The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the body's structure and physiology as the study of how the body functions. It describes the different levels of structural organization in the human body from the chemical to the organism level. It then provides an overview of the major organ systems, including their main functions and examples of organs within each system. The digestive system is discussed in more detail, outlining the organs and processes involved in breaking down food for energy and growth.

1. THE HUMAN BODY AN ORIENTATION

2. ANATOMY The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another.

3. TYPES OF ANATOMY GROSS MICROSCOPIC

4. GROSS ANATOMY Whenever we look at our own body or study large body structures such as the heart or bones.

5. Microscopic Anatomy If a microscope or magnifying instrument is used to see very small structures in the body. The cells and tissues of the human body can only be seen through a microscope.

6. PHYSIOLOGY The study of how the body and its parts work or function. Like anatomy it has subdivisions

7. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Explains the workings of the nervous system

8. CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY Studies the function of the heart, which acts as a muscular pump to keep the blood flowing throughout the body.

9. Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology The parts of your body are combined and arranged to form a well-organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.

10. Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

11. CHEMICAL LEVEL Atoms combine to form molecules

12. CELLULAR LEVEL CELLS ARE MADE UP OF MOLECULES

13. TISSUE LEVEL TISSUES CONSIST OF SIMILAR TYPES OF CELLS

14. ORGAN LEVEL ORGANS ARE MADE UP OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TISSUES

15. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL ORGAN SYTEMS CONSIST OF DIFFERENT ORGANS THAT WORK TOGETHER CLOSELY

16. ORGANISM LEVEL ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS

17. Organ System Overview Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

18. INTEGUMENTARY The external covering of the body. It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury. It also excretes salts and water in sweat. Regulates body temperature. Temperature, pressure, and pain receptors located in the skin alert us to what is happening at the body surface.

19. SKELETAL Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints. It supports the body and provides a framework that skeletal muscles can use to cause movement. Protects major organs. Stores excess minerals

20. MUSCULAR Skeletal muscles of the body have one function- to contract and shorten. When this happens, movement occurs. These muscles are distinct from muscles of the heart and of other hollow organs which move fluids(blood,urine) or other substances(food) along definite pathways within the body.

21. NERVOUS It is the bodies fast-acting control system. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. The body must be able to detect stimuli on the inside and outside of the body. This is done via electrical signals called nerve impulses.

22. ENDOCRINE Produces chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs. The pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries(female), and testes(male) all produce hormones that control body functions. Growth, reproduction, and food use by cells are all controlled using hormones.

23. CIRCULATORY It is the transport and delivery system of the body. The primary organs of the cardiovascular system are the heart and blood vessels.

24. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ENABLES YOU TO BREATHE. THE LUNGS ARE THE MAIN ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

25. UPPER RESPIRATORY UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM NOSE PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA BRONCHI

26. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS

27. INTERNAL RESPIRATION GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN CELLS AND THE BLOOD

28. CELLULAR RESPIRATION THE PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN FOOD, USING OXYGEN TO MAKE ENERGY FOR THE CELLS.

29. Respiration SUPPLY CELLS WITH OXYGEN REMOVE CARBON DIOXIDE

30. WHEN YOU INHALE OXYGEN GOES FROM THE ALVEOLI INTERSTITIAL FLUID (LUNGS) BLOOD

31. WHEN YOU EXHALE Co2 GOES FROM THE BLOOD INTERSTITIAL FLUID (LUNGS) ALVEOLI NOSE / MOUTH

32. Pressure Gradient Before you take a breath the air pressure inside your lungs is equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. When you inhale the pressure is less than in the atmosphere. When you exhale the pressure is greater than in the atmosphere.

