The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It functions to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste throughout the body. The main structures involved are the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. Diseases that can affect the cardiovascular system include heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots. Treatments include medications, surgery, lifestyle changes, and management of risk factors.

1. BODY WORKING WEL AND NOT
WORKING WELL
SCENARIO: A group of year 9 Learners are interested in
having a career within the health and social care sectors you
have been asked to prepare some material which gives the
children an insight into how the major body system work. What
diseases can adversely affect these system and how we attempt
to put right the system via routine care?
BY CINDY HAGAN

2. A DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF THE MAIN BODY ORGANS IN THE
BODY
THE BRAIN:The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in the
human body. It is made up of more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions
of connections called synapses.
The brain is made up of many specialized areas that work together:
 The cortex is the outermost layer of brain cells. Thinking and voluntary movements
begin in the cortex.
 The brain stem is between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain. Basic functions
like breathing and sleep are controlled here.
 The basal ganglia are a gathering of structures in the center of the brain. The basal
ganglia coordinate messages between multiple other brain areas.
 The cerebellum is at the base and the back of the brain. The cerebellum is
responsible for coordination and balance.

3. Function OF THE BRAIN
The brain receives and process information. The cerebrum enables
thought, speech, consciousness and movements. The cerebellum controls
muscles contraction and balance, the thalamus interprets information from
the brainstem and the brainstem links the brain to the spinal cord and
controls vital function such as breathing.

4. DISEASES THAT CAN AFFECT THE BRAIN
 Headache: There are many types of headaches; some can be serious but
most are not and are generally treated with analgesics/painkillers.
 Stroke (brain infarction): Blood flow and oxygen are suddenly interrupted to
an area of brain tissue, which then dies. A blood clot, or bleeding in the
brain, are the cause of most strokes.
 Brain aneurysm: An artery in the brain develops a weak area that swells,
balloon-like. A brain aneurysm rupture can causes a stroke.
 Subdural hematoma: Bleeding within or under the Dura, the lining inside of
the skull. A subdural hematoma may exert pressure on the brain, causing
neurological problems.

5. BRAIN TREATMENTS
 Brain surgery: An operation on the brain can cure some brain tumors. Brain
surgery may be performed any time increased pressure in the brain
threatens brain tissue.
 Radiation therapy: If cancer affects the brain, radiation can reduce
symptoms and slow the cancer's growth.
 Craniotomy: A surgeon drills a hole into the side of the skull to relieve high
pressures.
 Levodopa: A medicine that increases brain levels of dopamine, which is
helpful in controlling symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
 Lumbar drain: A drain is placed into the fluid around the spinal cord. This can
relieve pressure on the brain and spinal cord

6. STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN
The body’s largest organ has two layers. The epidermis and dermis. The
dermis contains hair, sweat, glands, blood vessels and nerve endings.

7. FUNCTION OF THE SKIN
 The skin helps eliminate waste product in the sweat. It helps cooling by
perspiration.
 It provides waterproof protection for the body.
 Temperature regulations
 Enables movements of growth without injury

8. DISEASES THAT CAN AFFECT THE SKIN
 Rosacea: Frequent redness (flushing) of the face, small red lines under the
skin; inflamed eyes/eyelids, a swollen nose, and thicker skin. Your physician
can usually diagnose rosacea with a thorough medical history and physical
exam. There is no cure for rosacea, but it can be treated and controlled.
 Skin Cancer: Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United
States. The two most common types are basal cell cancer and squamous
cell cancer. They usually form on the head, face, neck, hands, and arms.
Another type of skin cancer, melanoma, is more dangerous but less
common.
 Wrinkles: Your skin changes as you age. You might notice wrinkles, age
spots, and dryness. Sunlight is a major cause of skin aging. Cigarette
smoking also contributes to wrinkles. The wrinkling increases with the
number of cigarettes and years a person has smoked. Many products claim
to revitalize aging skin or reduce wrinkles, but the Food and Drug
Administration has approved only a few for sun-damaged or aging skin.
Various treatments soothe dry skin and reduce the appearance of age spots

9. SKIN TREATMENT
 Wash your face twice a day with warm water and a mild soap made for
people with acne. Gently massage your face with circular motions. Don't
scrub. Over washing and scrubbing can cause skin to become irritated.
 If you get acne on your body, try not to wear tight clothes. They don't allow
skin to breathe and may cause irritation. Scarves, headbands, and caps can
collect dirt and oil, too.
 Protect your skin from the sun. It may seem like a tan masks acne, but it's
only temporary. A tan may worsen your acne, not improve it. Tanning also
causes damage to skin that will eventually lead to wrinkles and increase
your risk of skin cancer
 Don't pop pimples. Popping pimples can push infected material further into
the skin, leading to more swelling and redness, and even scarring. If you
notice a pimple coming before a big event, like the prom, a dermatologist
can often treat it for you with less risk of scarring or infection.

10. STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
About the size of an adult fist. Made of specialised
cardiac muscle. It has four chambers, with valves to
ensure blood pumps in the right direction.

