1. The document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system, including the inflammatory process, anatomy and physiology of the immune system, and different types of immune responses.
2. It discusses the immune system in detail, including the different white blood cells, lymphoid tissues, types of immunity, immune response types, stages of immune response, and immunoglobulins.
3. The document also covers primary and secondary immunodeficiencies like HIV/AIDS, and provides the stages and diagnosis of HIV infection.
This is the introductory immunology lecture that I created and presented as part of the Introductory Biology 10.010 course for Singapore University of Technology and Design. This presentation was for a 90 minute lecture for freshman non-major students.
The study in immunology provides the fundamental understanding of how the human body defend itself against foreign organisms, materials or particles that have the ability to cause harm to host tissues.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
This is the introductory immunology lecture that I created and presented as part of the Introductory Biology 10.010 course for Singapore University of Technology and Design. This presentation was for a 90 minute lecture for freshman non-major students.
The study in immunology provides the fundamental understanding of how the human body defend itself against foreign organisms, materials or particles that have the ability to cause harm to host tissues.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of immunology, asthma and allergy. The aim of the journal is to develop a knowledge sharing platform and an interactive network for immunologists, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals for exchange of scientific information in the areas of immunology.
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of immunology and immunotechnology.
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology strongly supports the scientific upgradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of immunology, asthma and allergy. The aim of the journal is to develop a knowledge sharing platform and an interactive network for immunologists, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals for exchange of scientific information in the areas of immunology.
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of immunology and immunotechnology.
Austin Journal of Clinical Immunology strongly supports the scientific upgradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Cells of the Innate Immune System:
The innate immune system provides rapid, nonspecific defense mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens. These cells respond quickly to infections but do not have the ability to develop long-lasting immunity. Some important cells of the innate immune system include:
Neutrophils: These are the most abundant white blood cells and are among the first responders to infections. They are highly effective at engulfing and destroying bacteria and other pathogens.
Macrophages: Macrophages are large immune cells that are involved in phagocytosis (engulfing and digesting) of pathogens and cellular debris. They also play a role in antigen presentation and can initiate an inflammatory response.
Dendritic Cells: These cells are important antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that capture antigens, process them, and present them to other immune cells, primarily helper T cells.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells: NK cells are specialized in recognizing and destroying virus-infected cells and tumor cells. They play a role in immune surveillance and defense against abnormal cells.
Mast Cells: As discussed earlier, mast cells release inflammatory mediators in response to allergens, pathogens, and tissue damage, contributing to inflammation and immune responses.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune System:
The adaptive immune system is more specific and has memory, meaning it can "remember" previously encountered pathogens and respond more effectively upon re-exposure. Some key cells of the adaptive immune system include:
T Cells: T cells include helper T cells (Th), cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and memory T cells. They play roles in coordinating immune responses, directly killing infected or abnormal cells, suppressing immune reactions, and maintaining memory for future encounters.
B Cells: B cells produce antibodies, which are proteins that recognize and neutralize specific pathogens. Memory B cells and plasma cells are two important subsets of B cells that contribute to long-lasting immunity.
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs): Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells are all important APCs. They capture antigens, process them, and present them to T cells, initiating and shaping the adaptive immune response.
Memory Cells: Both memory T cells and memory B cells are long-lived cells that "remember" antigens encountered in previous infections. This memory allows for a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
These immune cells work in coordination to detect, respond to, and eliminate pathogens and abnormal cells. Their interactions are complex and tightly regulated, ensuring an appropriate and effective immune response while preventing excessive inflammation or self-damage.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. DAY 1 IMMUNOLOGY LECTURE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING Ateneo de davao University
2. OBJECTIVES Review the inflammatory process Review the anatomy and physiology of the immune system Understand the different types of immune response Enumerate the different stages of immune response Learn about the different types of primary immunodeficiencies
4. Inflammation the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue
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6. As soon as the tissue is ruptured, the damaged cells release chemicals such as histamine, which serve as alarm signals. The chemicals released activate numerous defense mechanisms in the body. Histamine forces nearby blood vessels to dilate and to allow more diffusion by becoming leakier. Due to this, blood flow to the affected area increases, and the plasma of the blood seeps into the interstitial fluid of the damaged tissues.
7. Other chemicals that are released attract phagocytes and other leukocytes to the affected area. These leukocytes squeeze out of the blood vessels into the interstitial fluid and tissue spaces. This increase in blood flow, blood plasma, and white blood cells causes the redness, heat, and swelling that are normally found in inflammation. The leukocytes that have been attracted to the area engulf the bacteria, and any dead body cells damaged by the pathogens or by the injury. This may result in the death of the leukocytes, as well, and their remains are also digested. Pus found at the site of infection consists mainly of white blood cells and blood plasma
12. WHITE BLOOD CELLS Also called LEUKOCYTES are cells of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials Generally divided into 2 types: Granulocytes and agranulocytes
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15. a.Basophils- capable of engulfing invaders and secreting histamine b. Eosinophils- dispose of cellular debris and involved in allergic and parasitic reactions. c.Neutrophils- involved in inflammatory process and phagocytosis
16. d. Monocytes- migrate to tissues to become macrophages, and serves as antigen presenting cell e.Lymphocytes- may become B and T lymphocytes to defend against invaders
17. Lymphoid Tissues 1.Spleen, which is composed of red and white pulp that acts like a filter where red blood cells are destroyed It synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes, from blood and lymph node circulation, antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells It also contains in its reserve, half of the body's monocytes
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19. Lymph nodes, which are connected to lymph channels & capillaries remove foreign material from the lymph before it enters the blood stream.
