This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances etc. As it protects us from diseases it is also called disease resistance. Immunity is done by immune system which is a complex network of lymphoid organs such as bone marrow, thymus, spleen etc. It is mainly of two types- Natural and Acquired immunity.
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
Immune system and immunity ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Immunity is the power to resist and overcome infection caused by particular organism.
RESISTANCE EXHIBITED BY THE HOST AGAINST MICROBES AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Innate immunity:“Innate” because shared by all animals (Pre-existing/ By birth) and Non-specific
Adaptive immunity (Acquired Immunity):Responsive and Specific
The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and remembers each pathogen that enters the body.
The Immune System includes all parts of the body that help in the recognition and destruction of foreign materials.
White blood cells, phagocytes and lymphocytes, bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and your spleen are all part of the immune system.
prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Pondicherry
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
2. • A person said to be immune when he possesses “specific
protective antibodies or cellular immunity as a result of
previous infection or immunization”.
• Specific defences
1. Active immunity :- (a) Humoral immunity
(b) Cellular immunity
(c) Combination of the above
2. Passive immunity :- (a) Normal Human Ig
(b) Specific Human Ig
(c) Animal antitoxin and
antisera
3. ACTIVE IMMUNITY
• An individuals develops as a result of infection or by
specific immunizations
• Associated with presence of antibodies or cells
having a specific action on microorganism concerned
with a particular infectious disease or on its toxin.
• Depends upon the humoral and cellular response of
the host.
• Specific for a particular disease.
4. • Acquired in 3 ways:
(a) Following clinical infection – chickenpox, measles
and rubella
(b) Following subclinical infection- polio and diphtheria
(c) Following immunization with an antigen (vaccine)
- Live attenuated vaccine, killed vaccine and toxoid
5. IMMUNE RESPONE
A. PRIMARY RESPONSE
• When an antigen is administered for the first time
to an animal or human, there is latent period of
induction of 3-10 days before antibodies appear In
the blood.
• Antibody, elicited first is entirely of the IgM type.
• IgM antibody titer rises steadily during the next 2-3
days, reaches a peak level and then declines almost
as fast as it developed.
• If the antigenic stimulus was sufficient, IgG appears
in few days, reaches in peak in 7-10 days and then
gradually falls over a period of weeks or months.
6. - Nature and extent of primary response is determined
by number of factors:
• Dose of antigen
• Nature of antigen
• Route of administration
• Adjuvants
• Presence of maternal antibody
• Nutritional status of the host
• Genetic and co-existing diseases
7. • An important outcome of primary antigenic
challenge is education of reticuloendothelium system
of the body.
• Production of memory cells or primed cells by both B
and T lymphocytes.
• These cells are responsible for immunological
memory
8. B. SECONDARY (BOOSTER) RESPONSE
• Differs in a number of ways from the primary
response:
- Shorter latent period
- Production of antibody more rapid
- Antibody more abundant
- Antibody response maintained at higher levels for
a longer period of time
- Antibody have greater capacity to bind to the
antigen
9. 1. HUMORAL IMMUNITY
• Comes from the B-cells (bone marrow derived
lymphocytes) which proliferate and manufacture
specific antibodies after antigen presentation by
macrophages.
• Antibodies circulate in the body and act directly by
neutralizing the microbe or its toxin.
• Antibodies are specific, they react with same antigen
which provoked their production.
• It will not provide protection against more than one
antigen.
10. 2. CELLULAR IMMUNITY
• Some pathogen (M. leprae, M. tuberculosis, S. typhi)
escape the bactericidal action of leukocyte.
• Stimulation of macrophages by specific stimulated T-
lymphocytes (thymus derived lymphocytes).
• Activated macrophages perform a much more
efficient phagocytic action.
• T- cell do not secrete antibody but are recognition
for antigen.
11. • On contact with antigen, the T-cells initiate a chain of
responses:
- Activation of macrophages
- Release of cytotoxic factors
- Mononuclear inflammatory reactions
- Delayed hypersensitivity reactions
- Secretions of immunological mediators
• Responsible for immunity against many diseases like
TB, brucellosis etc.
12. 3. COMBINATION OF THE BOTH
• B and T lymphoid cells, both cooperate with one
another and with certain accessory cells such as
macrophages and human K (killer) cells, and their
joint functions constitute the complex events of
immunity.
13. PASSIVE IMMUNITY
• When antibodies produced in one body (human or
animal) are transfer to another to induce protection
against disease.
• Body does not produce its own antibodies, depends
upon ready-made antibodies.
• Passive immunity may be induced by:
- Administration of an antibody-containing
preparation (immune globulin or antiserum)
- Transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta
- Transfer of lymphocytes, to induce passive cellular
immunity
14. • Passive immunity differs from active immunity in the
following respects:
- Immunity is rapidly established
- Immunity produced is only temporary (days to
month)
- No education of the reticuloendothelial system
15. • Active immunity is superior to passive immunity
because:
- Duration of protection is long lasting
- Severe reactions are rare
- Protective efficacy is more
- Active immunization is less expensive