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Human Body Systems
Technology Project
by R. Leonard
• Digestive
• Respiratory
• Integumentary
• Immune
• Lymphatic
• Muscular
• Circulatory
• Skeletal
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Excretory
• Reproductive
And Levels of Organization
Human Body Systems
THE DR. I.I.L. MC
SNEER WAY
Human Body Systems
This slide presentation is meant to help youThis slide presentation is meant to help you
study the major systems of the human body.study the major systems of the human body.
Use it as an introduction or as a review. FollowUse it as an introduction or as a review. Follow
the instructions as you move along to explorethe instructions as you move along to explore
and learn. You can go through the entireand learn. You can go through the entire
program slide by slide, or you skip to focus onprogram slide by slide, or you skip to focus on
any one system.any one system.
Believe it
or not,
you are
organized!
http://www.parentingpress.com/pics/sock_cvr.jpg
The main levels of organization are…
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and You (the Organism).
Can you
identify
&
label the 3
levels of
organization
shown here?
Well, at least your body is!
Levels of Organization
The Human Body has several “layers” of organization beginning with the
simplest and becoming more complex.
http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chem/levels.jpg
Answers to previous slide: cell, tissue, organ (small intestine).
By the way, is your room “organized” like this!?!?
Here They Are: Your Body Systems (Part 1).
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/lect_19.htm
And Your Body Systems (Part 2)
So Let’s Begin!
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Digestive System
Your digestive
system is like
a complicated
chemical
processing
plant, and
performs many
functions.
What major tasks does your digestive
system help you accomplish?
Your Digestive System…
…breaks down food
into molecules the
body can absorb.
…passes these
molecules into the
blood to be carried
throughout the body.
…works to eliminate
solid wastes from the
body.
The Parts
of
Your
Digestive
System
How well
do you
know
them?
Label the
parts of your
digestive
system on
your
handout;
then correct
them using
the following
slide.
Parts of Your Digestive System
Now for the
Digestive
Journey
The Digestive Journey
Digestion begins in your mouth with action of your teeth
and tongue (mechanical digestion) and your salivary
glands (chemical digestion).
The salivary glands produce enzymes that are mixed with
the food, breaking down the starches. Peristalsis is the
muscular action that moves the food through the
esophagus and into your stomach after you swallow.
Your Stomach
The food moves into your stomach, which contains chemicals
such as hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Pepsin breaks proteins,
and other enzymes break down fat. Your stomach gradually
releases these materials into the upper small intestine
(duodenum), where digestion is completed. Your stomach
also has a thick coating of mucus to protect it form the acids
and to keep it from digesting itself!
By the way, your stomach really
does look like a muscular bag!
Your Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder
Located in the upper portion of your
abdomen, your liver is the largest
and heaviest organ of your body. It
is like a busy chemical factory that
plays many roles. For example, your
liver breaks down many substances
and toxins, and produces bile- a
substance that helps break down
fat. The bile flows from the liver into
the gall bladder, where it is stored
until needed. The pancreas lies
between the stomach and the
duodenum and produces enzymes
that flow into the small intestines,
helping to break up complex
starches, proteins, and fats.
Your Small & Large Intestines
After the solid food has been
digested the fluid remaining is
called chyme When it is
thoroughly digested it passes
through an opening (called the
pylorus sphincter) into the small
intestines. In the small intestines
all the nutrients are absorbed
leaving undigestible wastes.
These wastes pass into the large
intestines, where water is
removed. Then the wastes are
stored in the rectum until they are
released by the anus.
Cross Section of Your Intestines
The Villi add surface area to increase absorption of food and
nutrients. On the left you see how the villi line your small
intestines, and on the left you see 1 villi with its capillaries.
It’s a (Intestinal) Gas, Baby!
The human large intestine, or colon, is
home to many microorganisms, such as
the bacterium Escherischia coli (E. coli).
Certain foods contain large amounts of
carbohydrates that our digestive enzymes
cannot break down.
When these carbohydrates reach the large
intestine, our gut microbes respond by
"having a party“ (reproducing rapidly,
giving off gases such as methane and
hydrogen sulfide as natural by-products of
their activities). This is the cause of the
discomfort and flatulence associated with
eating beans, cabbage, and other gas-
promoting foods.
Fortunately for gas sufferers, the enzymes
that enable our microbes to break down
complex carbohydrates are now available
in pill form. If these are taken before a
meal, the enzymes break down the
carbohydrates in the small intestine so
that they can be absorbed by the body
before they reach the hungry throngs of
bacteria living in the colon.
Web Sources and Resources: http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Respiratory System
The Functions of Your Respiratory System
Your respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside
environment into your body. It also removes carbon dioxide and
water from your body (this image shows all the tiny bronchioles
that carry air into your alveoli for gas exchange).
The Path of Air
Please label the parts of your respiratory system on your
handout. Can you describe the path that air takes as it
enters and leaves your body?
Check Your Answers Here.
How You Breathe 1: The Diaphragm
How You Breathe 2: The Alveoli
The Respiratory and Circulatory
Systems: Working Together.
Working
together the
respiratory and
circulatory
systems form
the cario-
pulmonary
system, which is
an integral
connection
between the
heart and lungs.
The Cardio-Pulmonary System
Respiratory Disease: Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the
lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus.
Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or
other foreign substances.
Web Sources and Resources
www.medimagery.com/Respiration/ lungs.html
Respiratory Disease: Lung Cancer
The cancerous lung (right) shows how much damage
smoking can do over time to your respiratory system.
