Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons formed from the remains of ancient organisms. It is extracted using drilling rigs and transported by ship or pipeline to refineries. There, fractional distillation separates the hydrocarbons based on boiling point into useful fractions like gasoline and diesel. These are used as fuels, producing carbon dioxide and water through combustion. Cracking produces smaller hydrocarbons to better match supply and demand. Alkenes like ethene are used to produce polymers for plastics.
Crude oil, also known as black gold, is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons found in sedimentary rocks. It is believed to have formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. Crude oil is composed mainly of paraffin hydrocarbons, along with other components like naphthenes, aromatics, asphaltenes and various chemical elements. The four main categories of hydrocarbon types in crude oil are paraffins, olefins, naphthenes and aromatics, which have varying molecular structures and properties. Crude oil can also contain small amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and heavy metal compounds.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black mixture of hydrocarbons found beneath the Earth's surface. It is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. The key components of petroleum are carbon (83-87%) and hydrogen (10-14%). It is extracted through oil wells and transported via pipelines, trucks, rail, and tankers. Major uses include gasoline and other fuels. While a valuable resource, petroleum also causes environmental issues like pollution from spills and greenhouse gas emissions.
Petroleum classification physical propertiesAshik R S
Petroleum classification physical properties.
Petroleum or crude oil
Naturally occurring & flammable liquid
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons & other organic compounds
Found in geologic formations beneath the Earth’s surface
The term ‘petroleum’ first used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium published in 1546- Georg Bauer (German mineralogist).
Derived from the Latin word petra oleum, meaning “stone oil”
Oil and gas provide about 60% of all the energy used by the society today
INTRODUCTION
DENSITY AND API GRAVITY OF CRUDE OIL
SWEET AND SOUR CRUDE OIL; BENCHMARK OF CRUDE OIL; West Texas Intermediate (WTI)
Brent Blend:; Dated Brent
What is Dated Brent?
Dubai; OPEC Basket (ORB)
Bonny Light; Tapis Crude; Mexico's Isthmus; Maya; CONTRACTS; FUTURE TRENDS ON CRUDE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that are separated into useful fractions via fractional distillation. It is formed from the remains of ancient microorganisms and plants that were deposited under intense heat and pressure over millions of years. The key fractions obtained include liquid petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and fuel oils of varying viscosity. When burned as fuels, the hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil and its fractions react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other emissions.
Petroleum refining involves fractionating crude oil into major fractions through chemical, thermal, and physical separation processes. These fractions are further processed and converted into over 2,500 finished petroleum products. Refineries separate crude oil into smaller fractions to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel, as well as non-fuel products and raw materials for the chemical industry. Major refining stages include distillation, conversion/upgrading, and desulphurization.
Characteristics & uses of petroleum productsfaisal raza
Petroleum products are obtained through fractional distillation of crude oil based on boiling points and molecular weights. Different hydrocarbon ranges are used for various fuels like gasoline containing C4-C10 hydrocarbons, kerosene and aviation fuels containing C4-C19, and diesel fuels containing C8-C21. Refined fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons formulated for specific properties and contain impurities like gums, metals, and microbial growth that require additives. Octane rating indicates gasoline resistance to detonation with higher ratings for higher compression engines, while volatility and flammability relate to evaporation and combustion tendencies important for engine performance.
Crude oil, also known as black gold, is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons found in sedimentary rocks. It is believed to have formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. Crude oil is composed mainly of paraffin hydrocarbons, along with other components like naphthenes, aromatics, asphaltenes and various chemical elements. The four main categories of hydrocarbon types in crude oil are paraffins, olefins, naphthenes and aromatics, which have varying molecular structures and properties. Crude oil can also contain small amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and heavy metal compounds.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black mixture of hydrocarbons found beneath the Earth's surface. It is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. The key components of petroleum are carbon (83-87%) and hydrogen (10-14%). It is extracted through oil wells and transported via pipelines, trucks, rail, and tankers. Major uses include gasoline and other fuels. While a valuable resource, petroleum also causes environmental issues like pollution from spills and greenhouse gas emissions.
Petroleum classification physical propertiesAshik R S
Petroleum classification physical properties.
Petroleum or crude oil
Naturally occurring & flammable liquid
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons & other organic compounds
Found in geologic formations beneath the Earth’s surface
The term ‘petroleum’ first used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium published in 1546- Georg Bauer (German mineralogist).
Derived from the Latin word petra oleum, meaning “stone oil”
Oil and gas provide about 60% of all the energy used by the society today
INTRODUCTION
DENSITY AND API GRAVITY OF CRUDE OIL
SWEET AND SOUR CRUDE OIL; BENCHMARK OF CRUDE OIL; West Texas Intermediate (WTI)
Brent Blend:; Dated Brent
What is Dated Brent?
Dubai; OPEC Basket (ORB)
Bonny Light; Tapis Crude; Mexico's Isthmus; Maya; CONTRACTS; FUTURE TRENDS ON CRUDE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that are separated into useful fractions via fractional distillation. It is formed from the remains of ancient microorganisms and plants that were deposited under intense heat and pressure over millions of years. The key fractions obtained include liquid petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and fuel oils of varying viscosity. When burned as fuels, the hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil and its fractions react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other emissions.
Petroleum refining involves fractionating crude oil into major fractions through chemical, thermal, and physical separation processes. These fractions are further processed and converted into over 2,500 finished petroleum products. Refineries separate crude oil into smaller fractions to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel, as well as non-fuel products and raw materials for the chemical industry. Major refining stages include distillation, conversion/upgrading, and desulphurization.
Characteristics & uses of petroleum productsfaisal raza
Petroleum products are obtained through fractional distillation of crude oil based on boiling points and molecular weights. Different hydrocarbon ranges are used for various fuels like gasoline containing C4-C10 hydrocarbons, kerosene and aviation fuels containing C4-C19, and diesel fuels containing C8-C21. Refined fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons formulated for specific properties and contain impurities like gums, metals, and microbial growth that require additives. Octane rating indicates gasoline resistance to detonation with higher ratings for higher compression engines, while volatility and flammability relate to evaporation and combustion tendencies important for engine performance.
Oil shale technology involves extracting kerogen from sedimentary rock to produce synthetic crude oil. There are over 10 trillion barrels of in-place oil shale resources worldwide, with significant deposits in the United States, Russia, and China. Current extraction methods include in-situ heating of shale deposits to produce oil and gas. While the technology is advancing, full commercial production is still 15-20 years away due to high costs. Future development depends on oil prices remaining over $40 per barrel.
What is Crude oil
Role of Crude oil in global economy
Exploration of Crude Oil.
Drilling of petroleum and natural gas
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Evaluation of Gasoline
Evaluation of diesel
Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth's surface. It is composed primarily of hydrocarbons such as carbon and hydrogen. Crude oil is extracted from the ground through oil wells, either because it flows naturally due to underground pressures or through mechanical pumping. There are several theories for the origin of petroleum, but the modern theory is that it formed from the decomposition of marine organisms and terrestrial plant material over millions of years. Once extracted, crude oil undergoes processing to remove impurities and separate it into useful petroleum products through distillation. These products include fuels like gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, as well as other commodities like lubricating oils, asphalt and
Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane. It is found deep underground and can also be associated with oil fields. The largest sources are in Iran, Russia, and Qatar. Natural gas undergoes processing to remove impurities before use. It is used widely as an energy source for heating, electricity generation, and as a fuel for vehicles. It is also used to produce other chemicals like plastics. Unconventional sources like shale gas now make up a large portion of natural gas production.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of hydrocarbons found underground. It is extracted through oil drilling and refined into many consumer products through fractional distillation. Crude oil varies in composition but largely includes paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. Octane and cetane ratings indicate gasoline and diesel fuels' resistance to knocking during combustion in engines. Synthetic petrol can also be produced through processes like Fischer-Tropsch that use coal, steam, and catalysts to synthesize hydrocarbon fuels.
Petroleum is a black or green liquid that forms from the remains of ancient plants and animals. It is extracted from underground reservoirs and is refined to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel. The largest petroleum producers are the United States, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China. Petroleum is used worldwide to power vehicles, generate electricity, produce plastics and other materials, and heat homes. New technologies like green petroleum made from plants aim to provide more environmentally friendly fuel alternatives.
Distillation is a key separation process used in petroleum refining to separate crude oil into its various components like gasoline, kerosene, and diesel. Crude oil is first desalted and dewatered before being fed to a distillation unit where it is heated and separated based on differences in boiling points into various hydrocarbon fractions. Further refining processes like reforming, cracking, and hydrotreating are used to convert heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products like gasoline.
This document discusses octane number, which measures a fuel's resistance to engine knocking. It defines octane number and describes how it is measured using the research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) methods. Higher octane fuels allow for higher compression before detonating. The document also outlines factors that decrease octane number and methods for improving it, such as reforming and adding additives. It concludes by discussing latest testing engines and portable octane meters, as well as octane boosters and high-octane fuels like Shell V-Power.
