The document discusses volcanic eruptions, including the process by which they occur, different types of eruptions, reasons for eruptions, and effects. It provides details on the top 10 deadliest eruptions in history. Safety tips are also listed, such as staying away from active volcanoes, keeping emergency supplies, knowing evacuation routes, and closing windows if ash is present.
Story mode about volcanic eruption preparedness, Philippine setting
credits to Internet and book sources for information and data
Links are broken
(created for a group/school presentation)
Story mode about volcanic eruption preparedness, Philippine setting
credits to Internet and book sources for information and data
Links are broken
(created for a group/school presentation)
A brief explanation of what a volcano is, its parts, and how it erupts.
Link to Powerpoint presentation with animations:
https://1drv.ms/p/s!AqlgXtwNT9zAgihsvLpaBRIUmINw?e=ThXPlx
Volcanoes Presentation with material chiefly drawn from the Geological Society of the UK.
Presented to Reddam House Waterfall learners on 14 March 2022
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. What is a volcano? Where volcanoes take place? Where do they form? Creating a new volcano. Types of volcanoes. Cone-shape volcanoes. Shield volcanoes.
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
A brief explanation of what a volcano is, its parts, and how it erupts.
Link to Powerpoint presentation with animations:
https://1drv.ms/p/s!AqlgXtwNT9zAgihsvLpaBRIUmINw?e=ThXPlx
Volcanoes Presentation with material chiefly drawn from the Geological Society of the UK.
Presented to Reddam House Waterfall learners on 14 March 2022
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. What is a volcano? Where volcanoes take place? Where do they form? Creating a new volcano. Types of volcanoes. Cone-shape volcanoes. Shield volcanoes.
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
This presentation will help on how to reduce risk, and the precautionary measures that you must do before, during and after if ever a volcanic eruption happens in your place.. :)
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
Geography Project on Volcanoes, made by a 14 year old student as his school submission work, has almost all the required information about the Volcanoes and includes case studies & maps of major volcanic regions of the world, active volcanoes of the world, Volcanic eruptions in the modern times.
Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Ishan Ketan Bhavsar
TO BE USED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. CONTENT
Introduction
Process of volcanic eruption
Types of volcanic eruption
Reasons of volcanic eruption
Effects of volcanic eruption
Top 10 deadliest volcanic eruption
Safety tips
3. VOLCANIC ERUPTION
A volcano is a mountain where lava (hot, liquid rock) comes
from a magma chamber under the ground. Most volcanoes have
a volcanic crater at the top. When a volcano is active, materials
come out of it. The materials include lava, steam, gaseous
sulfur compounds, ash and broken rock pieces.
When there is enough pressure, it causes the volcano to erupt.
The pressure blows off the top of the volcano. The magma
comes out, sometimes quickly and sometimes slowly.
4. Volcano is mostly a curve along destructive
and constructive plate boundaries where
Plates push together and drag a path.
Cracks or weaknesses allow magnetic rise up
from the lowest crust , pressure builds up which
then releases something , causing the magma
to explode ,called volcanic eruption .
Magma reaches to surface is called lava. This
molten lava eventually cools to form new rock.
PROCESS OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
5. After more eruption every time magma builds
up and form the cone shaped volcano which
have the key structure .
Collection of magma underneath the volcano
forms hot bubbling furnace called magma
chamber.
The main vent allows this magma to escape and
secondary vents are the small holes from which
the magma can flow .
The caved in surface is called the crater . It created
after Eruption blows the top of the volcano.
Eruption occurs when pressure forces magma from
the chamber up the main vent towards crater .
7. Strombolian Eruptions
These are short meters tall.
Explosive bursts accompanied
by booming sounds.
Caused by bursting gas
bubbles.
8. Vulcanian Eruptions
These are much stronger and more
destructive with time.
Their dome gets damaged.
Leads to a more continuous lava
flow instead of short bursts of lava.