X-Rays can help detect cancer, and surgery and
radiation are some treatments for the disease.
Web Sources and Resources
www.smm.org/heart/lessons/ lesson11.htm
Web Sources and Resources:
Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. and Quicklink Images
Please Take Care of Your
Lungs and Don’t Smoke
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Integumentary System
(It’s Your Skin!)
Your skin covers your body and
prevents the loss of water. It
protects the body from injury
and infection. The skin also
helps to regulate body
temperature, eliminate wastes,
gather information about the
environment, and produce
vitamin D. The skin is
organized into two main layers,
the epidermis and the dermis.
Can You Name the Parts of Your Skin?
Skin Anatomy
What is Botox?
Botox is the commercial
name given to a toxin
which is produced from
botulism toxin. a medical
protein that is injected
into a muscle to cause
temporary (months)
paralysis of that muscle.
This helps prevent the
appearance of wrinkles.
With Botox will everyone look
the same? What do you think?
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Immune System
Your Immune System
Your Immune system
protects you from
foreign invaders.
Special cells react to
each kind of pathogen
with a defense
targeted specifically at
that pathogen.
http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html
Your Immune System Has Many
Specialized Cells!
White blood cells that
target specific pathogens
are called lymphocytes.
There are two major kinds
of lymphocytes—T cells
and B cells.
A major function of T cells
is to identify pathogens by
recognizing their antigens.
Antigens are molecules
that the immune system
recognizes as either part
of your body, or as coming
from outside your body. B
cells produce chemicals
called antibodies.
How Your Immune System Works
Our immune system protects us against threats. These
include viruses, bacteria and parasites causing
infectious diseases, from ordinary flu to full-blown
malaria. The white blood cells of the defense system
are produced in the marrow of our bones. The cells are
carried in the blood to specialized organs, where they
develop and communicate to launch immune responses
against infections.
•http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Lymphatic System
The Functions of Your
Lymphatic System
Your lymphatic system and the
cardiovascular system are closely
related structures that are joined
by a capillary system. The
lymphatic system is important to
the body's defense mechanisms. It
filters out organisms that cause
disease, produces certain white
blood cells and generates
antibodies. It is also important for
the distribution of fluids and
nutrients in the body, because it
drains excess fluids and protein
so that tissues do not swell up.
http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/updated-lymphatic/node_p2.gif
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Muscular System
Types of Muscles
Your body has three types of muscle
tissue—skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,
and cardiac muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscles are
attached to the bones of
your skeleton. Because
you have conscious control
of skeletal muscles, they
are classified as voluntary
muscles. These muscles
provide the force that
moves your bones.
Skeletal muscles react
quickly and tire quickly. At
the end of a skeletal
muscle is a tendon. A
tendon is a strong
connective tissue that
attaches muscle to bone.
Note- ligaments connect
bones together.
Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscles
are called
involuntary
muscles because
they work with
your conscious
effort.
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles
found only in the heart. Cardiac muscles
do not get tired.
A Cardiac Muscle Cell
Voluntary Muscles
The muscles that
are under your
direct control are
called voluntary
muscles. Smiling
and turning the
pages in a book
are actions of
voluntary
muscles
Involuntary Muscle Action
The muscles that are not under your
conscious control are called involuntary
muscles. Your colon (left) is lined with
smooth muscle, and your heart (right) is
comprised of cardiac muscle which works
automatically pumping blood around your
body.
How Do Muscles Work?
Muscles work by contracting, or becoming shorter and
thicker. Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend,
skeletal muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle
contracts, the other muscle in the pair returns to its
original length. For example, in order to move the lower
arm, the biceps muscle on the front of the upper arm
contracts to bend the elbow. This lifts the forearm and
hand. As the biceps contracts, the triceps on the back of
the upper arm returns to its original length. To straighten
the elbow, the triceps muscle contracts while the biceps
returns to its original length.
Anatomy Of A Muscle
Can You Name the Major Muscles of your
Body. Try It!
Some More Muscles
Some Major Voluntary Muscles
Some Really Big Muscles!
And on to the Circulatory System.
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Circulatory System
Web Sources and Resources Usborne Human Body: Quicklinks
Your Circulatory System is Responsible for Delivering
and Removing Materials from Every Cell in Your Body
Blood
Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from
the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from
body tissue to the lungs.
Because it contains living cells, blood is alive.
Red blood cells and white blood cells are
responsible for nourishing, cleansing, and
protecting the body. Since the cells are alive, they
too need nourishment. Vitamins and Minerals keep
the blood healthy. The blood cells have a definite
life cycle, just as all living organisms do.
Approximately 55 percent of blood is plasma, a
straw-colored clear liquid. The liquid plasma carries
the solid cells and the platelets which help blood
clot. Without blood platelets, you would bleed to
death.
When the human body loses a little bit of blood
through a minor wound, the platelets cause the
blood to clot so that the bleeding stops. Because
new blood is always being made inside of your
bones, the body can replace the lost blood. When
the human body loses a lot of blood through a
major wound, that blood has to be replaced
through a blood transfusion from other people.
Can You Name The Major Parts of Your
Heart and Trace Its Blood Flow? Try It.
Now Check To See How You Did.
Heart Dissections
Your Heart is a Very Muscular Organ!
