
assistance to persons with
disabilities which makes
more than ordinary
assistance necessary to
meet needs for self care.

13. Activities an individual performs
independently throughout life to promote
and maintain personal well being
THE THEORY OF SELF CARE
Results when self care agency (individual’s ability)
is not adequate to meet the known self care
needs
THE SELF CARE DEFICIT THEORY
Nursing interventions needed when individual is
unable to perform the necessary self care activities.
THE THEORY OF NURSING SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF OREM’S THEORY

14. Self care is the
performance or
practice of activities
of activities that
individuals initiate
and perform on their
own behalf to
maintain life.
Self care agency is
the human’s ability or
power to engage in
self care and is
affected by basic
conditioning factors.
Therapeutic self
care Demand is the
totality of self care
actions to be
performed for some
duration in order to
meet known self
care requisites by
using valid methods
and related sets of
actions and
operations.
THEORY
OF
SELF
CARE
SELF
CARE
SELF
CARE
AGENCY
THERAPEUTIC
SELF CARE
DEMAND

15. Self care deficit
delineates when
nursing is needed.
Nursing is required
when an adult is
incapable of or limited
in the provision of
continuous effective
self care
Nursing agency is a
complex property or
attribute of people
educated and trained
as nurses that enables
them to act, to know,
and to help others
meet their therapeutic
self care demands by
exercising or
developing their own
self care agency.
Nursing system is the
product of a series of
relations between the
persons: legitimate
nurse and legitimate
client. This system is
activated when the
client’s therapeutic self
care demand exceeds
available self care
agency, leading to the
need for nursing.
THEORY
OF
SELF
CARE
SELF
CARE
DEFICIT
NURSING
AGENCY
NURSING
SYSTEM

16. Actions to be performed for human functioning and development.
• The maintenance of a sufficient intake of air, water and food
• The provision of care associated with elimination process
• The maintenance of balance between activity and rest
• Prevention of hazards to human life.
• The maintenance of balance between solitude and social
interaction.

17. • Conditions that promote development
• Maintenance of maturational body changes (Aging).
• Self development - New job, New family.
• Prevention of life situations that can adversely affect human
development. (Loss of spouse, change in Image)

18. • These self care requisites exist for persons who are ill or
injured, who have specific forms of pathological conditions or
disorders, including defects and disabilities.
• Physiological – care demand due to pathological conditions

19. THEORY OF SELF-CARE
DEFICIT
“Occurs when the self care
capabilities within the self-care
agency are not adequate to meet
the projected self-care demand”

21. METHODS OF HELPING
Acting for
and doing
for others
Guiding
others
Providing an environment
promoting personal
development in relation to
meet future demands
Supporting and
teaching others.

22. THEORY OF NURSING SYSTEMS
WHOLLY
COMPENSATORY
SYSTEM
PARTLY
COMPENSATORY
SYSTEM
SUPPORTIVE
EDUCATIVE SYSTEM
 Describes how the patient’s self
care needs will be met by the
nurse, the patient or by both.C
L
A
S
S
I
F
I
C
A
T
I
O
N

23.  When the individual is unable to engage in those
self care action required, self directed and
controlled. Ex: Ambulation and manipulative
movement or medical prescription to restrict from
such activity
 Both nurse and patient performs care measures or
other actions involving manipulative task or
ambulation. e.g. Patient who had abdominal
surgery.
 In this patient is able to perform or can and can
learn to perform required measure of externally or
internally oriented therapeutic self care, but cannot
do so without assistance.
 Ex: Self administration of insulin injection.
 One or more of the 3 types of systems may be
used with a single patient.

24. Simple but yet complex.
The use of self care in
multitude of terms
Orem’s definition of
health was confined in
three static conditions
which she refers to a
“concrete nursing
system”, which
connotes rigidity
Throughout her work,
there is limited
acknowledgement of the
individual’s emotional
needs.
LIMITATIONS
OREM’S
THEORY

25. STRENTHS OF OREM’S THEORY
0
Specifically defines when nursing is
needed. Nursing is needed when
the individual cannot maintain
continuously that amount and
quality of self care necessary to
sustain life and health, recover from
disease or injury, or cope with their
effects.
02
06
Applicable for nursing by the
beginning practitioners as well as
the advance clinicians
01
Three identifiable nursing
systems were clearly
delineated and are easily
understood
03

26. • REFERENCES :-
https://www.slideshare.net/h
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ursing-theories-
24734303
Taylor, et.al., Fundamentals of
nursing – the art and science of
nursing care, 7th ed. Wolters
Kluwer
https://www.slideshar
e.net/roviechjohn26/n
ursing-theory-power-
point
George B. Julia , Nursing
Theories- The base for
professional nursing Practice, 3rd
ed. Norwalk, Appleton & Lange.
Smith C. Marlaine and Parker E. Marilyn,
Nursing theories and Nursing practices, 4th
ed., F.A. Davis company, Philadelphia.

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