20. 3. Tonsils & adenoids, contain immune cells that defend the body’s mucosal surfaces.
21. Immunity the body’s specific protective response to an invading agent. Has 2 general types: 1. Natural 2. Acquired
22. 1.Natural immunity nonspecific immunity- present at birth “self versus non-self” Ex. physical and chemical barriers and white blood cell action
23. 2. Acquired immunity develops after birth, usually after prior exposure to an antigen has 2 types: 1.Active acquired-defenses are developed by the own person’s body 2.Passive acquired- temporary immunity transmitted from another source.
24. Active or Passive? Immunity to tetanus Answer: active Immunity on the first 6 months of life Answer: passive
27. Antibodies Are also called immunoglobulins They arise from a plasma cell which arose also from B-lymphocytes Some actions of antibodies include: Agglutination Opsonization Release of vasoactive substances Phagocytosis
37. 2. Humoral Responsealso called antibody response,begins with B lymphocytes becoming plasma cells that produce antibodies which combine to disable the invader
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39. 3. Cellular Response Involves T lymphocytes that turn into special cytotoxic cells that attack pathogens. T cells arise from stem cells that migrated to the thymus gland
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42. 3. Supressor T cells- decrease B-cell production4. memory T cells- are responsible for recognizing antigens from previous exposure
45. A. Recognition Stagethe body recognizes the invaders as foreign by using lymph nodes and lymphocytes as surveillance
46. B. Proliferation Stagethe circulating lymphocyte returns to the nearest lymph node with the antigenic message and the lymph node in turn stimulates its resident B and T lymphocytes to enlarge and divide.
47. c. response stageinitiation of humoral and cellular response forming the t cells.d.effector stageresults to the total destruction of the microbes or neutralization of toxins.
48. WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT Normal WBC count : 5000-10,000 cells/mm3 Leukocytosis Leukopenia
49. Bone marrow biopsy-the removal of soft tissue from inside bone for study- commonly taken from the hip bone, check for bleeding problems- patient may feel sharp pain
51. Phagocytic Dysfunction 1.Hyperimmunoglobinemia E /Job’s Syndrome Hyper IgE syndrome (HIES) no known cause Sx: recurrent staphylococcal infections, unusual eczema-like skin rashes, severe lung infections very high concentrations of the serum antibody IgE skeletal abnormalities such as fractures scoliosis and dental problems such as retention of deciduous teeth
52. no existing cure, only symptomatic IV gamma globulin Source: www.jobsyndrome.com
53. Chronic Granulomatous Disease pt. has no inflammatory response. Sx: increased incidence of bacterial, fungal & viral infectioncold abscess, mouth ulcers, stomatitis8 or more ear infections in a year Management: Early Diagnosis is essentialGranulocyte transfusionAntibiotic therapy
54. B-cell deficiencies Aggamaglobulinemia/Bruton’s Disease Sex-linked Males are mostly affected Results from lack of differentiation form B-cell precursors into mature B-cells No plasma cells are formed leading to complete lack of antibody production
55. Symptoms:Pyogenic infection starting 5-6 months of age frequent ear and sinus infections, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis. Certain viruses, such as hepatitis and polio viruses, can also pose a threat. Children with XLA grow slowly, have small tonsils and lymph nodes, and may develop chronic skin infections
56. Hypogammaglobulinemia Results from lack of differentiation of some B cells into plasma cellsalso called common variable immunodeficiency, etiology is unknown. Symptoms:pernicious anemia high susceptibility to infection Management:Intravenous immunoglobulinAntibioticsVitamin B12 injection
57. T-cell deficiencies DiGeorge syndrome/thymichypoplasia Velo-Cardio-Facial syndrome, DiGeorge Syndrome, Shprintzen syndrome, conotruncal anomaly face syndrome, Congenital ThymicAplasia, Strong Syndrome, Thymichypoplasia, and DiGeorge anomaly Congenital in origin, thymus fails to develop normally due to deletion of chromosome 22 Sx: hypoparathyroidism, which results in hypocalcemia hypoplastic thymus or absent thymus, which results in problems in the immune system
59. Management: There is no cure, the key is to identify each of the associated features and manage each using the best available treatments Management of hypocalcemia Antibiotics Thymus transplantation, cardiac surgery
60. COMBINED T-CELL & B-CELL DEFICIENCIES Ataxia-Telangectasia Also called Boder-Sedgwick syndrome or Louis–Bar syndrome a rare, neurodegenerative, inherited disease that affects many parts of the body and causes severe disability. Ataxia refers to poor coordination and telangiectasia to small dilated blood vessels, both of which are hallmarks of the disease. It affects the cerebellum and also weakens the immune system in about 70% of the cases, leading to respiratory disorders
61. about half the people with A-T have immune problems. These usually take the form of repeated colds and runny noses Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Physical and occupational therapy may help maintain flexibility. Gamma-globulin injections may be given to help supplement a weakened immune system. High-dose vitamin regimens may also be used. Antibiotics are used to treat infections,low doses of chemotherapy to reduce the risk of cancer but this is controversial.
