Central nervous system: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, and memory. Some reflex movements can occur via spinal cord pathways without the participation of brain structures. The spinal cord is connected to a section of the brain called the brainstem and runs through the spinal canal.
Peripheral Nervous System: Nerve fibers that exit the brainstem and spinal cord become part of the peripheral nervous system. Cranial nerves exit the brainstem and function as peripheral nervous system mediators of many functions, including eye movements, facial strength and sensation, hearing, and taste.
The autonomic nervous system: The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system comprises two antagonistic sets of nerves, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The hypothalamus is the key brain site for central control of the autonomic nervous system, and the paraventricular nucleus is the key hypothalamic site for this control.
Divisions of Nervous System:
The vertebrate nervous system has three divisions:
(i) A central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Its function is to receive the stimulus from the receptors and transmit its response to the effectors. Thus, it coordinates all the functions of the body.
(ii) A peripheral nervous system consisting of cranial and spinal nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord respectively. It forms a connecting link between the receptors, central nervous system (CNS) and effectors.
(iii) An autonomic nervous system made of two ganglionated sympathetic nerves, ganglia in the head and viscera, and their connecting nerves. The autonomic nervous system is often regarded as a part of the peripheral nervous system because the two are connected. But all the three divisions of the nervous system are connected intimately both structurally and functionally.
Central nervous system: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, and memory. Some reflex movements can occur via spinal cord pathways without the participation of brain structures. The spinal cord is connected to a section of the brain called the brainstem and runs through the spinal canal.
Peripheral Nervous System: Nerve fibers that exit the brainstem and spinal cord become part of the peripheral nervous system. Cranial nerves exit the brainstem and function as peripheral nervous system mediators of many functions, including eye movements, facial strength and sensation, hearing, and taste.
The autonomic nervous system: The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system comprises two antagonistic sets of nerves, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The hypothalamus is the key brain site for central control of the autonomic nervous system, and the paraventricular nucleus is the key hypothalamic site for this control.
Divisions of Nervous System:
The vertebrate nervous system has three divisions:
(i) A central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Its function is to receive the stimulus from the receptors and transmit its response to the effectors. Thus, it coordinates all the functions of the body.
(ii) A peripheral nervous system consisting of cranial and spinal nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord respectively. It forms a connecting link between the receptors, central nervous system (CNS) and effectors.
(iii) An autonomic nervous system made of two ganglionated sympathetic nerves, ganglia in the head and viscera, and their connecting nerves. The autonomic nervous system is often regarded as a part of the peripheral nervous system because the two are connected. But all the three divisions of the nervous system are connected intimately both structurally and functionally.
THE NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM : CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERSSeraGold
An overview of cerebrovascular disorders is given in this file, which includes ailments including aneurysms, strokes, and vascular abnormalities that affect the blood arteries in the brain. With a focus on causes, symptoms, diagnosis techniques, and treatment options, it provides a thorough overview of these important neurological diseases.
Unit IV -
Peripheral nervous system
Classification of peripheral nervous system: Structure and functions of
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Origin and functions of spinal and cranial nerves.
The detail description about peripheral nervous system, neuron, its covering, types of neuron, synapses, spinal nerves, plexus, and more about cranial nerves at last not the least about somatic and autonomic nervous system. you may also find the information about types of peripheral nervous system in detail.
Invertebrates are not ‘simple animals’, but they are indeed
masters of economy: their small nervous systems contain
many fewer nerve cells than those of even the tiniest
vertebrates, yet these animals solve all of the same survival
problems, can live in highly organized societies and can
communicate complex messages. The goal of this article is
to outline general features of the nervous systems of
invertebrates, and to begin to ask how these tiny
information-processing systems drive such diverse behaviour.
THE NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM : CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERSSeraGold
An overview of cerebrovascular disorders is given in this file, which includes ailments including aneurysms, strokes, and vascular abnormalities that affect the blood arteries in the brain. With a focus on causes, symptoms, diagnosis techniques, and treatment options, it provides a thorough overview of these important neurological diseases.
Unit IV -
Peripheral nervous system
Classification of peripheral nervous system: Structure and functions of
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Origin and functions of spinal and cranial nerves.
The detail description about peripheral nervous system, neuron, its covering, types of neuron, synapses, spinal nerves, plexus, and more about cranial nerves at last not the least about somatic and autonomic nervous system. you may also find the information about types of peripheral nervous system in detail.
Invertebrates are not ‘simple animals’, but they are indeed
masters of economy: their small nervous systems contain
many fewer nerve cells than those of even the tiniest
vertebrates, yet these animals solve all of the same survival
problems, can live in highly organized societies and can
communicate complex messages. The goal of this article is
to outline general features of the nervous systems of
invertebrates, and to begin to ask how these tiny
information-processing systems drive such diverse behaviour.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Mammalian Pineal Body Structure and Also Functions
Primitive,diffused & advance Nervous system in Non chordata.pptx
1. Primitive, diffused & advance nervous system in Non chordate
Dr. Sonia Bajaj
Assistant Professor
Department of Zoology
Shri Shankaracharya Mahavidyalaya ,Junwani ,Bhilai
2. Nervous system
• The nervous system (NS) of invertebrates and vertebrates is composed of two main types of cells: neurons
and glia.