9. Plinian Eruptions
The most effective of all eruptions
These eruptions are caused by very
viscous magma with a high gas
content
Forming tall columns of gas.
These eruptions often occur abruptly,
remaining inactive for centuries.
10. Pelean Eruptions
It's major damage comes from landslides
of ash flowing slopes at high speeds.
Plinian Eruption has tall columns of ash
and smoke.
It is almost similar to plinian eruption
11. REASONS
There are three dominating theories to
explain what causes a volcano to erupt –
Due to Density-difference in Magma
Pressure of Released Gases
Injection of New Magma
12. Due to Density-difference in
Magma
Due to heat and pressure in the Earth's mantle,
solid rocks melt, to form magma. Magma has the
same mass as the solid rock, but more volume,
making it lighter. So, it will attempt to rise, if this
magma continues to encounter high-density
material till it reaches the Earth's crust, volcanic
eruption occurs. It can either be in the form of a
lava-flow or may be explosive.
13. Pressure of Released Gases
magma contains dissolved substances such as water,
sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. The solubility of
magma decreases with the decrease in pressure as it
rises up towards the crust, and the gases get released
in the form of bubbles. When the volume of the gas
bubbles in magma reaches around 75%, magma
disintegrates into pyroclasts, a mixture of partially
molten and solid fragments. The bursting of pyroclasts
is very explosive and the cause of some of the most
violent eruptions on the surface of Earth.
14. Injection of New Magma
when new magma enters a chamber
already overflowing with magma, the
volcano erupts due to the additional
pressure exerted by the injection of
new magma. This type of eruption can
be placid or violent.
15. EFFECTS
Eruptions occurring close to human settlements may destroy
lives and property. People often have to be evacuated.
Example: Chaparrastique volcano in El Salvador started erupting
on 29 Dec,2013. Anyone living within 2 miles of the volcano is
evacuated.
Ash discharged very high into the stratosphere can have
negative consequences on the ozone layer.
Ash and mud can mix with rain and melting snow, forming
lahars . Lahars are mudflows flowing at very fast velocity.
Landscapes and natural sceneries can be destroyed.
16.
17. TOP 10 DEADLIEST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
1) MT. TAMBORA, INDONESIA
Date: April 10th -15th, 1816
Death toll: 92,000
2) MT.UNZEN, JAPAN
Date: 1792
Death toll: 12,000-15,000
3) MT.VESUVIUS, ITALY
Date: August 24th AD 79
Death toll: 10,000+
4) MT. PELEE, WEST INDIES
Date: April 25th-May 8th, 1902
Death toll: 40,000
5) MT. KRAKATOA, INDONESIA
Date: August 16th-28th 1883
Death toll: 36,000
18. 6) NEVADO DEL RUIZ, COLUMBIA
Date: November 13th, 1985
Death toll: 23,000
7) THE LAKI VOLCANIC SYSTEM, ICELAND
Date: June 8th 1783- 8th February 1784
Death toll: 9,350
8) MT, VESUVIUS, ITALY
Date: 1631
Death toll: 6,000
9) MT. GALUNGGUNG, JAVA INDONESIA
Date: 1882
Death toll: 4,011
10) MT. KELUT, INDONESIA
Date: May 19th, 1919
Death toll: 5,110
19. SAFETY TIPS
Stay away from active volcanoes.
If you live near an active volcano, keep goggles and a
mask in an emergency kit, along with a flashlight .
Know your evacuation route. Keep gas in your car
Before you leave the house, change into long-sleeved
shirts and long pants.
If you are not evacuating, close windows and doors
and block chimneys and other vents, to prevent ash
from coming into the house.
20. CONCLUSION
We need to understand about volcanoes, structure
of volcanoes, types of volcanoes to reduce the
negative impact of volcano eruptions and take
advantage of its benefits on people and
environment.Vulcanologists and Geologists conduct
research and recommend preventive measures. We
must follow the preventive measures to reduce
danger to life.