Biological collections are valuable for preserving extinct species and rare specimens. They allow researchers to verify original data and study specimens that are otherwise inaccessible. Effective collections involve sampling populations across species' ranges and variations, including larvae and parasites. Specimens are collected using various methods and preserved appropriately through methods like alcohol, stuffing, or formalin depending on the taxon. Proper long-term labeling with data like location, date, life stage, and collector is critical for research.

2.  Value of collection
 Purpose of taxonomic collection
 Collecting and research
 Scope of collection
 Where and how to collect
 Contents of collection
 Preservation of specimens
 Labeling

3. Biological collections are highly valuable for the following
reasons:
- Museums are only place where extinct species are
preserved.
- specimens of special historical value.
- specimens rarely found in any collections.
- Many areas in world are geographically inaccessible.
- A material is of unique value if it forms the basis of
published research.It may be needed again for verification
of original data or for renewed study in the light of more
recent knowledge or by new techniques.

4.  For typologically oriented taxonomist a
collection was an identification collection.
 According to current thinking,biological
classification is the ordering of
populations.Collecting ,then,is the sampling
of populations.
 An adequate sample of every population
should be collected and preserved.

5.  More material is needed in a species with
strong individual and geographical variation
than in a uniform species.
 More material is needed for studies of
specific and subspecific characters than of
the characters of higher taxa.

6.  On the whole taxonomists spend only a small
fraction of their time on the collecting of new
material.
 Some big expeditions of the nineteenth
century gathered material that is still not yet
fully worked out.

7.  Only a few large national musuems attempt
worldwide coverage in all groups of
animals.Most museum are largely restricted
to a geographic area and to certain group.
 Too broad a coverage leads to shallowness
and a failure to obtain the dept required for
detail studies.

8.  The late admiral H.Lynes who was especially
interested in Cisticola .a genus of African
warblers with some 40 species,made whole
series of collecting trips to nearly every
corner of Africa.He combined the collecting
of specimens with a detailed study of the
ecology,songs and nest construction of the
birds.The result was that the genus Cisticola
,formely the despair of the bird taxonomists
,is now reasonabally well understood.

9.  Any collecting trip must be carefully planed
 All possible geographic information must be
obtained before hand,including
 - distribution of vegetable types
 - altitudes
 - seasons
 - means of transportation etc

10.  a plotting of collecting stations and,in
particular a maping of species distribution
will reveal the location of crucial gaps.
 If the study of geographic variation is a major
objective ,the periphery of the range of each
species should be given particular
attention.This is where geographic isolates
occur more frequently.
 If the species show seasonal variations ,the
collection should be spaced seasonally.

11.  Innumerable techniques for the collecting of
different groups of animals are described in
standard collecting manuals.

12. Attracting Nocturnal Insects With UV Light

13. Insects are collected mainly by beating and sweeping
beating sweeping

14. Aquatic insects and other arthropods are collected by using dipnets .
Dip net

15. Trawling and dredging for collecting deepsea animals
Trawling Dredging

16. Collecting net

17. Killing bottles
Cyanide bottle
POISON

18.  Preserved specimens are the indispensible
basis of all taxonomic research.the
information that one can derive from such
specimens are limited.
 The modern systematist needs a great deal of
additional information.
 As far as possible the collecting should
provide unbiased population samples.
not only adult should be collected ,but
adequate samples of all growth stages
(including larvae) and associated parasites

19.  Sampling should be done in such a way as to
provide study material not only for the
species but also for the evolutionist.
 Collection of specimens may be augmented
by all sorts of recordings including
 Film of courtship display
 Vocalization of animals
 Collections or photograph or casts of the
work of animals(nests,galls,spider webs etc)

20.  They differ from one taxonomic group to the
next.
 Some are preserved in alcohol.
 Some are stuffed
 We do not use formalin for preserving
arthropods, only vertebrates. Specimens are not
kept permanently in formalin since it is acidic
and difficult to handle.
 Although generally avoided for long-term
storage, formalin may be used in instances where
colour is important since alcohol dissolves most
colours almost immediately.
. Alcohol - long term storage

21.  A specimen that is not accurately labeled is
worthless for most type of taxonomic research.
 RECORDING DATA
• Geographic locality
• Date
• Stage(adult male,female or immature form)
• Altitude or depth.
• Host
• Name of collector