1-Petroleum, Origin, Formation and Composition of Petroleum .pptxMazyiar Sabet
This document provides an overview of petroleum formation and uses. It discusses that petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. The key compounds in petroleum are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Petroleum is found underground in porous rock formations and is trapped by impermeable layers. It can be extracted and refined for various applications like gasoline and other fuels. While petroleum provides energy, its extraction and use also causes environmental issues like pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and health risks. Pipelines, trucks, rail, and tankers are used to transport petroleum around the world.
This document discusses crude oil exploration methods. It begins with an introduction to crude oil components and how crude is classified based on sulfur content and density. Common types of crude oil from different regions are then described based on their API gravity and sulfur levels. The document then discusses different exploration methods like seismic surveys, remote sensing, and test drilling. Seismic surveys use vibrations to map subsurface structures, while remote sensing utilizes aerial photography and satellite imagery. The final exploration step involves test drilling to conclusively determine if oil is present in a reservoir.
The crude oil assay is the collection of the results of physical tests that are performed to determine the key properties (boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatom contents, acid number, etc.) of crude oil and its fractions. It is the procedure based on laboratory and pilot plant testing for determining the general distillation and quality characteristics of crude oil. Crude oil assay is important for determining the value and processability of crude oil. This is the preliminary step before processing the crude oil in the refinery. . In order to utilize the crude oil assay data, it is necessary to understand the results and significance of some of the laboratory tests.
El documento describe el petróleo, incluyendo su composición química, orígenes, tipos, producción mundial, uso en España y ventajas e inconvenientes. El petróleo es un compuesto complejo formado principalmente por hidrocarburos que se forma de materia orgánica enterrada hace millones de años. Se clasifica por su composición química, densidad y contenido de azufre. Aunque el petróleo sigue siendo una fuente de energía importante, también tiene impactos ambientales y sus reservas son limitadas.
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
This document discusses quality control testing of petroleum products. It describes how laboratory tests are broadly classified into seven groups to evaluate properties like volatility, combustion, viscosity, melting point, oxidation, corrosion, and other miscellaneous characteristics. Specific tests are outlined within each group to measure qualities like distillation behavior, flash point, octane number, viscosity, melting properties, oxidation resistance, corrosiveness, and more. Standard methods from organizations like BIS, IP, and ASTM are commonly followed.
The document provides an overview of the history and process of oil refining. It begins with a brief chronology of important events in oil exploration and production. It then discusses the major components of crude oil and how refineries separate crude oil into its constituents by taking advantage of differences in boiling points. The end products of refining include fuels like gasoline, diesel and jet fuel as well as other petroleum products like lubricants, asphalt and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Modern refineries employ complex processes to meet strict environmental regulations.
Crude oil contains a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated using fractional distillation. Shorter hydrocarbon molecules have fewer intermolecular bonds, resulting in lower boiling points and condensing at the top of the distillation column. Longer hydrocarbon molecules have higher boiling points due to more intermolecular bonds and condense at the bottom. However, the longer molecules have high viscosity making them less useful. Through a process called cracking, longer hydrocarbons are broken down by heating and passing over a catalyst, resulting in smaller alkanes and alkenes, which have a double carbon bond. Both alkanes and alkenes are useful hydrocarbons obtained through cracking crude oil.
The document provides an overview of the oil and gas exploration and production process. It discusses the key stages: exploration surveying, exploratory drilling, appraisal, development and production, and decommissioning. Exploration surveying involves desk studies, aerial photography, and seismic surveys. Exploratory drilling verifies the presence of hydrocarbons and determines quantities. Appraisal determines the size and commercial viability of oil fields. Development and production extracts oil and gas using various techniques. Decommissioning safely removes installations and restores sites after 20-40 years of commercial production.
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Refining
This refining overview includes segments on: Why we refine crude oil, a basic summary of the refining distillation process, and some historical perspective on the evolution of refining.
The complete Refining Module includes lessons on crude oil and products, refinery processes, key business drivers that impact refining profitability, and more.
Why Do We Refine Crude Oil?
Crude oil cannot be used as it occurs in nature, other than burning for fuel, which is wasteful, It must be refined to manufacture finished products such as gasoline and heating oil.
In the refinery, crude oil components can first be split by carefully applying heat to capture various parts, called fractions, within certain boiling ranges. This is called distillation. The quality of these initial fractions produced is not sufficient to be sold directly as petroleum products without further treatment.
Moreover, the yield of products from straight distillation of crude oil is not the same as the “demand barrel” needed for the marketplace. Crude oil must therefore be further processed using both heat and pressure to improve qualities and meet market demand.
A large part of refinery processing is concerned with converting unwanted heavy fuel oil into marketable gasoline and diesel, using various processing methods.
A very simple presentation on crude oil,important for student to understand the concept of crude oil and its importance in world.how does it impact india.imports bill has improved but export is facing downturn due to sluggish growth of world economy.
This document provides information on the composition of crude oil. It discusses that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that is liquid underground but varies in color from yellow to black. It is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen. The main components are paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. Crude oil also contains smaller amounts of other elements and compounds like sulfur. The document also describes different methods of classifying crude oils based on their chemical composition and geological parameters.
Oil shale technology involves extracting kerogen from sedimentary rock to produce synthetic crude oil. There are over 10 trillion barrels of in-place oil shale resources worldwide, with significant deposits in the United States, Russia, and China. Current extraction methods include in-situ heating of shale deposits to produce oil and gas. While the technology is advancing, full commercial production is still 15-20 years away due to high costs. Future development depends on oil prices remaining over $40 per barrel.
What is Crude oil
Role of Crude oil in global economy
Exploration of Crude Oil.
Drilling of petroleum and natural gas
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Evaluation of Gasoline
Evaluation of diesel
Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth's surface. It is composed primarily of hydrocarbons such as carbon and hydrogen. Crude oil is extracted from the ground through oil wells, either because it flows naturally due to underground pressures or through mechanical pumping. There are several theories for the origin of petroleum, but the modern theory is that it formed from the decomposition of marine organisms and terrestrial plant material over millions of years. Once extracted, crude oil undergoes processing to remove impurities and separate it into useful petroleum products through distillation. These products include fuels like gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, as well as other commodities like lubricating oils, asphalt and
Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane. It is found deep underground and can also be associated with oil fields. The largest sources are in Iran, Russia, and Qatar. Natural gas undergoes processing to remove impurities before use. It is used widely as an energy source for heating, electricity generation, and as a fuel for vehicles. It is also used to produce other chemicals like plastics. Unconventional sources like shale gas now make up a large portion of natural gas production.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of hydrocarbons found underground. It is extracted through oil drilling and refined into many consumer products through fractional distillation. Crude oil varies in composition but largely includes paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. Octane and cetane ratings indicate gasoline and diesel fuels' resistance to knocking during combustion in engines. Synthetic petrol can also be produced through processes like Fischer-Tropsch that use coal, steam, and catalysts to synthesize hydrocarbon fuels.
Petroleum is a black or green liquid that forms from the remains of ancient plants and animals. It is extracted from underground reservoirs and is refined to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel. The largest petroleum producers are the United States, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China. Petroleum is used worldwide to power vehicles, generate electricity, produce plastics and other materials, and heat homes. New technologies like green petroleum made from plants aim to provide more environmentally friendly fuel alternatives.
Distillation is a key separation process used in petroleum refining to separate crude oil into its various components like gasoline, kerosene, and diesel. Crude oil is first desalted and dewatered before being fed to a distillation unit where it is heated and separated based on differences in boiling points into various hydrocarbon fractions. Further refining processes like reforming, cracking, and hydrotreating are used to convert heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products like gasoline.
This document discusses octane number, which measures a fuel's resistance to engine knocking. It defines octane number and describes how it is measured using the research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) methods. Higher octane fuels allow for higher compression before detonating. The document also outlines factors that decrease octane number and methods for improving it, such as reforming and adding additives. It concludes by discussing latest testing engines and portable octane meters, as well as octane boosters and high-octane fuels like Shell V-Power.
1-Petroleum, Origin, Formation and Composition of Petroleum .pptxMazyiar Sabet
This document provides an overview of petroleum formation and uses. It discusses that petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. The key compounds in petroleum are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Petroleum is found underground in porous rock formations and is trapped by impermeable layers. It can be extracted and refined for various applications like gasoline and other fuels. While petroleum provides energy, its extraction and use also causes environmental issues like pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and health risks. Pipelines, trucks, rail, and tankers are used to transport petroleum around the world.
This document discusses crude oil exploration methods. It begins with an introduction to crude oil components and how crude is classified based on sulfur content and density. Common types of crude oil from different regions are then described based on their API gravity and sulfur levels. The document then discusses different exploration methods like seismic surveys, remote sensing, and test drilling. Seismic surveys use vibrations to map subsurface structures, while remote sensing utilizes aerial photography and satellite imagery. The final exploration step involves test drilling to conclusively determine if oil is present in a reservoir.
The crude oil assay is the collection of the results of physical tests that are performed to determine the key properties (boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatom contents, acid number, etc.) of crude oil and its fractions. It is the procedure based on laboratory and pilot plant testing for determining the general distillation and quality characteristics of crude oil. Crude oil assay is important for determining the value and processability of crude oil. This is the preliminary step before processing the crude oil in the refinery. . In order to utilize the crude oil assay data, it is necessary to understand the results and significance of some of the laboratory tests.