Artificial Hearts
The action of the artificial heart is entirely similar to the action of the
natural heart. There is, however, one huge difference: the natural heart
is living muscle, while the artificial heart is plastic, aluminum, and
Dacron polyester. As a result, the artificial heart needs some external
source of "life." An external power system energizes and regulates the
pump through a system of compressed air hoses that enter the heart
through the chest. Since the system is cumbersome and open to
infection, the use of an artificial heart is meant to be temporary.
•http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/healthy/fake.html
Now It’s On To Your Skeletal System
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Skeletal System
Your Skeleton’s Functions
Your skeleton has five
major functions. It
provides shape and
support, enables you to
move, protects your
internal organs,
produces blood cells,
and stores certain
materials until your
body needs them
The Structure of Bone
Many bones have the same basic structure. A thin,
tough membrane covers all of a bone except the
ends. Blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
the bone through the membrane. Beneath the
membrane is a layer of compact bone, which is
hard and dense, but not solid. Small canals run
through the compact bone, carrying blood vessels
and nerves from the bone’s surface to the living
cells within the bone. Just inside the compact
bone is a layer of spongy bone, which has many
small spaces within it.
Bone Anatomy
Cartilage
Cartilage provides a
smooth surface between
bones or sometimes a
more flexible extension
of bone, as in the tip of
your nose. As an infant,
much of your skeleton
was cartilage. By the
time you stop growing,
most of the cartilage will
have been replaced with
hard bone tissue.
Joints
A joint is a place in the body
where two bones come
together. Joints allow bones to
move in different ways.
Immovable joints connect
bones in a way that allows little
or no movement. Movable
joints allow the body to make a
wide range of movements.
Movable joints include ball-and-
socket joints, pivot joints,
hinge joints, and gliding joints.
The bones in movable joints are
held together by a strong
connective tissue called a
ligament.
Take Care of Your Bones!
A combination of a
balanced diet and regular
exercise can start you on
the way to a lifetime of
healthy bones. As people
become older, their bones
begin to lose some
minerals. Mineral loss can
lead to osteoporosis, a
condition in which the
body’s bones become weak
and break easily. Regular
exercise and a diet rich in
calcium can help prevent
osteoporosis.
Do You Know Your Bones?
Fill in the blanks on the next slide or on your
handout, and check the following slide for
the answers.
Test Your Knowledge
How Did You
Do?
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a
disease in which
bones become
fragile and more
likely to break. If not
prevented or if left
untreated,
osteoporosis can
progress painlessly
until a bone breaks.
It’s on to the Nervous System
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Nervous System
Your nervous system receives information about
what is happening both inside and outside your
body. It also directs the way in which your body
responds to this information. In addition, the
nervous system helps maintain homeostasis. A
stimulus is any change or signal in the environment
that can make an organism react
Your Nervous System
Your nervous
system consists of
the central and
peripheral
systems. The
central nervous
system (CNS),
includes the brain
and spinal cord;
the peripheral
system includes
the nerves to the
rest of the body.
What Is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
Homeostasis is one of the fundamental characteristics of living
things. It refers to the maintenance of the internal environment
within tolerable limits. All sorts of factors affect the suitability of
our body fluids to sustain life; these include properties like
temperature, salinity, acidity, and the concentrations of
nutrients and wastes. Because these properties affect the
chemical reactions that keep us alive, we have built-in
physiological mechanisms to maintain them at desirable levels.
When a change occurs in the body, there are two general
ways that the body can respond. In negative feedback, the
body responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of
change. Because this tends to keep things constant, it allows
us to maintain homeostasis. On the other hand, positive
feedback is also possible. This means that if a change occurs
in some variable, the response is to change that variable even
more in the same direction. This has a de-stabilizing effect, so
it does not result in homeostasis. Positive feedback is used in
certain situations where rapid change is desirable (see
Positive Feedback for an example).
To illustrate the components involved in negative feedback, we
can use the example of a driver trying to stay near the speed
limit. The desired value of a variable is called the set point.
Here, the set point is a speed of 55 mph; in controlling body
temperature, the set point would be 98.6 degrees. The control
center is what monitors the variable and compares it with the
set point. Here, the control center is the driver; for body
temperature, it would be the hypothalamus of the brain. If the
variable differs from the set point, the control center uses
effectors to reverse the change. Here, the effector is the foot
on the accelerator pedal; in controlling body temperature, it
would include the glands that sweat and the muscles that
shiver.
Web Sources and Resources: http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
Neurons
The cells that carry information through your nervous system are
called neurons, or nerve cells. The message that a neuron carries
is called a nerve impulse. A neuron has a large cell body that
contains the nucleus. The cell body has threadlike extensions.
One kind of extension, a dendrite, carries impulses toward the
cell body. An axon carries impulses away from the cell body.
Axons and dendrites are sometimes called nerve fibers. A bundle
of nerve fibers is called a nerve.
The Anatomy of a Neuron
A NEURON viewed under a electron
microscope. Can you locate the cell
body, axon, and dendrites?
Your Central Nervous System-
The Brain and Spinal Cord
Central & Peripheral Nervous
Systems Working Together
The yellow
parts are CNS
parts and the
purple are
parts of your
peripheral
nervous
system.
Reflexes: Some nerve signals go
only to the spinal cord and back.
The knee jerk reflex (seen in the figure to the above) is called a
monosynaptic reflex. This means that there is only 1 synapse in
the neural circuit needed to complete the reflex. It only takes
about 50 milliseconds of time between the tap and the start of the
leg kick...that is fast. The tap below the knee causes the thigh
muscle to stretch. Information is sent to the spinal cord. After one
synapse in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, the information is
sent back out to the muscle...and there you have the reflex.