11. FUNCTION OF THE HEART
The heart pumps blood around the body delivering
oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide.
DISEASES THAT CAN AFFECT THE HEART
 Coronary artery disease
 Heart attack
 Abnormal heart rhythms
 Heart failure
 Heart valve disease
 Heart muscle disease

12. HEART TREATMENT
1. Don't smoke or use tobacco Smoking or using tobacco of any kind is one of
the most significant risk factors for developing heart disease. Chemicals in
tobacco can damage your heart and blood vessels, leading to a heart
attack.
2. Exercise for about 30 minutes on most days of the week Getting some
regular, daily exercise can reduce your risk of heart disease. And when you
combine physical activity with other lifestyle measures, such as
maintaining a healthy weight, the payoff is even greater.
3. Eat a heart-healthy diet Eating a healthy diet can reduce your risk of heart
disease. Two examples of heart-healthy food plans include the Dietary
Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan and the
Mediterranean diet

13. STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH
Muscular J- shaped bag in the upper abdomen with sphincter muscles at
entrance and exit. Mucus lining protects structure against stomach acid.

14. FUNCTION OF THE STOMACH
The stomach produce acidic gastric enzymes to begin digestion and churns
ingested food.

15. A DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system consists of the digestive tract and its associated organs.
The digestive tract is a tube about 7 m (24 ft.) long through which food passes
while it is broken down. The tract consists of the mouth and pharynx (throat),
esophagus, stomach, the small and large intestines, and the anus. The
associated digestive organs include three pairs of salivary glands, the liver, the
pancreas, and the gallbladder.

16. FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The function of the digestive system is digestion and absorption. Digestion is
the breakdown of food into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the
body. The digestive system is divided into one major part:
 The digestive tract is a continuous tube with two openings: the mouth and
the anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine. Food passing through the internal cavity, or
lumen, of the digestive tract does not technically enter the body until it is
absorbed through the walls of the digestive tract and passes into blood or
lymphatic vessels.

17. STRUCTURE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• the digestive is a sieves of hollow organs. The mouth, oesophagus,
stomach small and large intestine, and anus. all of them are
connected to the long tube. The muscles have got walls that
rhythmically propel food along the tube, it break and mix it with
digestive juices, the muscular activity is controlled by network of
nerves that covers the tract. Some of the muscular values control
the movement of the food and it prevent it from moving back
wards.

18. The treatment of food in the digestive system
The treatment of food in the digestive system involves the following processes:
 Ingestion is the process of eating
 Mechanical digestion is the process of physically breaking down food into
smaller pieces. This process begins with the chewing of food and continues
with the muscular churning of the stomach.
 Chemical digestion is the process of chemically breaking down food into
simpler molecules. The process is carried out by enzymes in the stomach
and small intestines.
 Absorption is the movement of molecules (by passive diffusion or active
transport) from the digestive tract to adjacent blood and lymphatic vessels

19. Respiratory system

20. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Structure
• Respiratory has got 3 mains parts, the air way, the lungs, and
muscles of respiration. The air way contains the nose, mouth,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, its carries
air between the lungs and the body as well.
Function
• It supplies oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide.
Defending the body against invasion of microorganisms.
Control the body’s ph.
• Nasal cavity- lined with capillaries, warm air to 37 degree
secrete mucus, moisten

21. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

22. NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Structure
• The structure of nervous system has got only two parts. Consisting
of the brain and spinal cord, those structure are secure by bone and
cushioned from injury by the cerebrospinal fluid. The peripheral
system is connected to the central nervous system to the central
nervous system to the rest of the body.
• Function
Nervous have got three mainly parts: a sensory function, interpretative
function and a motor function. The nerves is that it gather information
from inside and outside our bodies. Environment after that the nerves
will then take the information to the central system. The sensory
information is brought to the ons is processed and interpreted. The
motor nerves then convey information from the ons to the muscles and
the gland of the body.

23. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

24. NERVIOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS
• Mental health problems
• Parkinson’s disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Alzheimer's disease
• Numbness, tingling, weakness
• Loss of vision in one or both eyes
• Dizziness, unsteadiness, or trouble understanding speech
• Confusion or a change in level of consciousness and behaviour.

25. TREATMENT FOR NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Medicines and drugs are used to treat nervous system conditions.
The medicines act on the brain and nervous system.
• Drugs that are used to treat nervous system
• Donepezil for dementia
• Doxepin
• Eletriptan for migraine
• Duloxetine for mood and nerve disorders (Cymbalta)
• Atomoxetine for ADHD
• CABERGOLINE TABLETS (Dostine, cabasar)

26. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure
Endocrine system provide a mechanism for the regulation, integration, and coordination of all
of the body cells, organs and systems. The main important of endocrine system are
regulation of growth, maturation, metabolism and production. Several organ that are not
exclusively endocrine glands also contain cells that secrete hormones. It has a role in
hormone production as well as in digestion. The major gland of endocrine system are the
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal body, and the productive
organs.
Function
• Growth and maturation
• Regulates growth and maturation
• Regulate body’s response to stress
• Metabolism
• Regulates metabolism
• Regulates absorption of nutrients
• Regulates use of glucose in cellular respiration
• Maintains body pit by maintaining fluid and electrolyte concentrations.
• Reproduction
• Produces sexual characteristics
• Controls reproductive and birth processes
• Activates location
• Influences sexual response.

27. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

28. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structure
• the female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions. It
produced the female egg cells necessary for reproduction designed to transport the
ova to the site of fertilization. Of fertilization conception, the fertilization of an egg by
a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. the next step for the fertilization egg
is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy.
The fertilization implantation does not take place, the system is designed to
menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining) the female reproductive
system produces female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that
maintain the reproductive cycle.
Function
• the female reproductive system has got two functions. The first is to produce the egg
cells, and to secured is to protect and nourish the offspring until birth. The male
reproductive system has one function and it is to produce and deposit sperm.
• The function of the male reproductive system is to produce, nourish, protect and
transport sperm, according to. The system produces hormones such as testosterone
that are essential to the proper function of the male reproductive system. A
significant proportion of the human male reproductive system is external, composed

29. Reproductive system disorder
• Prostate cancer- cancer of the prostate gland.
• Breast cancer- cancer of the mammary gland.
• Ovarian cancer- cancer of the ovary
• Penile cancer- cancer of penis
• Uterine cancer- cancer of the uterine.
• Testicular cancer- cancer of the testicle
• Cervical cancer- cancer of the cervix
REPRODUCTIVE EFFECT
Reproductive effects will be on sexual function and fertility in both adult female and
male, as they developmental toxicity in the offspring, effect of a harmful chemical
that interferes with the organism, such as genitalia, gonads, and the associated
ducts and glands. Alcohol can also be effects by your reproductive organs your sex
life can be damaged, harm when you drink too much of alcohol. It can sometimes
also have a high risk on female by developing of risk of breast cancer.

30. reproductive system treatment
• Fertility drugs
• Artificial insemination
• Donor sperm
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
• Donor egg
• Surrogacy
• Donor embryos
• Reproductive surgery
• Gamete intrafallopian transfer
• Zygote intrafallopian transfer
• In nitro fertilization
• Medicines to assist fertility
• Surgical procedures
• Assisted conception

31. Cardiovascular

32. Cardiovascular
Structure
• Oxygen transport exercise increases the demand for oxygen. The blood transports oxygen to all the parts of
transport metabolic waste. Cardiovascular system refers to the heart, the blood vessels and the blood. Blood
contain oxygen and other nutrients which need our body to survive. Arteries and arterioles: arteries are blood
that carry blood away from the heart. Capillaries are the smallest and thinnest of the blood vessels in the
body and its also common. Cardiovascular system is a system that moves nutrients, gases and it waste
between cells, its help to fight any diseases in the body. The more important of human cardiovascular
system contain the heart, blood and various blood vessels. There are different circuits which contain the in
the cardiovascular system. The first one is the pulmonary circuit it’s a loop, its oxygen blood to travel through
the lungs. The 2nd is systemic circuit which transports the rest of the blood in a loop through the body.
Cardiac cycle, its flow blood between our heartbeats.
Function
• its deliver oxygen and nutrients- the more important of cardiovascular is that it supply oxygen and nutrients
to the tissue of the body via blood stream.
• The circulatory system carries waste products from the tissues to the kidneys and the liver and it return
carbon dioxide from the tissue to the lungs. The capillaries release the nitrite into the cell, bodies. They pick
up cellular wastes. The waste consist carbon dioxide, nitrogen and heart. It will transport then via the veins
to varlons other body system. In order to be expelled, our body releases carbon dioxide from the lungs when
you exhale. Blood has four Principe constituents: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells. Cardiovascular
system is responsible for the distituents, of heart within our body. It is to maintain thermal balance during
exercise. Cardiovascular system regulate body temperature by moving excess heat where our body is too
hot, or by diverting more blood to vital.

33. Disorder
Cardiovascular disorder is an injuries that effect on human body’s movement.
Example, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, discs, blood vessels. Diseases
that involve the heart or blood vessels.
• List of cardiovascular disorder
• Coronary artery disease (narrowing of the arteries)
• Heart attack
• Abnormal heart rhythms
• Heart failure
• Heart valve disease
• Congenital heart disease
• Heart muscle disease
• Pericardial disease
• Aorta disease
• Vascular disease

34. Cardiovascular effects
• Effects of cardiovascular system its increased sympathetic output
and a local aesthetic effect. Through increased sympathetic tone
and catecholamine levels, cocaine increases the heart rate, cause
blood pressure, and myocardial contractility, all of which increase
myocardial oxygen demand.

35. TREATMENT FOR CARDIOVASCULAR
• Treatment for cardiovascular system is the same
for both men and women. The treatment include
in life changes, medicines, medical and surgical
procedures, and cardiac rehabilitation. The goals
for those treatment are to receive symptoms, is
to relieve risk factors in an effort to slow, stop, or
to reverse the build up of plaque. To low the risk
of blood clots forming to prevent CHD
complications.