• The most common form of neuron in the central nervous system. Unipolar neurons. Usually only found in
invertebrate species, these neurons have a single axon.
• Nervous System in Protozoa
• Protozoans lack specialized nervous system to respond to the environment.
• Single cell function as both the receptor and the effector.
• Contain an eyespot that act as a light sensitive receptor.
• Nervous System in Porifera
• Poriferans or the sponges are the only multicellular animals without a nervous system.
• They do not show any neurons or sensory cells.
• Although they lack a nervous system they are sensitive to pressure and touch that helps in their locomotion.
3. Phylum Cnidaria is also known as Phylum Coelenterate.
• Nervous System in Coelenterate.
• Cnidaria - The brain and central nervous system are absent in them.
• Nervous system is diffused type.
• Sensory neurons, intermediate neurons and motor neurons
• are present.
• These neurons are connected together by synapses.
• Synapses carry impulses to both directions within the nerve net.
Hydra sp. Nerve net is present. Contain multipolar neurons.
• Hydra, a cnidarian shows the diffuse nervous system, which is the most
primitive nervous system.
• The cnidarians are thus the first animal group showing true simple nervous
system. It consists of the sensory cells and the nerve cells or neurons along
with their fibres.
• The nerve cells are scattered or distributed throughout the body and inter
connected to each other by synapses between their fibres to form the nerve
net. There are two nerve nets both in the mesoglea, one connected towards he
epidermis and second towards the gastrolermis.
4. Nervous system in Platyhelminthes
• Planaria is a flatworm belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes.
• It is the most primitive animal with a central nervous system (CNS) located on the
ventral side of body.
• There are also two eye spots that are connected to the brain and have receptor cells
sensitive to light, pressure, touch, and chemical stimuli.
• The sensory cells write together and form special rounded bodies, called cerebral
ganglia.
• It consists of a mass of cerebral or cephalic ganglion appearing like an inverted U shaped
brain.
• These lie in the anterior or head region and from each ganglion arise nine branches
towards the outer side.
• From each cerebral ganglion a long nerve cord arises and runs up to the posterior end
of the body.
• The two nerve cords are connected to each other by small nerves, in this way a ladder
type structure is formed.
5. Nervous system in Aschelminthes or Nemathelminthes
• It consists of a rich ganglionated nerve ring or circumenteric ring around the
pharynx.
• The nervous system of Ascaris consists of circumpharyngeal ring that carries a
dorsal ganglion, a subdorsal ganglion, lateral ganglia and ventral ganglion that
forms nerves forward and backward in the body.
• From the circumpharyngeal ring six small nerves supply the sense organs of the
anterior side. Posteriorly six longitudinal nerves arise from the ring and reach
the posterior end. They are mid dorsal nerve, mid ventral nerve, one pair of
dorsolateral nerves and one pair of ventrolateral nerves.
• . The ventral nerve forms a ganglion just in front of the anus.
• Dorsal, ventral and lateral nerve cords are interconnected.
• Sensory organs are present and they are of three types namely Papillae,
Amphids, Phasmids.
• Papillae are present on the lips, surrounding the mouth.
• Phasmids are chemoreceptors opening on either side of the tail.
• Amphids are two, situated on each, on each latero-ventral lip. These are
chemo-receptors.
6. Nervous system in Annelida
Nervous system is well developed and metameric in earthworm. It consists of
three parts- central, pheripheral and sympathetic nervous system.
(1) Central nervous system-It consists of an anterior nerve ring and a ventral
nerve cord.
• Nerve ring is formed by paired cerebral ganglia, peripharyngeal connectives
and sub-pharyngeal ganglia.
• A pair of cerebral or suprapharyngeal ganglia are found on the mid-dorsal
region of buccal chamber and pharynx which are also called brain.
• Nerve cord arises from the sub-pharyngeal ganglia which runs backwards in
mid-ventral line up to the posterior end of the body.
(2) Peripheral nervous system From each cerebral ganglia 8-10 nerves are given
out the buccal chamber.
• Nerves arising from the peripharyngeal connectives are supplied to
peristomium. Nerves from sub- pharyngeal ganglia supply structures in the
2nd, 3rd and 4th segments.
(3) Sympathetic nervous system-It consists of nerve plexuses spreaded in body
wall and the alimentary canal.
• These plexuses are connected with the peripharyngeal connectives and
regulate activities of internal organs.