El documento describe el petróleo, incluyendo su composición química, orígenes, tipos, producción mundial, uso en España y ventajas e inconvenientes. El petróleo es un compuesto complejo formado principalmente por hidrocarburos que se forma de materia orgánica enterrada hace millones de años. Se clasifica por su composición química, densidad y contenido de azufre. Aunque el petróleo sigue siendo una fuente de energía importante, también tiene impactos ambientales y sus reservas son limitadas.
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
This document discusses quality control testing of petroleum products. It describes how laboratory tests are broadly classified into seven groups to evaluate properties like volatility, combustion, viscosity, melting point, oxidation, corrosion, and other miscellaneous characteristics. Specific tests are outlined within each group to measure qualities like distillation behavior, flash point, octane number, viscosity, melting properties, oxidation resistance, corrosiveness, and more. Standard methods from organizations like BIS, IP, and ASTM are commonly followed.
The document provides an overview of the history and process of oil refining. It begins with a brief chronology of important events in oil exploration and production. It then discusses the major components of crude oil and how refineries separate crude oil into its constituents by taking advantage of differences in boiling points. The end products of refining include fuels like gasoline, diesel and jet fuel as well as other petroleum products like lubricants, asphalt and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Modern refineries employ complex processes to meet strict environmental regulations.
Crude oil contains a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated using fractional distillation. Shorter hydrocarbon molecules have fewer intermolecular bonds, resulting in lower boiling points and condensing at the top of the distillation column. Longer hydrocarbon molecules have higher boiling points due to more intermolecular bonds and condense at the bottom. However, the longer molecules have high viscosity making them less useful. Through a process called cracking, longer hydrocarbons are broken down by heating and passing over a catalyst, resulting in smaller alkanes and alkenes, which have a double carbon bond. Both alkanes and alkenes are useful hydrocarbons obtained through cracking crude oil.
The document provides an overview of the oil and gas exploration and production process. It discusses the key stages: exploration surveying, exploratory drilling, appraisal, development and production, and decommissioning. Exploration surveying involves desk studies, aerial photography, and seismic surveys. Exploratory drilling verifies the presence of hydrocarbons and determines quantities. Appraisal determines the size and commercial viability of oil fields. Development and production extracts oil and gas using various techniques. Decommissioning safely removes installations and restores sites after 20-40 years of commercial production.
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Refining
This refining overview includes segments on: Why we refine crude oil, a basic summary of the refining distillation process, and some historical perspective on the evolution of refining.
The complete Refining Module includes lessons on crude oil and products, refinery processes, key business drivers that impact refining profitability, and more.
Why Do We Refine Crude Oil?
Crude oil cannot be used as it occurs in nature, other than burning for fuel, which is wasteful, It must be refined to manufacture finished products such as gasoline and heating oil.
In the refinery, crude oil components can first be split by carefully applying heat to capture various parts, called fractions, within certain boiling ranges. This is called distillation. The quality of these initial fractions produced is not sufficient to be sold directly as petroleum products without further treatment.
Moreover, the yield of products from straight distillation of crude oil is not the same as the “demand barrel” needed for the marketplace. Crude oil must therefore be further processed using both heat and pressure to improve qualities and meet market demand.
A large part of refinery processing is concerned with converting unwanted heavy fuel oil into marketable gasoline and diesel, using various processing methods.
A very simple presentation on crude oil,important for student to understand the concept of crude oil and its importance in world.how does it impact india.imports bill has improved but export is facing downturn due to sluggish growth of world economy.
This document provides information on the composition of crude oil. It discusses that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that is liquid underground but varies in color from yellow to black. It is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen. The main components are paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. Crude oil also contains smaller amounts of other elements and compounds like sulfur. The document also describes different methods of classifying crude oils based on their chemical composition and geological parameters.
Kate Hudson from Riverkeeper presented information on crude oil transportation in Ulster County to the Ulster County Legislature. She discussed that crude oil from North Dakota is being transported by train and barge along the Hudson River, posing risks to communities from derailment or spill. Riverkeeper calls for a moratorium on crude oil shipments until safety measures are implemented. The legislature is urged to demand emergency preparedness and call on state and federal agencies to study risks and improve regulations.
Physical and chemical properties of petroleumkhurasani
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth's surface that is refined into fuels. It consists mainly of hydrocarbons like alkanes, naphthenes, and aromatics. Petroleum forms from the thermal maturation of buried organic matter over millions of years. It varies in composition but is largely made up of carbon and hydrogen, with other elements like sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen present in smaller amounts. The type of petroleum depends on factors like the organic material it formed from and temperature/pressure conditions during formation.
Physical and chemical properties of petroleumMasoom Shani
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of petroleum. It defines petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons that are mostly liquid, but can also be in gas or solid states. The four main hydrocarbon series in petroleum are paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and asphaltenes. Key physical properties discussed include specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index, color, odor, and boiling point. The document also describes how petroleum can be classified based on its relative amounts of different hydrocarbon groups.
A sample oil and aniline were mixed in equal volumes and heated in a beaker on a water bath, forming a homogeneous mixture. When cooled, the mixture became cloudy, indicating the formation of a product. The document also lists various petroleum products with their flash points and values for different apparatus used to measure viscosity, including time ranges, constants, and viscosity coefficients.
Introduction into Oil and Gas Industry. OIL: Part 1Fidan Aliyeva
The document provides an introduction to the oil and gas industry, covering the following key points in 7 sentences or less:
Oil formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. It varies in composition and properties depending on its origin. Major oil producers and traders include OPEC countries, international oil majors, and national oil companies. OPEC coordinates policies to stabilize oil markets and ensure supply. While oil reserves could last over 40 years at current production rates, consumption is rising. Large price fluctuations can significantly impact oil-producing and consuming economies. The industry is working to increase capacity and ensure secure long-term oil supplies.
A sample oil and aniline were mixed in equal volumes and heated in a beaker on a water bath, forming a homogeneous mixture. When cooled, the mixture became cloudy, indicating the formation of a product. The document also lists various petroleum products with their flash points and values for different apparatus used to measure viscosity, including time ranges, constants, and viscosity coefficients.
The document discusses India's oil and gas industry. It is divided into upstream, midstream and downstream sectors and includes state-owned and private companies. The industry faces a growing level of competition and high import dependence, but also opportunities through new technologies, sources and markets. Government policies aim to regulate the strategic industry and increase domestic production, though challenges remain around infrastructure, expertise and environmental impacts. The industry plays a central role in India's economy and energy security.
Professional PowerPoint template for oil and gas presentations.
This is a fully customizable template with individual graphic elements and images. You are free to adjust cover, divider, and content slider header layouts.
Download at: http://www.powerpointteam.com/oil-industry-powerpoint-template.html
Available in standard and widescreen format.
Your comments will be highly appreciated. Thank you!
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - UpstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Upstream
What is Upstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Upstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Upstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
-Introduction to Upstream
-Upstream Business Characteristics
-Oilfield Services
-Reserves – Formation and Importance
-Production – The First Step in Adding Value
-The Unconventional Future of Upstream
Upstream
What is Upstream? Most oil and gas companies’ business structures are segmented and organized according to business segment, assets, or function.
The upstream segment of the business is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas.
The upstream segment is all about wells: where to locate them; how deep and how far to drill them; and how to design, construct, operate and manage them to deliver the greatest possible return on investment with the lightest, safest and smallest operational footprint.
Exploration
The exploration sector involves obtaining a lease and permission to drill from the owners of onshore or offshore acreage thought to contain oil or gas, and conducting necessary geological and geophysical (G&G) surveys required to explore for (and hopefully find) economic accumulations of oil or gas.
Drilling
There is always uncertainty in the geological and geophysical survey results. The only way to be sure that a prospect is favorable is to drill an exploratory well. Drilling is physically creating the “borehole” in the ground that will eventually become an oil or gas well. This work is done by rig contractors and service companies in the Oilfield Services business sector.
Production
The production sector of the upstream segment maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.
This document provides an overview of the Infraline Energy knowledge base on the oil and natural gas sector in India. It includes detailed coverage of upstream and downstream activities, natural gas and LNG, prices, demand and supply, maps, the regulatory framework, taxes and duties, and presentations. The knowledge base provides daily newsletters, a comprehensive library that is frequently updated, analytical articles, market intelligence, reports, and books. It offers in-depth information on topics such as exploration and production, company profiles, pipelines, reserves, refineries, petroleum products, and policies.
Introduction to Oil and Gas Industry from Upstream (Exploration & Production), Midstream (Transportation & Storage), to Downstream (Refining, Petrochemical, & Marketing)
This document discusses key properties of crude oil, including:
1) Oil is classified based on properties like specific gravity, viscosity, density, etc. with specific gravity and viscosity most commonly used. Specific gravity is represented by API gravity which ranges from 8 to 58 degrees.
2) Bubble point pressure is the pressure at which a small amount of gas is in equilibrium with oil. When pressure drops below this point, gas is liberated from the oil.
3) Other properties discussed include formation volume factor (ratio of reservoir to surface volumes), solution gas-oil ratio (amount of gas dissolved in oil), and compressibility (change in volume with pressure change).
