Human Body System-Pharmaceutical Sales

The Human Body :
An Orientation
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Definitions
• Anatomy - The study
of the structure of
body parts and their
relationships to one
another.
• Physiology - The
study of the function
of living organisms.

Topics of Anatomy
• Gross Anatomy
• The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
• Regional Anatomy
• The study of all structures (blood vessels, nerves, muscles)
located in a particular region of the body
• Systemic Anatomy
• The gross anatomy of the body studied system by system

Hierarchy of Structural
Organization
• Chemical
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism

Structural Organization
• Chemical Level
• At the chemical
level atoms
combine to form
small molecules
(CO2 and H2O)
and larger
macro
molecules

• Chemical level
• Macromolecules
of four classes
are found in the
body
• These macro
molecules include
carbohydrates
(sugars), lipids
(fats), proteins
and nucleic acids
(DNA, RNA)

• Cellular Level
• The cell is the
basic biological
unit of all
organisms.
• Cells are the
smallest unit that
can replicate inde
pendently, and
are often called
the "building
blocks of life”

• Tissue Level
• Consists of
groups of similar
cells that have a
characteristic
function:
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous

• Organ Level
• A structure
composed of at
least two tissue
types that
performs a
specific
physiological
process or
function

• Organ System
Level
• Organs that
cooperate with
one another to
perform a
common
function
• Digestive system
is illustrated

The Human Body Systems
Work Together

The Human Body Systems Of
Our Interest
• The Nervous System
• The Respiratory System
• The Digestive System
• The Circulatory System
• The Excretory System

The Nervous System
The main parts of the Nervous System are the
Brain, the Nerves, and the Spinal Cord.

The Brain
• Inside our head is the brain. It controls how our
bodies work and is protected by the a thick bone
called the skull.
• The brain makes sure our hearts keep beating and our
lungs keep working without us having to think about
it.
• Part of the brain makes our muscles work.
• The different parts of the brain makes us think, see,
hear, feel and taste.

The Spinal Cord
• We all have a backbone, called spine.
• Inside it, there is a spinal cord.
• The spinal cord joins the brain at the top of our neck.
• Its main function is to serve as a pathway for the messages from
the nerves to travel to the brain and back so we know what we
are seeing, touching, hearing, and tasting, and if something
hurts or feels.
• The human spinal cord is protected by the bony spinal column.
• The spinal column is made up of bones called vertebrae.

Nerves
• All through our body there are
nerves which connect to the
spinal cord.
• Messages from the nerves
travel to the spinal cord, which
sends them to the brain.
• The brain works out what the
messages are so we know
what we are seeing, touching,
hearing, and tasting, and if
something hurts or feels.

The Respiratory System
The Respiratory System is what controls breathing.

Function of the Respiratory System
• The primary function of the respiratory system is to
supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to
deliver oxygen to all parts of the body.
• It brings in the oxygen your body needs and gets rid of
the carbon dioxide that is left over
• The main parts of the Respiratory System are the Nose,
Mouth, Lungs, Trachea, Diaphragm.

How the Human Respiratory
System Works
• The Respiratory System helps us breathe.
• When the human body breathes air, it gets sucked
through the nostrils or the mouth.
• Then it goes through the trachea (wind pipe).
• The trachea divides into tubes called bronchi which
carry the air on to each lung.
• The diaphragm pulls the oxygen down to the
bronchi and into the lungs.

Moving air in and out
• During inspiration (inhalation), the diaphragm and
intercostal muscles contract.
• During exhalation, these muscles relax. The diaphragm
domes upwards.

The Digestive System
The Digestive system ingests, digests & absorbs
nutrients for use by all body cells.

THE G.I. TRACT

First Organs of the Digestive
Tract
• The mouth and teeth are the first organs of
the digestive tract.
• The teeth are bones whose main purpose
is to grind food into bits that the body can
digest.
• Saliva helps begin to break down food.

The Esophagus
• The esophagus runs from the pharynx to the stomach.
• The esophagus is about 25 cm ( 10 inches) long.
• The esophagus is really a large muscle which pushes food down to
the stomach.
The Stomach
• The stomach is a J- shaped muscle.
• The stomach acts as a churn.
• Chemical breakdown of food begins in the stomach.

The Small Intestine
• The small intestine is the main organ of the of the
gastrointestinal tract.
• The small intestine absorbs processed food into the
bloodstream to deliver to the cells. The unabsorbed food
then passes to the large intestine.

The Large Intestine
• The large intestine is about 5 feet long.
• The main job of the large intestine is absorb water and to
get rid of unwanted materials.

The Cardiovascular System
Responsible for transporting oxygen & nutrients
throughout the body, the CVS system is powered
by the body’s hardest-working organ — the heart.

The Components
• A closed system of the Heart and blood vessels
• The heart pumps blood
• Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
• The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen
and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste
products

The Heart : Anatomy
• Approximately the size of your fist
• Location
• Superior surface of diaphragm
• Left of the midline
• Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum

The Heart: Coverings
• Pericardium – a double serous membrane
• Visceral pericardium
• Next to heart
• Parietal pericardium
• Outside layer
• Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of
pericardium

The Heart: Chambers
• Right and left side act as separate pumps.
• Four chambers
• Atria
• Receiving chambers
• Right atrium
• Left atrium
• Ventricles
• Discharging chambers
• Right ventricle
• Left ventricle

• Circulation – In the loop, the blood circulates to and from the
lungs, to release the carbon dioxide and pick up new oxygen. It
is pumping of blood through the entire body by the heart.
• TYPES-
• Coronary circulation – the circulation of blood within the
heart.
• Pulmonary circulation – the flow of blood between the
heart and lungs.
• Systemic circulation – the flow of blood between the heart
and the cells of the body.
Circulation

The Heart: Valves
• Allows blood to flow in only one direction.
• Four valves-
• Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles
• Bicuspid valve (left)
• Tricuspid valve (right)
• Semilunar valves - between ventricle and artery
• Pulmonary semilunar valve
• Aortic semilunar valve

Pathway of Blood Through the
Heart and Lungs
• Right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle
• Right ventricle  pulmonary semilunar valve  pulmonary
arteries  lungs
• Lungs  pulmonary veins  left atrium
• Left atrium  bicuspid valve  left ventricle
• Left ventricle  aortic semilunar valve  aorta
• Aorta  systemic circulation

The Excretory System
The excretory system is the system of an organism which is
responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by
homeostasis.

THE SYSTEM
• The excretory system
helps to remove body
waste safely.
• The kidneys act like filters.

Components
• The kidneys regulate the amount of water, salts and other
substances in the blood. The kidneys are fist-sized, bean shaped
structures that remove urine and excess salts from the blood.
• The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the pelvis of the
kidneys to the urinary bladder.
• The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine until it is released
from the body.
• The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the urinary
bladder to the outside of the body. The outer end of the urethra
is controlled by a circular muscle called a sphincter.

KIDNEYS
• The two kidneys are located
near the spine in the middle
of the back.
• They are protected by lower
ribs and covered by layers of
fat.
• Without the kidneys, it would
not take long before the
body’s system would be
poisoned by its own waste.
• It is possible to function with
only one kidney.

How Kidneys Work

NEPHRONS

FILTRATION & REASBSORPTION

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