Your Brain- The Command Center
The human brain is a complex organ
that allows us to think, move, feel, see,
hear, taste, and smell. It controls our
body, receives information, analyzes
information, and stores information
(our memories).
The brain produces electrical signals,
which, together with chemical
reactions, let the parts of the body
communicate. Nerves send these
signals throughout the body.
The average human brain weighs about
3 pounds. At birth, the human brain
weighs less than a pound. As a child
grows, the number of cell remains
relatively stable, but the cells grow in
size and the number of connections
increases. The human brain reaches its
full size at about 6 years of age.
Most nerve signals are interpreted by
your brain and motor nerves then carry
out your instructions.
The Stroop Effect- Your
Brain Can Get Confused!
TRY IT!- The famous "Stroop Effect" is named after
J. Ridley Stroop who discovered this strange
phenomenon in the 1930s. Here is your job: name
the colors of the following words. Do NOT read the
words...rather, say the color of the words. For
example, for the word BLUE, you should say "RED".
Say the colors as fast as you can. It is not as easy as
you might think!
Major Brain Sections
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
Your Brain Has Very
Complicated Anatomy All
Its Own!
Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer's disease attacks
the brain; it is not a normal
part of aging. People with AD
have a gradual memory loss
and difficulties with language
and emotions.
The progressive loss of
intellectual abilities is termed
dementia. As the disease
advances, the person may
need help in all aspects of life:
bathing, eating, and using the
restroom.
Because of this round-the-
clock care, families and
friends of people with AD are
greatly affected. The disease
is irreversible and there is
currently no cure.
Ouch! In the movie MATRIX, Neo and
the others are plugged into the matrix
through their CNS !
(Central Nervous System)
Your Senses Are Your Nervous System’s
Bridge to the Outside World
Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. 370-375 and Quicklink Images
Sight, Taste, Touch, Hearing, Smell
Quick Quiz
How well do you
know your own
nervous system?
Fill in the blanks
on the slides that
follow. Then go
back and check
your work if
needed.
Which Way Does The Impulse Travel?
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Endocrine System
The endocrine system is a
collection of special organs in
the body that produce
hormones. These organs are
usually called the "glands."
They are located in different
parts of the body. For
example, the pituitary is in
the brain, the thyroid is in the
neck, the adrenal glands are
just alone the kidneys and the
sexual glands (ovaries and
testes) are located in the
sexual organs. Each gland
produces a hormone into the
blood, which travels all
through the body. Hormones
regulate our body activities,
for example growth, sleep,
sudden actions, feelings and
blood sugar for energy.
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Excretory System
Your excretory system collects wastes produced by
cells and removes these wastes from your body. The
removal process is known as excretion. The two
kidneys are the major organs of the excretory system.
The kidneys filter your blood and remove urea, excess
water, and some other waste materials from your
blood. Urea is a chemical that comes from the
breakdown of proteins. The filtering process produces
a watery fluid called urine. Each kidney contains
about a million nephrons.
Your Excretory System
Web Sources and Resources:
Usborne Science Encyclopedia pg. 362 and Quicklink Images
Kidney Tubules (Nephrons)
Urine Production
The kidneys regulate the body fluids, maintaining desirable
levels of acids and bases, salts, nutrients and wastes. Each
kidney is made up of over a million tiny tubes known as
nephrons, or kidney tubules. The tubules act in parallel to
filter the blood and produce the urine. As the blood filtrate
passes along the tubule, the composition of the fluid is
changed in complex ways. In some ways the tubule
resembles an industrial processing plant, and the cells
lining the walls of the tubule can be thought of as
technicians who modify the filtrate as it passes by. The first
step in urine production is called filtration. This occurs at
the glomerulus, which is really a ball of capillaries that
makes close contact with the end of the nephron. Driven
by the beating of the heart, blood plasma (the fluid
component of blood) is forced out of the capillaries and
into the nephron. Because this transfer occurs through
narrow spaces (represented by a sieve in the cartoon), the
larger molecules (mainly proteins) are left behind in the
blood. Blood cells (not shown in the cartoon) are many
times larger still, and are also left behind.
Finally, the tubule empties its contents into one of the many
collecting ducts. The urine now contains a concentrated
solution of whatever the body currently considers to be
"wastes." Water continues to be reabsorbed in the
collecting duct, so that little water is wasted in the process
of excretion (elimination of wastes). Finally, all the urine
collects together in the kidney and is passed out through
the ureter, and from there to the bladder.
Web Sources and Resources:http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are created
when certain substances in
urine -- including calcium and
uric acid -- crystallize and the
crystals clump together.
Usually, they form in the center
of the kidney, where urine
collects before flowing into the
ureter, the tube that leads to
the bladder. Small stones are
able to pass out of the body in
the urine and often go
completely unnoticed. But
larger stones irritate and
stretch the ureter as they move
toward the bladder, causing
excruciating pain and blocking
the flow of urine. Rarely, a
stone can be as large as a golf
ball, in which case it remains
lodged in the kidney, creating a
more serious condition
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Reproductive System
The Female Reproductive
System
The role of the
female
reproductive
system is to
produce eggs,
and if an egg is
fertilized, to
nourish a
developing baby
until birth.