Crude oil quality can be determined by several factors such as color, viscosity, elemental composition, and chemical structures present. Higher quality crudes are lighter in color and have lower viscosity, allowing them to flow more easily. They also contain lower sulfur amounts and have higher hydrogen-to-carbon ratios. The desired components for refining are the longer-chain paraffin structures, while aromatics are less desirable due to soot production. Crude oil quality correlates with depth and heat exposure during formation, with older, deeper crudes of higher quality producing a greater yield of gasoline and other desirable products.
This document provides a brief overview of oil refinery processes, including historical events and descriptions of key unit operations like crude distillation, vacuum distillation, fluid/delayed coking, fluid catalytic cracking, alkylation, and hydrotreating. Process schematics and typical yields are shown for each unit operation.
The petroleum industry involves exploring for oil and gas deposits, extracting them from the ground, refining oil into fuel products like gasoline and diesel, and transporting and marketing these products. It is divided into upstream (exploration and production), midstream (transportation, storage, and processing), and downstream (refining and distribution) sectors. Globally, oil accounts for around 33-53% of energy consumption in different regions. The United States consumes around 25% of the world's oil production each year. The petroleum industry represents the world's largest industry in terms of revenue.
The document provides an overview of the oil and gas industry in India. It discusses the industry's history and growth over time. It also describes the major companies operating in the industry and their market shares. Additionally, it covers government policies and regulations related to foreign investment, pricing, and regulatory bodies that oversee the industry. The industry is growing and sees increasing private investment and participation of global companies.
Lower crude oil prices are having widespread effects on the global economy. Prices have fallen 50% in recent months, benefitting oil importing countries but hurting exporters. Key reasons for the drop include low demand, high production from countries like Iraq and the US, and OPEC countries choosing not to cut supply. The fall in costs is leading to lower inflation and potential higher economic output in oil importing nations. However, it poses challenges for alternative energy and could delay investments to reduce dependence on oil. Share markets and some industries are also being negatively impacted by the continued decline in crude prices.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found beneath the Earth's surface that is composed mainly of hydrocarbons. It is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. There are three main stages of petroleum formation: organic material deposition, burial and heating, and migration and accumulation. Crude oil is transported from extraction sites by pipelines, roads, railways, and ocean tankers to be refined into useful products like gasoline, diesel and other fuels. While petroleum provides a valuable energy source, its usage also has disadvantages such as pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and geopolitical issues.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black mixture of hydrocarbons found beneath the Earth's surface. It is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. The key components of petroleum are carbon (83-87%) and hydrogen (10-14%). It is extracted through oil wells and transported via pipelines, trucks, rail, and tankers. Major uses include gasoline and other fuels. While a valuable resource, petroleum also causes environmental issues like pollution from spills and greenhouse gas emissions.
Coal and petroleum are non-renewable sources of energy that were formed over millions of years from decaying plant and animal matter. Coal is a combustible rock formed from vegetation and is classified based on carbon content. Petroleum is a naturally occurring flammable liquid found beneath the earth's surface that is formed from decomposed organisms and used to produce fuels, asphalt, and other products. While these fossil fuels provide energy, their extraction and use also carries environmental risks like pollution, oil spills, and greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.
Fossil fuels are fuels formed from decayed organisms over millions of years that produce carbon dioxide when burned. There are three main types: coal, oil, and natural gas. Coal forms from decayed land plants and is used widely for energy production. Oil forms from marine microorganisms and is the most used fuel, powering vehicles, infrastructure, and more. Natural gas also forms from marine life and is increasingly used for electricity and heating homes. Refineries separate crude oil components and convert them into usable products and feedstocks. Major oil spills like Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon caused environmental damage due to leakage and fires during extraction.
The document provides information about different fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas. It discusses how each fossil fuel is formed over millions of years from decayed organisms, and how each is commonly used. Coal is formed from decayed land vegetation and is widely used for energy production. Oil forms from marine microorganisms and is refined for use in transportation and other applications. Natural gas also originates from marine microorganisms and is often used for electricity generation and heating homes.
The document provides information about different fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas. It discusses how each fossil fuel is formed over millions of years from decayed organisms, and how each is commonly used. Coal is formed from decayed land vegetation and is widely used for energy production. Oil forms from marine microorganisms and is refined for use in transportation and other applications. Natural gas also originates from marine microorganisms and is often used for electricity generation and heating homes.
Fossil fuels are fuels formed from decayed organisms over millions of years that produce carbon dioxide when burned. There are three main types: coal, oil, and natural gas. Coal forms from decaying land vegetation and is compressed over time into deposits. Oil forms from marine microorganisms on the sea floor that become trapped in rock. Natural gas also originates from marine microorganisms. Fossil fuels are important sources of energy but also contribute to global warming.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found beneath the Earth's surface that is composed mainly of hydrocarbons. It is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. Petroleum exists in porous rock formations in liquid or gaseous form and is extracted through oil drilling. It is refined into various consumer products like gasoline, diesel and others. Some key ways petroleum is transported include pipelines, ocean tankers, roads and railways. While an important energy source, petroleum also has disadvantages like pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on non-renewable resources. Proper extraction and use is important to balance economic and environmental needs.
Fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal were formed over hundreds of millions of years ago from the remains of ancient plants and animals. As layers of sediment accumulated over these remains, the heat and pressure caused them to transform into fossil fuels over extremely long periods of time. Today these fossil fuels are extracted and refined to produce energy and various products, but their usage contributes to issues like air pollution, global warming and acid rain due to emissions of pollutants.
Petroleum is a black or green liquid that forms from the remains of ancient plants and animals. It is extracted from underground reservoirs and is refined to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel. The largest reserves are found in the Middle East. The United States consumes the most petroleum per day, using it mainly for transportation and power generation. New biofuels made from plants are being developed as more environmentally friendly alternatives.
Oil and natural gas are both fossil fuels formed from the remains of dead plants and animals over millions of years. They consist of hydrocarbons like methane and are used for heating, transportation fuel, and electricity generation. While oil and natural gas have similar uses as fuels, oil is generally cheaper and more widely used for powering vehicles and machinery. However, both resources are non-renewable and finite, so transitioning to renewable energy alternatives will be necessary as supplies are depleted over time. Careful planning is needed to manage dwindling oil reserves and prepare for potential supply issues.
Petroleum (or crude oil) is a naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, but containing some compounds of oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur. It is an oily, thick,
flammable, usually dark-colored liquid ,commonly obtained by drilling, used in a natural or refined state as a fuel
and separated by fractional distillation into gasoline, naphtha ,benzene ,kerosene ,paraffin etc.
It is often referred to as the “black gold.This name itself is an indication of its importance to humans. Crude oil is considered to be the “mother of all commodities” as it is used to manufacture various products such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, gasoline, synthetic fabrics, etc. Petroleum or oil has also been the world’s leading source of energy since the 1950s.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth’s surface that can be refined into fuel. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, meaning that it has been created by the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. Petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms–primarily zooplankton and algae–underneath sedimentary rock are subjected to intense heat and pressure.
The word petroleum means “rock oil.” It is derived from the Greek word “petra” (means rock) and the Latin word “oleum” (means oil). When it is drilled from the ground in the liquid form, it is called crude oil. Humans have known about its existence for 4000 years. However, the first time crude oil was pumped from the ground was 2500 years ago in China and the world’s first crude oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA only in the year 1859.
Where is petroleum found?
Today petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where there were ancient seas. Petroleum reserves can be located beneath the land, or under the ocean. Their crude oil is extracted with giant drilling machines.
How do you know where to find oil?
Geologists are the masters of locating oil. Often called oil exploration, geologists will look for an area that ticks all the boxes of finding an oil trap aka striking (black) gold.
Oil is often found in the vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were once located. This can either be beneath land or out in the ocean below the seabed.
During the earlier years of oil mining, the geologists would study the soil, surface rock, and other surface features to determine if oil may be lying below.
Later came satellite imagery, along with more technological advances such as gravity meters, means to test the Earth’s magnetic field, and ‘sniffers’ that detect the smell of hydrocarbons.
The most common way used today is to generate shock waves that pass through the rock layers and reflect back to the surface where they can be interpreted for signs of oil traps. This is done with seismic source devices such as a compressed-air gun, a thumper truck, or explosives .
Where does crude oil come from?
Composition of petroleum
Uses
Extraction of petroleum
This document discusses different types of non-renewable energy sources, specifically fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. It provides details on how each fossil fuel is formed over long periods of time from the remains of ancient organisms. The document outlines the reserves and consumption of fossil fuels worldwide as well as describing the processes used to extract oil and coal from the ground. Both the advantages and disadvantages of using these non-renewable energy sources are presented.
Crude oil is composed of hydrocarbon molecules consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen. It is classified into two types based on its base: heavy oil with an asphalt base and light oil with a paraffin base, or oil with a mixed base. Most Middle Eastern crude oils have a mixed paraffin and naphthene base. Crude oil contains between 87-88% carbon and 11-12% hydrogen, along with smaller amounts of other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. It and its products are therefore known as hydrocarbons.