64. AIDS is pandemic In 2007, it was estimated that 33.2 million people lived with the disease worldwide, and that AIDS killed an estimated 2.1 million people, including 330,000 children.
65. History Scientists identified a type of chimpanzee in West Africa as the source of HIV infection in humans. The virus most likely jumped to humans when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood. Over several years, the virus slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts of the world
66. AIDS was first reported June 5, 1981, when the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recorded a cluster of Pneumocystiscarinii in five homosexual men in Los Angeles
67. AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV
68. HIV HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects vital organs of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells , macrophages HIV belongs to the group retroviruses that carry their genetic material in RNA
69. WHAT IS A RETROVIRUS? A retrovirus is an RNA virus that is replicated in a host cell via the enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from its RNA genome The DNA is then incorporated into the host's genome by an integrase enzyme. The virus thereafter replicates as part of the host cell's DNA.
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71. Transmission involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
72. STAGES OF HIV DISEASE 1.Primary Infection/Acute HIV Syndrome, Stage I From period of infection to development of antibodies and intense viral replication Sx: none to severe flu-like symptoms
73. Criteria for Stage I During the first stage of HIV, an individual generally has flu like symptoms which last for a week or two. WHO provides the following criteria for placing a patient in this stage: Asymptomatic Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
74. 2. HIV asymptomatic/Category A/stage II More than 500 CD4 cells In stage II, many people are completely asymptomatic, but others demonstrate a number of physical symptoms that healthcare providers can use to stage the patient. WHO criteria for this stage include the following: Moderate unexplained weight loss Recurring respiratory tract infections Herpes Zoster (shingles) Angular cheilitis (lesions at the corner of the mouth) Recurring oral ulceration Papularpruritic eruptions (skin rash possibly related to insect bites) Seborrhoeic dermatitis (a skin disorder that causes scaly, itchy, flaky skin) Fungal nail infections.
75. HIV symptomatic/ Category B/stage iii Consists of symptomatic conditions not listed in category C Criteria for Stage III In stage III, HIV patients begin to exhibit more serious symptoms. This is also when opportunistic infections begin to take advantage of the weakened immune system. WHO criteria for placing a patient in this stage include the following:
76. Unexplained severe weight loss Unexplained chronic diarrhea lasting for longer than one month Unexplained persistent fever, either intermittent or constant Persistant oral candidiasis (yeast infection of the mouth) Oral hairy leukoplakia (a white patch on the side of the tongue with a hairy appearance) Pulmonary tuberculosis
77. Severe bacterial infections (for example, pneumonia, meningitis, and empyema) Acute necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis (inflammation of the stomach mucous lining), gingivitis (inflammation of the gums), or periodontitis (inflammation of the tissue that supports the teeth) Unexplained anemia), neutropenia, and/or chronic thrombocytopenia
78. AIDS category C/stage IV Less than 200 CD4 cells Criteria for Stage IV (AIDS) In stage IV, a patient is considered to have progressed from HIV to AIDS. This stage is characterized by more severe symptoms and an even greater number of opportunistic infections. WHO criteria for this stage include the following:
79. HIV wasting syndrome Pneumocystis pneumonia (pneumonia caused by a yeast-like fungus) Recurrent severe bacterial pneumonia Chronic herpes simplex infection Esophageal candidiasis (yeast-like infection of the esophagus) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis Kaposi sarcoma (a tumor caused by human herpesvirus 8) Cytomegalovirus infection (an infection caused by human herpesvirus 5) Central nervous system toxoplasmosis (a parasite affecting the central nervous system, including brain) HIV encephalopathy (a brain disorder) Extrapulmonarycryptococcosis including meningitis
80. Disseminated non-tuberculousmycrobacteria infection Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (the reactivation of a common virus in the central nervous system) Chronic cryptosporidiosis (a parasitic disease) Chronic isosporiasis (a parasitic intestinal disease) Disseminated mycosis (a fungus that causes infection) Recurrent septicemia (also known as blood poisoning) Lymphoma (cerebral or B cell non-Hodgkin) Invasive cervical carcinoma Atypical disseminated leishmaniasis (a parasite transmitted by the sand fly) Symptomatic HIV-associated nephropathy or HIV-associated cardiomyopathy.
81. DIAGNOSIS HIV antibody test Once infected the body usually responds by producing antibodies 3 to 12 weeks / “window period” EIA or Enzyme Immunoassay or ELISA Identifies antibodies directed against HIV