The Menstrual Cycle
During the menstrual
cycle, an egg develops in
an ovary. At the same
time, the uterus prepares
for the arrival of the
fertilized egg. Once the
egg is released, it can be
fertilized for the next few
days if sperm are present
in the oviduct. If the egg is
not fertilized, it begins to
break down, and it passes
out of the vagina along
with some tissue from the
lining of the uterus in a
process called
menstruation.
Can you name the parts of the female reproductive
system? Check your answers on the following page.
Key to the Female Reproductive System
The Male Reproductive System
Produces sperm- tiny packages of chromosomes that
can swim to fertilize the egg, and the hormone
testosterone, which controls the development of the
male’s physical characteristics.
Can you name the parts of the male reproductive
system? Check your answers on the following page.
Key to Male Reproductive System
Fertilization
Takes place when sperm & egg merge.
Human Development
The fertilized egg, or zygote, is about the
size of a period in your textbook. The zygote
develops into an embryo, and then into a
developing fetus, which results in....
You!
www.ajwrb.org/images/ fetus.jpg
Thank You For Visiting Human Body
Systems by DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER!
Try These Sites for More Info
Note if they don’t work by clicking on them,
just type the address into your browser.
• A Look Inside the Human Body
http://www4.tpgi.com.au/users/amcgann/body/
• MY BODY FOR KIDS
http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/mybody.html
• Find out how your body works!
http://yucky.kids.discovery.com/noflash/body/index.htm
• Take and Anatomy Quiz at the Smithsonian
http://americanhistory.si.edu/anatomy/bodyparts/nma03
• Hillendale Health Site- Learn About Your Body
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/health_index.html

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Systems

  • 1. Human Body Systems Technology Project by R. Leonard
  • 2. • Digestive • Respiratory • Integumentary • Immune • Lymphatic • Muscular • Circulatory • Skeletal • Nervous • Endocrine • Excretory • Reproductive And Levels of Organization Human Body Systems THE DR. I.I.L. MC SNEER WAY
  • 3. Human Body Systems This slide presentation is meant to help youThis slide presentation is meant to help you study the major systems of the human body.study the major systems of the human body. Use it as an introduction or as a review. FollowUse it as an introduction or as a review. Follow the instructions as you move along to explorethe instructions as you move along to explore and learn. You can go through the entireand learn. You can go through the entire program slide by slide, or you skip to focus onprogram slide by slide, or you skip to focus on any one system.any one system.
  • 4. Believe it or not, you are organized! http://www.parentingpress.com/pics/sock_cvr.jpg The main levels of organization are… Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and You (the Organism).
  • 5. Can you identify & label the 3 levels of organization shown here? Well, at least your body is!
  • 6. Levels of Organization The Human Body has several “layers” of organization beginning with the simplest and becoming more complex. http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chem/levels.jpg Answers to previous slide: cell, tissue, organ (small intestine).
  • 7. By the way, is your room “organized” like this!?!?
  • 8. Here They Are: Your Body Systems (Part 1). http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif
  • 11. DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Digestive System
  • 12. Your digestive system is like a complicated chemical processing plant, and performs many functions.
  • 13. What major tasks does your digestive system help you accomplish?
  • 14. Your Digestive System… …breaks down food into molecules the body can absorb. …passes these molecules into the blood to be carried throughout the body. …works to eliminate solid wastes from the body.
  • 16. Label the parts of your digestive system on your handout; then correct them using the following slide.
  • 17. Parts of Your Digestive System
  • 19. The Digestive Journey Digestion begins in your mouth with action of your teeth and tongue (mechanical digestion) and your salivary glands (chemical digestion). The salivary glands produce enzymes that are mixed with the food, breaking down the starches. Peristalsis is the muscular action that moves the food through the esophagus and into your stomach after you swallow.
  • 20. Your Stomach The food moves into your stomach, which contains chemicals such as hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Pepsin breaks proteins, and other enzymes break down fat. Your stomach gradually releases these materials into the upper small intestine (duodenum), where digestion is completed. Your stomach also has a thick coating of mucus to protect it form the acids and to keep it from digesting itself!
  • 21. By the way, your stomach really does look like a muscular bag!
  • 22. Your Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder Located in the upper portion of your abdomen, your liver is the largest and heaviest organ of your body. It is like a busy chemical factory that plays many roles. For example, your liver breaks down many substances and toxins, and produces bile- a substance that helps break down fat. The bile flows from the liver into the gall bladder, where it is stored until needed. The pancreas lies between the stomach and the duodenum and produces enzymes that flow into the small intestines, helping to break up complex starches, proteins, and fats.
  • 23. Your Small & Large Intestines After the solid food has been digested the fluid remaining is called chyme When it is thoroughly digested it passes through an opening (called the pylorus sphincter) into the small intestines. In the small intestines all the nutrients are absorbed leaving undigestible wastes. These wastes pass into the large intestines, where water is removed. Then the wastes are stored in the rectum until they are released by the anus.
  • 24. Cross Section of Your Intestines The Villi add surface area to increase absorption of food and nutrients. On the left you see how the villi line your small intestines, and on the left you see 1 villi with its capillaries.