Petroleum forms over millions of years from the remains of ancient marine organisms that are buried underground and exposed to heat and pressure. It is composed mainly of hydrocarbons and varies in composition between regions. Crude oil is classified based on location, density, and sulfur content. Light, low-sulfur crude is most valuable as it yields more gasoline and diesel during refining. Refining separates crude into fractions by boiling point and converts heavier fractions into gasoline and other fuels through cracking. Around 42% of a barrel of crude becomes gasoline.
This document provides information about crude oil, including its formation, how it is found and extracted, the refining process, and its various uses. Crude oil forms from the remains of ancient marine organisms that settled on the ocean floor millions of years ago and underwent heat and pressure over time to form oil and gas deposits. Technology like seismic surveys and sensitive instruments are used to detect these underground deposits. Once extracted, crude oil is refined to separate it into useful products through distillation. It is then used to produce fuels, plastics, fertilizers and other materials. Lighter, sweeter crude oils are more valuable as they are easier to refine into fuels like gasoline.
This document provides an overview of different types of conventional energy sources including coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear power. It discusses how each energy source is formed, current reserves and consumption levels, environmental and health impacts, and new technologies being developed. The document also covers topics like how energy is measured, typical energy usage patterns, and challenges with long-term nuclear waste storage.
Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient organisms millions of years ago. Coal forms from decomposed plants, oil forms from marine microorganisms, and natural gas can form from various organic materials. These fossil fuels are extracted and refined, then used mainly to generate electricity, for transportation via gasoline and diesel, and in industrial processes.
Brief explanation of natural resources, coal and petroleum .We should save natural resources for our future and upcoming generations.natural resources are essential for our life.
This document compares and contrasts the key differences between prison and work. In prison, inmates spend most of their time in small cells, receive meals and have expenses paid for, and can engage in recreational activities. In contrast, at work employees spend long hours in cubicles, have to pay for meals and expenses, and could lose their job for non-work activities. Overall, the document suggests that while prison provides for basic needs, work requires greater personal responsibility and freedom comes with greater cost.
The document discusses word of mouth marketing and influencers. It identifies six core human instincts that drive word of mouth, including to survive, connect, make sense of the world, reduce risk/uncertainty, benefit economically, and relieve tension. It then discusses Agent Wildfire's word of mouth success formula and identifies 10 audience attributes that influence word of mouth, including being passionate about a topic, seeking knowledge, and having an altruistic nature.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already have a condition.
1) The document presents concerns from educators over many decades about students' dependence on new technologies for writing, calculating, and learning.
2) Each excerpt expresses doubt that the technologies students were beginning to use (such as paper, pencils, ink, calculators, computers, and mobile devices) would last or be useful for the future.
3) However, the technologies that were once considered luxuries or fads ultimately became integrated into modern education.
This short document discusses the importance of having a clear vision in order to define the mission and ensure passion for achieving goals. It states that without a clear vision, the mission cannot be defined and without a defined mission, passion for action and achievement cannot be ensured.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and reduce stress levels.
Trust is like the feeling a one-year-old baby has when thrown in the air, laughing because they know their parent will catch them. The document draws a comparison between trust and the carefree feeling of a baby being tossed up and down, confident their caregiver will prevent them from falling. In a few short sentences, it conveys the message that trust is having complete faith that someone has your best interests and safety in mind.
Total productivity maintenance techniqueMohit Singla
Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) aims for zero defects, breakdowns, and losses through total employee participation in maintenance to increase productivity. TPM is productive maintenance that seeks to eliminate downtime through breakdowns and setups, speed losses from idling or reduced speeds, and defects from rework or unstable production, by maintaining equipment, operating conditions, restoring deterioration, improving skills, and identifying hidden problems. TPM requires maintaining basic equipment, operating conditions, restoring deterioration, correcting design weaknesses, improving technical skills, and exposing hidden defects.
This document outlines a six-step process for effective time management: 1) Connect goals to your mission and vision, 2) Identify your roles and responsibilities, 3) Select high-impact goals for each role, 4) Organize your weekly schedule around priority goals, 5) Exercise integrity by adjusting plans based on what's important, and 6) Evaluate your progress weekly. The process aims to spend time on important but not urgent "Quadrant II" activities by prioritizing goals aligned with one's values over reactive tasks. Regular evaluation helps improve goal-setting and maintain a long-term perspective.
The document discusses three types of Shakti or powers that can help a person succeed: Iccha Shakti which is the power of desire, Gyan Shakti which is the power of knowledge, and Kriya Shakti which is the power of skills.
The document outlines 14 management principles of the Toyota Way. The principles focus on long-term philosophy over short-term goals, continuous process improvement, pull-based production systems to avoid overproduction, leveling workload, stopping to fix all problems the first time, standardized processes for continuous improvement, visual controls, reliable technology, developing leaders and exceptional people, respecting suppliers, and leaders directly observing situations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The Partition of India in 1947 divided the subcontinent along religious lines into the secular states of India and Pakistan. Centuries of tensions between Hindus and Muslims escalated in the early 20th century, with calls for separate states by Muslim and Hindu nationalist groups. The British government approved the Mountbatten Plan, which divided British India into India and Pakistan. The rushed Partition resulted in mass violence and displacement, with over 15 million people forced to relocate across the new borders. India and Pakistan achieved independence on August 15, 1947 but the legacy of division continued to impact the relationship between the two newly formed nations.
The document summarizes the key concepts of the "One Minute Manager" approach. It discusses three types of managers: autocratic, democratic, and the One Minute Manager. The One Minute Manager utilizes three secrets - one minute goals for clear expectations, one minute praising for immediate feedback, and one minute reprimands delivered respectfully. The approach aims to improve employee performance and satisfaction through simple, timely communication between managers and their teams.
The document provides details about various locations in Mumbai, India from the past, including railway stations like Churchgate, Ballard Pier, Colaba, and Dadar, as well as other landmarks like Apollo Bunder, Asiatic Town Hall, Oval Maidan, Marine Drive, Victoria Terminus (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus), and Girgaum Chowpathy. It also contains photographs of steam engines, local trains, and trains passing through areas like Elphinstone, Dadar, Mumbai Central, Bhayandar Bridge, and the Parsik Tunnel in Thane from the early to mid-20th century.
The document outlines a goal of zero defects by not making defects during production, not passing defects to downstream processes, and not accepting defective products or components from suppliers.
The document discusses five ways that people can view a partially filled glass of water: as half full (optimist), half empty (pessimist), that it doesn't matter because something will go wrong, as an opportunity for discussion, or by filling it up and moving on. While optimists and pessimists may not get much done, those who want constant discussion risk tying projects up in committees without completion. The most effective are proactive individuals who get things done, though they should be tempered by others to consider all facts first. Understanding these categories can help improve management of others and oneself.
This document discusses the future of marketing and advertising. It argues that modern marketing involves embedding marketing into products through innovation, in order to make people's lives better. Brand loyalty is earned through positive experiences. The document also emphasizes creating valuable content and engaging consumers in order to establish brands as useful utilities. It suggests observing customers and collaborating with them to develop insights that can lead to improved products and marketing. The overarching message is that modern marketing should focus on enhancing people's lives.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system and its role in breaking down foods into smaller molecules through physical and chemical digestion. It discusses the importance of a balanced diet that provides all necessary vitamins, minerals, and energy requirements. Deficiency in certain vitamins can lead to diseases like scurvy or rickets. The document also outlines daily recommended intake of vitamins, minerals, and energy for males and females of different ages.
2. Crude Oil and its Products
Understand: Keywords:
1. How crude oil and other fossil fuels rich in Crude Oil, Formation, Fossil, Fuel,
carbon were formed. Hydrocarbons, Hydrogen, Carbon, Fractional,
2. That crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Distillation, Alkanes, Alkenes, Cracking,
3. That hydrocarbons contain only two elements: Ethene, Polymers, Plastics, Polymerisation,
hydrogen and carbon.
Greenhouse, Global, Warming & Pollution.
4. That different hydrocarbons have different uses
and can be separated using fractional
distillation.
5. That the alkane family of hydrocarbons are used
mainly as fuels by transport vehicles.
6. The chemical properties of the alkanes and the
alkenes.
7. The use of ethene and other alkenes in the
formation of polymers and plastics.
8. The benefits and costs of using crude oil as
fuels and as a starting material for the
manufacture of plastics.
9. That the increases emissions of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere is causing the greenhouse
effect.
10. The likely impact of the greenhouse effect.
11. That there are many renewable alternative to
using crude oil as an energy source.
3. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Oil and natural gas reserves
Underneath the bedrock of some countries of the World like Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Russia are
billions of barrels of c_______ oil. When extracted using drilling rigs, it can be used as a fuel,
and a raw material to manufacture plastics, paints and medicines. The biggest users of crude
oil are the United States followed by Europeans. The country with the greatest reserves of
crude oil is Saudi Arabia, who until the discovery of oil had a simple economy and little
modern infrastructure. Look at the map and find other countries with large reserves ?
World reserves of crude oil: Word bank: crude
World oil reserves Energy use in the modern World
Diagram
Notes World oil reserves are finite. It estimated that This composite picture of the world at night shows us
we currently have around 60 – 80 years of the biggest energy users. North America, followed by
crude oil remaining. Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Europe and Japan are the largest users or energy. These
Russia have the largest reserves with over 50 countries depend most on the ‘cheap energy’ that crude
billions barrels of crude oil underground. oil provides us.
4. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Formation of crude oil
The formation of crude oil from the decayed remains of i________ and other organic material
has taken place over the last 65 million years. Crude oil forms when organic matter is buried
deep underground in an oxygen free environment. Over millions of years the carbon rich
compounds from the bodies of dead organism are subjected to h_____ and pressure which
changed them into hydrocarbons. Natural gas (mainly methane CH4), an important fossil fuel is
also found trapped with crude oil under rock sediments. Why do we call crude oil a fossil
fuel ?
Word bank: insects heat
Formation of crude oil: rich with life
Waters Dead matter falls Oils layers form
Surface water
Oxygen free layer
Sedimentary rock
Notes The warm seas over areas When these animals died they Over many millions of years,
like Saudi Arabia of 65 sank to the sea bottom. Over heat and pressure over time
million years ago were time carbon rich sediments changes these compounds into
teeming with organisms rich containing many carbon rich carbon rich hydrocarbons now
in the element carbon. biological molecules formed. known as crude oil.
5. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Fossils fuels and crude oil
A fossil fuel is a substance like o____ or coal that is rich in the element c_______, can be
combusted readily with oxygen and produces energy in the form of h____. They are fossil fuels
because they are formed from once living organisms with solar energy being the original
e_______ source. Fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource, because it takes millions of years
for them to form and we currently combust them faster than they are formed ! Fossil fuels are
also a finite energy resource, because they will eventually run out ! How will this change our
way of living ?
Types of fossil fuels: Word bank: oil carbon heat energy
Crude oil Coal Peat
Diagram
Source Remains of dead insects and Remains of dead plants More recent remains of dead
other organic material plants
Life 60-70 years 300 years 10-15 years
expectancy
6. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Extraction, transport and storage of crude oil
Crude oil, natural gas or coal can be extracted from under the sea or land, where they have
remained trapped for millions of years. Companies like Shell and BP have invested billions of
pounds exploiting oil r__________ under the North Sea, just off the coast of Scotland. The
North Sea has about 45 oil platforms producing up to four million barrels a day. England has
sufficient oil reserves meeting its current demand for the next forty years. Why is the price of
oil likely to increase over the next 10 years ?
Getting crude oil to the refinery: Word bank: reserves
Extraction Transport Storage
Diagram
Notes Oil is trapped under Oil is transported by ship or Oil is stored at refineries usually
sedimentary rock under the pipeline. This is the most by the coast. We use about 5
oceans and seas. Drilling is economic form of transport. million barrels a day. Oil will
from a floating platform. The Transportation by this method finally run out in around 60-80
North sea has about 45 oil does have its risks. Explain what years. Explain what consequences
platforms producing up to 4 these risks are and look for the this might have and what energy
million barrels a day. Exxon Oil Disaster. alternatives we can use ?
7. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Processing of crude oil
Crude oil, once it has been extracted from underneath the bedrock, has to be processed to be
useful. Close to where it is stored, oil refineries process crude oil so that it can be more useful
to us. There is a great demand for fuels like petrol and d_________ and of course natural gas
for heating. There is less of a demand for the large hydrocarbons that make up the lubricating
oils. These refineries produce large amounts of p__________. Why is the demand for fuels and
natural gas very high in Europe and England ?
Processing crude oil: Word bank: diesel pollution
Oil refinery Distillation End Product
Diagram
Notes Oil refineries process millions Distillation by these huge Companies like Shell and BP
of barrels of crude oil every fractionating columns separates sell millions of litres of fuels
year to provide for the high out hydrocarbons based on their like petrol and diesel to over 40
demand for fuels like petrol boiling points. Natural gas has million drivers of cars, lorries
and diesel. the lowest boiling point. and vans in the UK.
8. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Fractional distillation of crude oil
Crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons. They can be separated by fractional
distillation according to their b_______ point which change according to their size (carbon
atoms) The most volatile fraction, i.e with the lowest boiling point evaporates off first and goes
to the top of the c________. The remaining, longer chain hydrocarbons also separate out
according to their boiling points. Word bank: boiling column lubricating
Fractionating column Carbon atoms Boiling points Use
LPG gas C1 – C4 < 40oC Highly flammable gas fuel
Boiling points and viscosity.
Petrol C5 – C10 40oC – 200oC Car fuel
Naphtha C10 – C12 125oC – 175oC Valuable source of organic molecules
Paraffin C12 – C16 175oC – 275oC Less flammable than petrol, domestic
heater fuel
Diesel C16 – C30 235oC – 300oC Larger vehicle fuels
Fuel oil C30 – C100 >300oC Not as flammable, used for central
heating oil and l_________ oils
Crude oil
Bitumen C100 – C300 > 350oC Forms a thick, black, tough and
resistant adhesive layer on cooling.
Used to lay roads.
Heat (400oC)
9. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Separating hydrocarbons
Fractional distillation of crude oil, a mixture of hydrocarbons is able to separate different
‘fractions’ based on their boiling points. The l_______ the chain, the higher the boiling
point. Methane, ethane and propane, all short chained hydrocarbons have very low boiling
points, whereas hydrocarbons containing a hundred of more carbon atoms have relatively
h_____ boiling points. How can differences in boiling points be used to separate different
alkanes ?
Distillation and fractional distillation: Word bank: longer high
Distillation Crude oil distillation Hydrocarbons
Diagram CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C8H18
C10H22
Notes In the laboratory we can An industrial fractionating Hydrocarbons are separated
separate different liquids from a column separating different into their fractions. Methane
‘mixture’ based on their hydrocarbons based on with the lowest boiling point
different boiling points. What is their boiling points and is separated first at a
the role of the condenser ? number of carbon atoms. temperature of around 40oC.
10. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Hydrocarbons in crude oil
Crude oil contains two families of hydrocarbon compounds: The alkanes and alkenes. The
alkanes have a general formula of CnH2n + 2 and are used mainly as fuels for combustion with
o______. They include methane (natural gas), the simplest alkane with the formula CH 4.
Alkanes can have up to 200 carbon atoms in a long carbon chain, but their general formula
does not change. Longer chains are used for diesel engines, lubricating oils and domestic
h________ fuels. Alkanes with more than 100 carbon atoms are found in bitumen or tar.
The alkanes: Word bank: oxygen heating
Name Formula Diagram Name Formula Diagram
Methane CH4 Pentane C5H12
Ethane C2H6 Hexane C6H14
Propane C3H8 Octane C8H18
Butane C4H10 Decane C10H22
11. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Combustion of methane
Useful alkanes include natural gas, petrol and diesel. When we combust these fuels with
o________, energy in the form of h____ and light is released. The products of complete
combustion are water and carbon dioxide. If insufficient oxygen from the atmosphere is
supplied during combustion, what might form instead of carbon dioxide ?
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Methane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water
Combustion of methane: Word bank: oxygen heat
Natural gas Substrates Reaction mixture Products
Diagram
CH4 O
H H
O C02
O2 O H
C H
O2 O
H2O H2O
Notes Natural gas is extracted Methane is rich in carbon During combustion, The products of methane
from underneath the and is a store of ancient new products are combustion with oxygen
bedrock, It is often chemical energy. During formed. The methane are water (H2O) and
found with crude oil its combustion with (CH4) molecules breaks carbon dioxide. (C02) If
deposits. The UK oxygen, it releases its apart and forms new there is not enough
obtains its gas from the energy in the form of bonds with the oxygen oxygen carbon monoxide
North Sea. heat and light. atoms. can form.
12. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Combustion of the alkanes
Most vehicles use petrol or diesel as a fuel. When we combust these hydrocarbon fuels
with o_______, energy in the form of h____ and motion is released. New substances are
also produced including carbon dioxide and water.
Equation:
2C8H18 + 25O2 CO2 + 18H2O
Octane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water
Combustion of octane in the car engine: Word bank: oxygen heat
Car engine Octane & Oxygen Engine Products
Diagram
Notes With over 30 million In the engine, huge The engine is designed to The waste products are
cars in the UK, petrol amounts of oxygen are converted the chemical carbon dioxide and water.
rich in octane (C8H18) combined with octane. engine contained in However, un-combusted
is used as a source of This releases all the octane to forward carbon and carbon mon-
chemical energy. Find stored chemical energy motion. It is highly oxide are also released
out the current cost of contained in carbon inefficient releasing only into the environment as
litre of petrol ? rich petrol. 13% of the energy. polluting gases.
13. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Supply and demand of crude oil fractions
There is a greater demand by those who use fossil fuels for the low carbon, more volatile
hydrocarbons which are used for f____ in cars, p_____ and lorries. However, there is a
greater supply of the high carbon, less volatile hydrocarbons. By breaking up the surplus
large fractions to form small volatile fractions, companies like Shell and BP can balance
s______ and demand. This is called cracking.
