This document discusses various topics related to taxonomy and classification of living organisms. It begins by providing examples of common names for plants in different languages that can be confusing. It then introduces binomial nomenclature developed by Carolus Linnaeus to systematically name organisms using genus and species. Rules for naming organisms developed by the International Code of Nomenclature are outlined. The concepts of classification, taxonomy, and systematic are defined and their objectives and components are described. The taxonomic hierarchy from species to kingdom is explained along with examples. Identification aids used in classification are also briefly mentioned.

1. Living world part 2
By
Raji Unnithan

2. The living world
`VERNACULAR – local language .
What do you call this ?
Vaangi In
marathi
Baingan in Hindi
Brinjal or Egg plant in
English
So Confusing ??????

3. Starfish
• What about this ?
Cuttlefish
Silver fish
None of them are fish .
Vernacular names are so misleading

4. Binomial Nomenclature .
To overcome the problems with vernacular names.
Carolus Linnaeus – In his book –
‘ Species Plantarum “ introduced binomial Nomenclature

5. Nomenclature – The art of naming object
• Binomial Nomenclature means haing two words/epithet
Genus name Species name
EG Mangifera indica

6. Who formulates the rules for nomenclature
Recently XIX international Botanical congress (IBC) was hld in
Shenzen China . In July 2017.- The Shenzen Code .
ICBN changed to ICNAFP – international code of nomenclature
For Algae , Fungi and plants .

7. Rules for nomenclature .
• Two epithets genus and species name.
• Latin / Greek
• Generic first with first alphabet capital letter
• Species second with no capital letter .
• Written in italics when printed and when handwritten both should be
underlined separately
• Each one should have min 3 and max 13 letters .
• Author’s name may be added in the end in full or abv eg Mangifera
indica L

8. • Tautonyms not allowed in plants kingdom but valid in animals eg
• Rattus rattus (rat )
• Naja naja (Cobra)

9. Trinomial Nomenclature
• Proposed by Huxley
Generic
name
Specific name
Variety /
subspecies
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
oleracea
oleracea
oleracea
Botyris (
cauliflower
capitata
caulorapa

10. Classification – coined by A.P Candolle
• Arrangement of organisms in distinct categories based on similarities
and differences in accordance with a paln
Need for classification
• Large number of organisms
• Variation is characteristics like Shape ,size,habitat , nitrition
• Difficult to remember
Advantages –
• Explains unity in diversity
• Universally accepted names given
• Reveals relationship amongst organisms
• Organisms with common ancestors placed together

11. Taxonomy deals with
COLLECTION
IDENTIFIC
ATION
NOMENCLAT
URE
DESCRIPTION
CLASSIFICAT
IO

12. SYSTEMATICES
• SYSTAMATICS IS
Study of
Among different
organisms
Takes into
account
EVOLUTIO
NARY
RELATIONS
HIPS.

13. Systamatics includes three parts of taxonomy
IDENTIFICATION
NOMENCLATURE CLASSIFICATION

14. Objectives of taxonomy / sytematics
To know various organisms
To demonstrate phylogenetic relationship
To ascertain nomenclature
Have a reference system for all organisms

15. Called Taxon
TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
• Classification involves
A HIERARCHY of steps
Rank or category
COINED – H J Lamb

16. Taxonomic categories HIERARCHY
King Philip Came Over From Great Spain
In descending order
TAXON

17. :
• SPECIES : the basic unit and the smallest unit of classification.
Common features are maximum in a species.
They interbreed to produce fertile offsprings.

18. Species - tigris

19. Species- leo

20. Species : pardous

21. Species
melongena

22. Species :tuberosum

23. Genus
• Taxonomic rank greater than species . It has group of species bearing
close resemblance but do not interbreed.

24. Panthera tigris
Panthera pardeous

25. Solanum tuberosun
Solanum melongena
Solanum
lycopersicum

26. • Genus :
• MonotypicMonotypic
Polytypic
Having single species
Ricinus communis ( castor)
Homo sapiens
Have many species

27. : - group of closely related
genera

28. Family : Felidae

29. Family : Canidae

30. Family : Malvaceae

31. :
• Different family but few similarities

32. Order carnivora : includes Felidae and
canidae

33. : : group of similar orders
• Order primate
Order carnivora
Order herbivora
Different orders together form
a class . Here it is class
Mammalia as they share few
common features as presence
of mammary glands ,
diaphragm .

34. Taxon Division or Phylum : class with some
similarities .
• Phylum in animals – chordates and non chordates
• Division in plants : Angiosperm ( with monocotylednae class and
dicotylednae class )

35. :
• . The highest category .
Features of taxonomic Hierarchy :
Maximum number of organism in Kingdom
Maximum similarities in species . Similarities goes on decreasing as we
go up in the hierarchical ladder

37. Aids needed for identification and
clasification