  • 25. It’s a (Intestinal) Gas, Baby! The human large intestine, or colon, is home to many microorganisms, such as the bacterium Escherischia coli (E. coli). Certain foods contain large amounts of carbohydrates that our digestive enzymes cannot break down. When these carbohydrates reach the large intestine, our gut microbes respond by "having a party“ (reproducing rapidly, giving off gases such as methane and hydrogen sulfide as natural by-products of their activities). This is the cause of the discomfort and flatulence associated with eating beans, cabbage, and other gas- promoting foods. Fortunately for gas sufferers, the enzymes that enable our microbes to break down complex carbohydrates are now available in pill form. If these are taken before a meal, the enzymes break down the carbohydrates in the small intestine so that they can be absorbed by the body before they reach the hungry throngs of bacteria living in the colon. Web Sources and Resources: http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
  • 26. DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Respiratory System
  • 27. The Functions of Your Respiratory System Your respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside environment into your body. It also removes carbon dioxide and water from your body (this image shows all the tiny bronchioles that carry air into your alveoli for gas exchange).
  • 28. The Path of Air Please label the parts of your respiratory system on your handout. Can you describe the path that air takes as it enters and leaves your body?
  • 30. How You Breathe 1: The Diaphragm
  • 31. How You Breathe 2: The Alveoli
  • 32. The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems: Working Together. Working together the respiratory and circulatory systems form the cario- pulmonary system, which is an integral connection between the heart and lungs.
  • 34. Respiratory Disease: Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances. Web Sources and Resources www.medimagery.com/Respiration/ lungs.html
  • 35. Respiratory Disease: Lung Cancer The cancerous lung (right) shows how much damage smoking can do over time to your respiratory system.
  • 36. X-Rays can help detect cancer, and surgery and radiation are some treatments for the disease. Web Sources and Resources www.smm.org/heart/lessons/ lesson11.htm
  • 37. Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. and Quicklink Images Please Take Care of Your Lungs and Don’t Smoke
  • 38. DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Integumentary System (It’s Your Skin!)
  • 39. Your skin covers your body and prevents the loss of water. It protects the body from injury and infection. The skin also helps to regulate body temperature, eliminate wastes, gather information about the environment, and produce vitamin D. The skin is organized into two main layers, the epidermis and the dermis.
  • 40. Can You Name the Parts of Your Skin?
  • 42. What is Botox? Botox is the commercial name given to a toxin which is produced from botulism toxin. a medical protein that is injected into a muscle to cause temporary (months) paralysis of that muscle. This helps prevent the appearance of wrinkles.
  • 43. With Botox will everyone look the same? What do you think?
  • 44. DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Immune System
  • 45. Your Immune System Your Immune system protects you from foreign invaders. Special cells react to each kind of pathogen with a defense targeted specifically at that pathogen. http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html
  • 46. Your Immune System Has Many Specialized Cells! White blood cells that target specific pathogens are called lymphocytes. There are two major kinds of lymphocytes—T cells and B cells. A major function of T cells is to identify pathogens by recognizing their antigens. Antigens are molecules that the immune system recognizes as either part of your body, or as coming from outside your body. B cells produce chemicals called antibodies.
  • 47. How Your Immune System Works Our immune system protects us against threats. These include viruses, bacteria and parasites causing infectious diseases, from ordinary flu to full-blown malaria. The white blood cells of the defense system are produced in the marrow of our bones. The cells are carried in the blood to specialized organs, where they develop and communicate to launch immune responses against infections. •http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html
  • 48. DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Lymphatic System
  • 49. The Functions of Your Lymphatic System Your lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system are closely related structures that are joined by a capillary system. The lymphatic system is important to the body's defense mechanisms. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces certain white blood cells and generates antibodies. It is also important for the distribution of fluids and nutrients in the body, because it drains excess fluids and protein so that tissues do not swell up. http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/updated-lymphatic/node_p2.gif
  • 50. DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Muscular System
  • 51. Types of Muscles Your body has three types of muscle tissue—skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.
  • 52. Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of your skeleton. Because you have conscious control of skeletal muscles, they are classified as voluntary muscles. These muscles provide the force that moves your bones. Skeletal muscles react quickly and tire quickly. At the end of a skeletal muscle is a tendon. A tendon is a strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Note- ligaments connect bones together.
  • 53. Smooth Muscle Smooth muscles are called involuntary muscles because they work with your conscious effort.
  • 54. Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles found only in the heart. Cardiac muscles do not get tired. A Cardiac Muscle Cell
  • 55. Voluntary Muscles The muscles that are under your direct control are called voluntary muscles. Smiling and turning the pages in a book are actions of voluntary muscles
  • 56. Involuntary Muscle Action The muscles that are not under your conscious control are called involuntary muscles. Your colon (left) is lined with smooth muscle, and your heart (right) is comprised of cardiac muscle which works automatically pumping blood around your body.
  • 57. How Do Muscles Work? Muscles work by contracting, or becoming shorter and thicker. Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend, skeletal muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle contracts, the other muscle in the pair returns to its original length. For example, in order to move the lower arm, the biceps muscle on the front of the upper arm contracts to bend the elbow. This lifts the forearm and hand. As the biceps contracts, the triceps on the back of the upper arm returns to its original length. To straighten the elbow, the triceps muscle contracts while the biceps returns to its original length.
  • 58. Anatomy Of A Muscle
  • 59. Can You Name the Major Muscles of your Body. Try It!
  • 62. Some Really Big Muscles! And on to the Circulatory System.