Meeting demand from crude oil: Word bank: fuels planes supply
LPG gas Petrol fuel Paraffin Diesel Tar or Bitumen
-100%
% of total crude oil
-80%
-60%
supply
-40% demand supply demand
supply supply demand
-20%
demand demand
-0% supply
LPG Gas Petrol Paraffin Diesel Residue
14. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Cracking long chain hydrocarbons
Crude oil contains far too many long chained h_________ with more than 15 carbon atoms in
them. Longer hydrocarbons do not make efficient fuels. Cracking is also used to form ethene,
the starting product for most plastics and other polymers. We can s_____ long chain molecules
into short chained molecules. Cracking these hydrocarbons requires heat, a catalyst and an
o________ free atmosphere. Why do you need to exclude oxygen from the cracker ?
Producing short chained hydrocarbons: Word bank: split oxygen
Industrial cracking of crude oil Closer look at cracking
C10H22 Decane
Useful products
Short chained
Alkanes & alkenes
Crude oil and catalyst
are recycled at 400oC
C2H4 Ethene
C3H6 Propene
Crude oil
C5H12 Pentane
Heat (400oC) Cracker
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The alkenes
The alkenes have a general formula of CnH2n and are used mainly for the manufacture of
polymers. Each alkene has a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) which can be broken by
other atoms like h________ or chlorine added across the double bond. Polymers, made
from simple alkenes are extremely long chained hydrocarbon molecules. The simplest
alkene is ethene with the formula C2H4.
Word bank: hydrogen
The alkenes:
Name Formula Diagram Structural Diagram
Ethene C2H4 H H
C =C
H H
Propene C3H6 H H
C=C C H
H H H
Butene C4H8 H H
H C C=C C H
H H H H
Pentene C5H10 H H H
H C C=C C C H
H H H H H
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Producing ethane from ethene
Unsaturated e_______ (C2H4) can also react with the gas h________ to form the alkane
ethane (C2H6) In this case, ethene in changing to ethane, becomes fully saturated. This
reaction requires h________, a nickel catalyst and an oxygen free atmosphere. The ethene
molecule is much more reactive then the ethane molecule because it has the carbon-carbon
double bond. Why do we call ethene and the alkenes unsaturated and ethane and the
alkanes saturated ?
Addition of hydrogen to ethene: Word bank: ethene hydrogen
Ethene (Alkene) Hydrogen (from water) Ethane (Alkane)
Diagram
Equation C2H4 + H2 C2H6
The two hydrogen atoms join the ethene molecule across the double bond forming
the saturated alkane, ethane.
17. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Chemical test for the alkenes
Hydrocarbons like the alkenes with a double carbon-carbon bond are called unsaturated.
Alkenes with their double bond are much more r________ that the alkanes. Other elements like
hydrogen and chlorine can be added to alkenes by breaking the double bond. Testing for
alkenes: If you shake up an alkene with a solution of brown bromine water, then the bromine
water appears to lose it’s colour. The double bond in the alkene breaks open and forms new
bonds with the b_______ atoms. This type of reaction is called an addition reaction. Olive oil
but not butter decolourises bromine water what does this tell you about the two types of fat ?
Testing for alkenes: Word bank: reactive bromine
Ethene Bromine (in water) di-Bromoethene
Diagram
Equation C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2
The ethene molecule contains a carbon-carbon double bond which accepts both bromine atoms.
When the bromine atoms join the ethene molecule the bromine water loses its brown colour.
18. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Using ethene to form plastics
Ethene (C2H4) monomers can be joined together to make a polymer called polythene.
Polythene contains huge molecules that act like fibres that can be used as alternatives to
natural materials like w____, paper and metals. Polythene is also very cheap to
manufacture whilst crude oil remains plentiful and the quality is always the same after its
manufacture. Explain why it is beneficial to the environment to use plastics rather than
natural materials like wood, paper and metals ?
Manufacturing plastic or polythene from ethene: Word bank: wood
Ethene (C2H4) Polymerisation reaction Polythene (nC2H4)
Diagram +
+
+
+
Notes Ethene (C2H4) is produced In the presence of a metal Polythene has the general
in large amounts by catalyst, molecules of ethene formula nC2H4. Molecules
cracking long chain add to one another forming can contain up to 50,000
hydrocarbons found in long chained polymers with carbon atoms. These chains
crude oil. the formula nC2H4 behave like fibres.
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Using plastics in everyday life
Polymers like polythene, polyvinylchloride (PVC) and nylon have replaced natural materials
like paper, wood, glass and ceramic. Plastics are c_______, readily available, tough,
waterproof and flexible. They are produced in huge quantities and are used in everyday life
from the humble plastic bag to replacement h____ and bone joints. Although using plastics
instead of glass, paper and wood actually saves energy and rainforests, they are not
biodegradable so their use adds many thousands of tonnes of rubbish per year to landfill sites.
Using plastics: Word bank: cheap hip
Making polythene The plastic bag Saving energy
Diagram
Notes Here we see polythene made from the The plastic shopping bag Recycle
polymerisation of the alkene ethene. made from polythene has
Huge sheets of polythene like the one saved thousands of trees
Reduce
pictured above are manufactured from which would have been used Replace
combining alkene monomers. for making paper. Plastic We can all make less of an
Polythene is used for food wrapping, takes a long time to decay impact on the environment in
packaging and plastic bags. once thrown away. our daily lives.
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The carbon cycle
All living organisms require the element c_________ to make carbohydrates, proteins and
other important molecules which make up living organisms. Cellular respiration and
decomposition by bacteria releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Plants use this during
p____________ at the same rate. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere should stay
the same but it is increasing rapidly because of the use of fossil fuels and deforestation.
The carbon cycle: Word bank: carbon photosynthesis
Atmosphere Respiration
CO2 Atmosphere
There is 750 billion tonnes of CO2 trapped in the
atmosphere. This is rising by 3 billion tonnes a
year because of fossil fuel use and deforestation.
Fossil fuel combustion Land deforestation Photosynthesis
Plant biomass
Soil Ocean
Buried fossil fuels Marine biomass
There is 3300 billion tonnes of carbon trapped in oil, coal There is 1020 billion tonnes of carbon trapped in living
and natural gas deposits found under rock sediments. organisms like algae. CO2 is also dissolved in the oceans.
21. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Pollution using crude oil
The oil industry, including companies like Shell and Exxon have a responsibility to make
sure that their company and staff do not p_______ the environment. Occasionally, either
during extraction, transport or s_______ of crude oil, these companies can pollute the
environment with devastating consequences. An oil tanker spilling its load at sea or near to
populated coastlines can destroy the local ecosystems and peoples’ livelihoods. These
effects can sometimes last for many decades. Go to google.co.uk and type in and search
for ‘Exxon Valdize’
Impacting on the environment: Word bank: pollute storage
Tanker spills Oil depot fires Oil spills on land
Diagram
Notes Releasing millions of barrels Fires involving crude oil Crude oil coats every living
of thick poisonous crude oil releases thick black toxic smoke organisms that it comes in
into the oceans means death to into the environment causing contact with. Birds are
many species in the ocean’s widespread pollution and especially vulnerable with their
food chains and webs. damage over a large area. delicate feathers.
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Fossil fuels greenhouse effect
Over the last century, our use of fossil fuels has released huge amounts of carbon dioxide into
our atmosphere. This has disrupted the b_________ between carbon in the form of carbon
dioxide and carbon found tied up under rock in crude oil, natural gas and coal. Currently we
are adding an extra 3 billion tonnes of carbon each year into the atmosphere. The carbon
dioxide molecule traps infra red h_____ from the sun. Slowly our planet is warming because of
the rising carbon dioxide levels. How can you reduce your dependence on fossil fuels like
petrol and natural gas ?
The greenhouse effect: Word bank: balance heat
World’s crude oil use Rising levels of carbon dioxide The greenhouse effect
So
l r
lar
ra
ad
Absorbed in atmosphere
iat
i
by greenhouse gases
o
on
ce
a
sp
o
tt
ou
ted
di a
Ra
15
15 50
50
Altitude (km)
The World’s energy demand and There are over 500 million cars, Carbon dioxides traps heat
the use of crude oil is increasing. all pumping out carbon dioxide energy from the sun. The amount
China in the next two decades from the combustion of octane or of carbon dioxide in the
will use more than the USA. petrol. Car use is set to double atmosphere is increasing by 3
over 20 years. billion tonnes a year.
23. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Effects of global warming one
Scientists have many theories as to what may happen over the next century because of rising
carbon dioxide levels in the a__________, as a result of combusting fossil fossils and the
subsequent rising global temperatures. There is now increasing agreement amongst scientists
that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels need to be controlled. Many countries have signed ‘The
Kyoto Agreement’ which aims to reduce carbon emissions over the next 20 years. This will
perhaps s____ global warming. Only one country, America has not signed up, she is the biggest
carbon polluter. Why do you think that America has not signed up ?
Effects of global warming: Word bank: atmosphere slow
Global warming Drought Ozone layer Flooding
Diagram
Notes Average world or More extremes of The destruction of the Flooding will increase
global temperatures are temperatures are now Ozone by CFCs from over the next decade. In
set to increase by expected with lower aerosols will also add to England (summer 2004),
between 0.5 and 1oC rainfall in areas which global warming by we had some of the worst
per decade for the next already see little rain reflecting less infra red flash floods on record,
fifty years. over the year. heat given out by the including Boscastle.
sun.
24. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Effects of global warming two
The greenhouse effect is a natural process where the 750 billions tonnes of c________
dioxide in the atmosphere maintains the Earth’s atmosphere at hospitable temperatures,
which are supportive of life, here on Earth. Combusting fossil fuels is adding to this
‘warming effect’ causing average global t___________ to rise over the last fifty years.
Global warming will continue, whilst we continue to combust fossil fuels like coal and oil.
The World’s weather, habitats and temperature are set to change over the next century.
Effects of global warming: Word bank: carbon temperatures
Weather Waves Biodiversity Melting ice caps
Diagram
Notes The World’s weather Damage due to strong Animals and plants may The ice caps have shrunk
will become more tides and wave action undergo mass extinction in size over the last 30
dynamic. In summer along the coast will in the next one hundred years. This may rise sea
2004, Florida in also increase over the years if global warming levels and also reduce
America was hit by next decade. Parts of continues. The Malarial the amount of the Sun’s
three hurricanes causing the England's coastline Mosquito is spreading infra red heat reflected
immense damage. are now being eroded. north into Europe. back into space.
25. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Acid rain and fossil fuels
Carbon dioxide is not the only pollutant that is released into the environment during the
combustion of fossil fuels. Sulphur and nitrogen, in small quantities are also present in
crude oil. During combustion, both s_______ and nitrogen combine with oxygen to form
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These gases form weak acids when they react with
water present in the atmosphere. Acid rain can damage f________ and plant life. It can
also acidify lakes and ponds disrupting natures balance.
Acid rain: Word bank: sulphur forest
Polluting the Earth’s atmosphere pH of precipitation across America
Diagram
Notes With 280 million Americans each using on The pH of rainfall is lowest where you find the highest
average a staggering 3kw per hour every day population across the East Coast of America. Almost 150
of the year, the amount of Sulphur dioxide million Americans live, work, drive and pollute in this
gas emitted per year for ever square area. The pH of rain water in some areas of the Eastern
kilometre of land is around 0.4 of a tonne. USA seaboard has a very acidic pH of 4.2.
26. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Acid rain and the atmosphere
In addition to releasing carbon dioxide, small amounts of sulphur and nitrogen, present as impurities
in crude oil cause other polluting gases to be released into the atmosphere. During combustion, both
sulphur and nitrogen combine with o________ to form sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These
gases form weak acids when they react with water in the atmosphere. Acid rain can damage forests
and plant life. It can also acidify lakes and ponds disrupting natures balance.
Acid rain cycle: Word bank: oxygen
Diagram
Rain cloud
S02 & NOx react with
water to form acid rain.
SO2 NOx H SO
2 4 HNO3
Sulphuric acid Nitric acid
Acid Rain Acid Rain Acid Rain
Power station Combustion engines Acidified soil Acidified lake Damaged forests
Notes The combustion of fossils fuels releases SO2 and NOx into the atmosphere. These gases on contact
with water vapour form sulphuric and nitric acid. Acid rain can damage forests, acidify the soil and
reduce the pH of lakes, ponds and rivers. Rain clouds containing low pH rain water can travel
many kilometres. Due to England's westerly winds, our acid rain travels to our European
neighbours including Sweden and Denmark.
27. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Acid rain and fossil fuels
Carbon dioxide is not the only pollutant that is released into the environment during the
combustion of fossil fuels. Sulphur and nitrogen are also present in crude oil. During
combustion, both sulphur and nitrogen combine with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides. These gases form weak a_____ when they react with water in the atmosphere.
Acid rain can damage forests and plant life. It can also acidify l______ and pond disrupting
natures balance. Look at this statue and notice the chemical weathering !
Acid rain and its effects: Word bank: acids lakes
Acid rain damage to forests Acid rain damage to waterways Acid rain damage to marble
Diagram
Notes Forests and all plant life are Rivers, ponds and lakes can Acid rain also destroys buildings
sensitive to acid rain even over become acidic in areas with high and statues made from limestone
short periods of time. The rainfall levels. Low pH of the or marble. Dissolved acid in
delicate leaves are damaged by water can lead to the disruption of raindrops reacts with the calcium
the low pH rainfall. When a tree the ecosystem, therefore killing carbonate in the marble or
loses its leaves due to acid rain, many species. How can scientists limestone making a soluble
it can no longer produce its neutralise acidic lakes, what product calcium oxide. This is
own food during chemical would they use ? slowly dissolved away by rainfall.
photosynthesis.
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Renewable energy sources
Renewable alternatives to using crude oil for generating electricity are now being
developed. These reduce our dependence on crude oil, as well as reducing carbon dioxide
emissions. Many sources of e_______ that we currently use every day are now renewable.
This means that unlike coal, natural gas and crude oil they are not used up. Many
scientists are working to develop the technology to use these renewable sources of energy
to generate e__________.
Overview of renewable energy: Word bank: energy electricity
Wind Solar Biogas Hydroelectric
Wind farms could supply Solar cells using solar Converting animal waste like Using moving water, hydro-
up to 15% of the energy energy could power traffic manure from farms and electric dams are able to
we use every year. Why lights and street lamps. farming into methane using generate clean electricity.
do people in the They are only useful in bacteria is a way of replacing The only problem is that you
countryside object to countries with high rates fossil fuels like gas. Give the need lots of space and high
these wind farms ? of sunshine. formula of methane ? yearly rainfall.
29. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Generating electricity using wind power
Wind power stations makes use of the k_______ energy of moving air currents. Kinetic
energy directly drives small generators that produce electricity. Wind farms are usually
found in windy unpopulated areas. Several w_____ turbines can supply, on a windy day
enough energy for a small town. This is a clean, renewable form of energy with limited
drawbacks. Some people object to the ‘visual pollution’ that many wind turbines cause and
believe they spoil the landscape. Why do you need large areas of land to generate
electricity using wind power ?
Wind power supplying electricity: Word bank: kinetic wind
Diagram
Notes Captured kinetic energy of the wind drives the generator, producing electricity. Using wind
turbines is still expensive and is only viable in countries with large amounts of free land and of
course windy weather. The energy is totally renewable and does not increase the levels of polluting
gases which add to either global warming or acid rain. The map shows the average wind speed in
America. Where are the best places for a wind farm....Explain your answer ?
30. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Generating electricity using solar power
Solar power can be used directly to generate small amounts of electricity using photovoltic
cells. These produce a low c________ and are only useful for producing electricity in remote
areas or for devices that only require a low current, for example calculators. Using solar power
to heat water creating steam which then drives a turbine generator is another way the sun’s
energy can be used to generate electricity. E_________ regions that receive plenty of sunshine
are ideal. The only problem is that the technology is still relatively expensive. Why is the UK
not an ideal location for solar panels or cells ?
Solar power supplying electricity: Word bank: current equatorial
Diagram
Notes Steam produced from the heat energy collected by solar reflectors drives the turbine and generator.
A current is induced in the cables. Electricity is transported to commercial and domestic users.
Using solar cells is expensive and is only viable in countries with good weather. Solar cells can be
used to directly generate electricity. These are very useful where there is demand for energy in very
remote areas like the desert or away from major towns and cities.
31. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Generating electricity using biogas
Electricity can be generated on a small scale using biogas. Biogas is exactly the same as
methane, the fossil fuel extracted from underneath the rock, but it is produced by b________
respiring animal wastes like manure. This is therefore a renewable supply of methane gas
which can be used in the same way as fossil fuels, with the h_____ energy used to produce
steam which in turn drives a turbine generator. Why is the amount of electricity generated using
this method very small at present ?
Biogas supplying electricity: Word bank: bacteria heat
Biogas
Diagram Biogas mini power station Waste
Waste
Gases
Gases
Turbine
Turbine
Boiler
Boiler Generator
Generator
Steam
Steam 33,000V
33,000V 240V
240V
Manure
Manure Fermentor
Fermentor Fermentor
Fermentor Furnace
Furnace Transformer 1
Transformer 1 Transformer 2
Transformer 2 Customer
Customer
Notes Steam produced from the heat energy given out when natural gas (CH4) is combusted with oxygen
drives the turbine and generator. A current is induced in the cables. Electricity is transported to
commercial and domestic uses only. Using biogas, although expensive and still producing
greenhouse gases recycles animal waste like manure.
32. Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005
Generating electricity using gravitational potential energy
Water held behind a dam, stores huge amount of gravitational potential energy. When the
stored water is allowed to flow downhill, its kinetic energy is used to drive turbine generators,
which in turn produces electricity. Hydroelectric dams are usually constructed in mountainous
areas with high yearly rainfall levels. The three gorges dam is the largest r__________ and is
currently under construction in China. When finished, it will generate millions of kilowatts
everyday. Although this is renewable e_______ up to ten million people will be displaced
when the valley is flooded. Why is this technology used only in wet mountainous areas ?
Moving water supplying electricity: Word bank: reservoir energy
Diagram
Notes Large amounts of land and rainfall are required for any hydroelectric dam. The main
advantages of hydroelectricity is that it is a renewable form of energy and the start up time
from allowing the water drop to generating electricity is less than a second. Electrical energy
generated in this way is used to supply electrical power during peak demands.