33. TRACHEA TUBULAR PASSAGE FOR AIR

34. EXTERNAL NOSE Made of bone and pliable cartilage, and covered with skin and lined with mucous membranes Blood vessels WARMS AIR BEFORE ENTERING THE LUNGS FILTERING PARTICLES FROM THE AIR BEFORE IT ENTERS THE LUNGS

35. PHARYNX NASOPHARYNX OROPHARYNX LARYGOPHARYNX: Connects with the larynx(voice box) and the esophagus EPIGLOTTIS: Valve at the top of the throat that closes when you swallow to keep food from entering the lower airway causing you to choke.

36. LUNGS Divided into 2 parts. The broad lower half is called the base. It is concave and fits onto the convex portion of the diaphragm. The narrow upper part is called the apex

37. LUNGS THE RIGHT SIDE HAS 3 LOBES AND THE LEFT SIDE HAS 2 BECAUSE IT SHARES SPACE WITH THE HEART.

38. LUNGS Primary breathing organ Two cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity. Protected by the pleural membrane

39. TRACHEA LEFT Primary Bronchus leads to the left lung. Right Primary Bronchus leads to the right lung. After entering the lung each primary bronchus divides into smaller and smaller BRONCHI, which are called Bronchioles.

40. Alveoli Small air-filled sacs The ending of the bronchioles. Millions of them together make up our lungs.

41. Pleural Membrane Surrounds and protects the lungs Those membranes are connected. They are separated by a microscopic layer of water that allows them to slide against each other without pain or discomfort. Inflammation of this lining will cause major discomfort.

42. Maintaining Life: Necessary Life Functions Maintaining boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, take in and digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of waste, reproduction, and growth.

43. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Name the levels of structure that make up the human body and explain how they are related. Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system. Classify by organ system all organs discussed. Identify the organs shown on a diagram.

44. THE WORK OF THE HEART THE MUSCLE THAT ACTS AS A PUMP FOR THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.( HEART)

45. BLOOD PRESSURE THE FORCE OF THE BLOOD PUSHING AGAINST THE WALLS OF THE BLOOD VESSELS. SYSTOLIC: the pressure when your heart contracts Diastolic: the pressure when your heart relaxes

46. PARTS OF THE BLOOD PLASMA: MADE OF 92% H20; TRANSPORT BLOOD CELLS AND DISSOLVE FOOD RED BLOOD CELLS: CARRIES O2 TO THE OTHER CELLS OF THE BODY AND CARRIES AWAY SOME WASTE. WHITE BLOOD CELLS: DESTROYS DISEASE CAUSING GERMS. PLATELETS: HELPS YOUR BLOOD CLOT

47. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Energy is your key to life Your body uses food as energy Food is converted into energy Food helps the body grow tissue and produce new cells Your body breaks down food through the digestive system

48. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The process of breaking down food is called digestion The digestive system is an open system( 2 openings; in/out)

49. Gastrointestinal Tract Organs of the G.I. tract include: Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestines Large intestines

50. Accessory Structures of the Digestive System Teeth Tongue Salivary Glands Liver Gall Bladder Pancreas

51. Digestion Terminology Ingestion: The voluntary action of placing food in your mouth. Digestion: the breakdown of food by chemical and mechanical processes. Peristalsis: The movement of food along the digestive tract

52. Digestion Terminology Absorption: the passage of digested food from the digestive tract into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Defecation: the elimination of indigestible substances from the body

53. The Stomach Food is broken down into a substance called Chyme(processed food) that looks like heavy cream. Located on the left side of your body behind your liver and diaphragm Gastric juices and hydrochloric acid are secreted by your stomach Chyme travels to the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter

54. Stomach Emptying Rate High volume of chyme in the small intestine Acidic pH in the small intestine High volume of fat in the small intestine

55. Small Intestines Divided into 3 section 1. Duodenum: iron and calcium most actively absorbed 2. Jejunum: proteins and carbohydrates 3. Ileum: fats, bile salts, and vitamins

56. Small Intestine Secretes enzymes into food that helps break down solids so they can enter the blood. Blood carries food particles to all parts of the body.