  • 63. DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Circulatory System
  • 64. Web Sources and Resources Usborne Human Body: Quicklinks Your Circulatory System is Responsible for Delivering and Removing Materials from Every Cell in Your Body
  • 65. Blood Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs. Because it contains living cells, blood is alive. Red blood cells and white blood cells are responsible for nourishing, cleansing, and protecting the body. Since the cells are alive, they too need nourishment. Vitamins and Minerals keep the blood healthy. The blood cells have a definite life cycle, just as all living organisms do. Approximately 55 percent of blood is plasma, a straw-colored clear liquid. The liquid plasma carries the solid cells and the platelets which help blood clot. Without blood platelets, you would bleed to death. When the human body loses a little bit of blood through a minor wound, the platelets cause the blood to clot so that the bleeding stops. Because new blood is always being made inside of your bones, the body can replace the lost blood. When the human body loses a lot of blood through a major wound, that blood has to be replaced through a blood transfusion from other people.
  • 66. Can You Name The Major Parts of Your Heart and Trace Its Blood Flow? Try It.
  • 67. Now Check To See How You Did.
  • 68. Heart Dissections Your Heart is a Very Muscular Organ!
  • 69. Artificial Hearts The action of the artificial heart is entirely similar to the action of the natural heart. There is, however, one huge difference: the natural heart is living muscle, while the artificial heart is plastic, aluminum, and Dacron polyester. As a result, the artificial heart needs some external source of "life." An external power system energizes and regulates the pump through a system of compressed air hoses that enter the heart through the chest. Since the system is cumbersome and open to infection, the use of an artificial heart is meant to be temporary. •http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/healthy/fake.html
  • 70. Now It’s On To Your Skeletal System
  • 71. DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Skeletal System
  • 72. Your Skeleton’s Functions Your skeleton has five major functions. It provides shape and support, enables you to move, protects your internal organs, produces blood cells, and stores certain materials until your body needs them
  • 73. The Structure of Bone Many bones have the same basic structure. A thin, tough membrane covers all of a bone except the ends. Blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the bone through the membrane. Beneath the membrane is a layer of compact bone, which is hard and dense, but not solid. Small canals run through the compact bone, carrying blood vessels and nerves from the bone’s surface to the living cells within the bone. Just inside the compact bone is a layer of spongy bone, which has many small spaces within it.
  • 75. Cartilage Cartilage provides a smooth surface between bones or sometimes a more flexible extension of bone, as in the tip of your nose. As an infant, much of your skeleton was cartilage. By the time you stop growing, most of the cartilage will have been replaced with hard bone tissue.
  • 76. Joints A joint is a place in the body where two bones come together. Joints allow bones to move in different ways. Immovable joints connect bones in a way that allows little or no movement. Movable joints allow the body to make a wide range of movements. Movable joints include ball-and- socket joints, pivot joints, hinge joints, and gliding joints. The bones in movable joints are held together by a strong connective tissue called a ligament.
  • 77. Take Care of Your Bones! A combination of a balanced diet and regular exercise can start you on the way to a lifetime of healthy bones. As people become older, their bones begin to lose some minerals. Mineral loss can lead to osteoporosis, a condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily. Regular exercise and a diet rich in calcium can help prevent osteoporosis.
  • 78. Do You Know Your Bones? Fill in the blanks on the next slide or on your handout, and check the following slide for the answers.
  • 81. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break. If not prevented or if left untreated, osteoporosis can progress painlessly until a bone breaks.
  • 82. It’s on to the Nervous System
  • 83. DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Nervous System Your nervous system receives information about what is happening both inside and outside your body. It also directs the way in which your body responds to this information. In addition, the nervous system helps maintain homeostasis. A stimulus is any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react
  • 84. Your Nervous System Your nervous system consists of the central and peripheral systems. The central nervous system (CNS), includes the brain and spinal cord; the peripheral system includes the nerves to the rest of the body.
  • 85. What Is Homeostasis? Homeostasis and Negative Feedback Homeostasis is one of the fundamental characteristics of living things. It refers to the maintenance of the internal environment within tolerable limits. All sorts of factors affect the suitability of our body fluids to sustain life; these include properties like temperature, salinity, acidity, and the concentrations of nutrients and wastes. Because these properties affect the chemical reactions that keep us alive, we have built-in physiological mechanisms to maintain them at desirable levels. When a change occurs in the body, there are two general ways that the body can respond. In negative feedback, the body responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change. Because this tends to keep things constant, it allows us to maintain homeostasis. On the other hand, positive feedback is also possible. This means that if a change occurs in some variable, the response is to change that variable even more in the same direction. This has a de-stabilizing effect, so it does not result in homeostasis. Positive feedback is used in certain situations where rapid change is desirable (see Positive Feedback for an example). To illustrate the components involved in negative feedback, we can use the example of a driver trying to stay near the speed limit. The desired value of a variable is called the set point. Here, the set point is a speed of 55 mph; in controlling body temperature, the set point would be 98.6 degrees. The control center is what monitors the variable and compares it with the set point. Here, the control center is the driver; for body temperature, it would be the hypothalamus of the brain. If the variable differs from the set point, the control center uses effectors to reverse the change. Here, the effector is the foot on the accelerator pedal; in controlling body temperature, it would include the glands that sweat and the muscles that shiver. Web Sources and Resources: http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
  • 86. Neurons The cells that carry information through your nervous system are called neurons, or nerve cells. The message that a neuron carries is called a nerve impulse. A neuron has a large cell body that contains the nucleus. The cell body has threadlike extensions. One kind of extension, a dendrite, carries impulses toward the cell body. An axon carries impulses away from the cell body. Axons and dendrites are sometimes called nerve fibers. A bundle of nerve fibers is called a nerve.
  • 87. The Anatomy of a Neuron
  • 88. A NEURON viewed under a electron microscope. Can you locate the cell body, axon, and dendrites?