7. Nervous system in Arthropoda
The nervous system of Palaemon consists of following 3 parts:(1) Central nervous
system,(2) Peripheral nervous system, (3) Sympathetic nervous system.
(1) Central Nervous System-It includes brain, a pair of circum-oesophageal
commissures and ventral nerve
(i) Brain-It is also known as supra-oesophageal ganglia. Brain is a bilobed structure
formed by the fusion of several ganglia. It is situated at the base of rostrum. 5 main
nerves are given out from each lobe of bilobed brain, antennular nerve ,ophthalmic
nerve, optic nerve, ophthalmic nerve, antennary nerve, tegumentary nerve.
(ii) Circum oesophageal commissures- A Circum oesophageal commissures aries from
each lobe of the brain which run backwards and downwards encircle the
oesophagus from their side and unite ventrally with the sub-oesophageal ganglia.
Both commissures are connected together by a transverse commissure near their
posterior ends.
(iii) Ventral nerve cord- Ventral nerve cord is found along the mid-ventral line of
abdomen just above the sternal plates. It is made of 17 pairs of ganglia out of
which first 11 pairs of ganglia belong to cephalothorax which fuse together to form
a large oval mass called ventral thoracic ganglionic mass. The ventral thoracic
ganglionic mass out of which first three pairs of nerves supply mandibles,
maxillulae and maxillae and remaining eight pairs of nerves supply eight pairs of
thoracic appendages. Each nerve going to walking legs become bifurcated before
entering the leg. An abdominal ganglion is found on ventral nerve cord in each
abdominal segment.
(2) Peripheral Nervous System-It consists of paired nerves arising from the brain and
ventral nerve cord.
(3) Sympathetic Nervous System-It consists of few ganglia and nerves.
8. Nervous system in Mollusca
Pila has well developed/ advanced nervous system. There are two specific features of
nervous system
(1) Except the visceral ganglia, all other ganglia form a ring-like structure around the
buccal mass.
(2) The visceral loop is '8'-shaped as a result of torsion. The nervous system of Pila
consists of ganglia, commissures and connectives.
1.The ganglia : there are paired ganglia which are the mass of nerve cells as well. The
following type of ganglia are present in Pila:
• Cerebral ganglia : It is present on dorso-lateral side of buccal cavity. Two (right & left)
cerebral ganglia are present, which are triangular in shape.
• Ganglionic mass : this is composed of pedal ganglion, pleural ganglion and other
nerves. There are to pleural-pedal (right & left) are Present in Pila.
• Buccal ganglia : It is present dorso-laterally near the joint of esophagus and buccal
mass.
• Supra instinal ganglion : this is present near pleura-pedal gangionic mass.
• Viceral ganglia : present at the end of visceral mass; two fused ganglia are there.
2.Commissures : the commissures always connects similar ganglia. There are three
commissures are present in pila. Cerebral Commissure, Pedal commissure, Buccal
commissure.
3.Connectives : the connectives always connect two different ganglia. Eight connectives
are present in pila.
• Two cerebral-buccal connective ,Two cerebral-pedal connective ,Two cerebral-pleural
connective ,Pleuro-infra intestinal connective, Supra-intestinal visceral connective,
Infra-intestinal visceral connective, Supra-intestinal pleural connective.
9. Nervous system in Echinodermata
• It is primitive and diffused type.
• It consists of nerve net consisting of nerve fibres and some ganglion cells. They
are present in the whole body.
• Neurosensory cells are present on the epidermis.
• They are of two types – tactile and olfactory.
• Tactile cells are found in the tube feet and olfactory cells are present around the
mouth.
• Sea star possess red eyespots at the end of each arm at the base of the terminal
tentacle.
The nervous system consists of -
1. Oral or ectoneural system -This system includes the main part of the nervous
system and is situated below the epidermis. This includes a nerve pentagon situated
in the peristomial membrane surrounding the mouth. The nerve pentagon at each
radius gives off a radial nerve which runs as a slender thick band throughout the
ambulacral groove of the arms. The radial nerve is situated just below the radial canal
as median integumentary thickening. The radial nerve ends as a sensory pad or
cushion at the base of the terminal tentacles.
2. Deep or hyponeural system--This nervous system comprises of Lange’s nerves,
which is a plate of nervous tissue situated beneath the coelomic epithelium of the
hypo-neural sinus and forms a lateral lining on the wall of this sinus.
3. Coelomic or Aboral nervous system-The sub-epithelial nerve plexus at the outer
ends of the ambulacral ossicles form marginal nerve cord on two sides of the arms. It
innervates the muscle of the body wall and gonads.
10. References
• A textbook of chordate-H.S. Bhamrah & kavita Juneja
• Invertebrate Zoology-P.S. Dhami & J.k. Dhami
• Modern text book of Invertebrate-R Kotpal
• Invertebrate Zoology 14 edition-Jordan & Verma