  • 89. Your Central Nervous System- The Brain and Spinal Cord
  • 90. Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems Working Together The yellow parts are CNS parts and the purple are parts of your peripheral nervous system.
  • 91. Reflexes: Some nerve signals go only to the spinal cord and back. The knee jerk reflex (seen in the figure to the above) is called a monosynaptic reflex. This means that there is only 1 synapse in the neural circuit needed to complete the reflex. It only takes about 50 milliseconds of time between the tap and the start of the leg kick...that is fast. The tap below the knee causes the thigh muscle to stretch. Information is sent to the spinal cord. After one synapse in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, the information is sent back out to the muscle...and there you have the reflex.
  • 92. Your Brain- The Command Center The human brain is a complex organ that allows us to think, move, feel, see, hear, taste, and smell. It controls our body, receives information, analyzes information, and stores information (our memories). The brain produces electrical signals, which, together with chemical reactions, let the parts of the body communicate. Nerves send these signals throughout the body. The average human brain weighs about 3 pounds. At birth, the human brain weighs less than a pound. As a child grows, the number of cell remains relatively stable, but the cells grow in size and the number of connections increases. The human brain reaches its full size at about 6 years of age.
  • 93. Most nerve signals are interpreted by your brain and motor nerves then carry out your instructions.
  • 94. The Stroop Effect- Your Brain Can Get Confused! TRY IT!- The famous "Stroop Effect" is named after J. Ridley Stroop who discovered this strange phenomenon in the 1930s. Here is your job: name the colors of the following words. Do NOT read the words...rather, say the color of the words. For example, for the word BLUE, you should say "RED". Say the colors as fast as you can. It is not as easy as you might think!
  • 96. Your Brain Has Very Complicated Anatomy All Its Own!
  • 97. Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer's disease attacks the brain; it is not a normal part of aging. People with AD have a gradual memory loss and difficulties with language and emotions. The progressive loss of intellectual abilities is termed dementia. As the disease advances, the person may need help in all aspects of life: bathing, eating, and using the restroom. Because of this round-the- clock care, families and friends of people with AD are greatly affected. The disease is irreversible and there is currently no cure.
  • 98. Ouch! In the movie MATRIX, Neo and the others are plugged into the matrix through their CNS ! (Central Nervous System)
  • 99. Your Senses Are Your Nervous System’s Bridge to the Outside World Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. 370-375 and Quicklink Images Sight, Taste, Touch, Hearing, Smell
  • 100. Quick Quiz How well do you know your own nervous system? Fill in the blanks on the slides that follow. Then go back and check your work if needed.
  • 101.
  • 102.
  • 103. Which Way Does The Impulse Travel?
  • 104. DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Endocrine System The endocrine system is a collection of special organs in the body that produce hormones. These organs are usually called the "glands." They are located in different parts of the body. For example, the pituitary is in the brain, the thyroid is in the neck, the adrenal glands are just alone the kidneys and the sexual glands (ovaries and testes) are located in the sexual organs. Each gland produces a hormone into the blood, which travels all through the body. Hormones regulate our body activities, for example growth, sleep, sudden actions, feelings and blood sugar for energy.
  • 105. DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Excretory System Your excretory system collects wastes produced by cells and removes these wastes from your body. The removal process is known as excretion. The two kidneys are the major organs of the excretory system. The kidneys filter your blood and remove urea, excess water, and some other waste materials from your blood. Urea is a chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins. The filtering process produces a watery fluid called urine. Each kidney contains about a million nephrons.
  • 106. Your Excretory System Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pg. 362 and Quicklink Images
  • 107. Kidney Tubules (Nephrons) Urine Production The kidneys regulate the body fluids, maintaining desirable levels of acids and bases, salts, nutrients and wastes. Each kidney is made up of over a million tiny tubes known as nephrons, or kidney tubules. The tubules act in parallel to filter the blood and produce the urine. As the blood filtrate passes along the tubule, the composition of the fluid is changed in complex ways. In some ways the tubule resembles an industrial processing plant, and the cells lining the walls of the tubule can be thought of as technicians who modify the filtrate as it passes by. The first step in urine production is called filtration. This occurs at the glomerulus, which is really a ball of capillaries that makes close contact with the end of the nephron. Driven by the beating of the heart, blood plasma (the fluid component of blood) is forced out of the capillaries and into the nephron. Because this transfer occurs through narrow spaces (represented by a sieve in the cartoon), the larger molecules (mainly proteins) are left behind in the blood. Blood cells (not shown in the cartoon) are many times larger still, and are also left behind. Finally, the tubule empties its contents into one of the many collecting ducts. The urine now contains a concentrated solution of whatever the body currently considers to be "wastes." Water continues to be reabsorbed in the collecting duct, so that little water is wasted in the process of excretion (elimination of wastes). Finally, all the urine collects together in the kidney and is passed out through the ureter, and from there to the bladder. Web Sources and Resources:http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
  • 108. Kidney Stones Kidney stones are created when certain substances in urine -- including calcium and uric acid -- crystallize and the crystals clump together. Usually, they form in the center of the kidney, where urine collects before flowing into the ureter, the tube that leads to the bladder. Small stones are able to pass out of the body in the urine and often go completely unnoticed. But larger stones irritate and stretch the ureter as they move toward the bladder, causing excruciating pain and blocking the flow of urine. Rarely, a stone can be as large as a golf ball, in which case it remains lodged in the kidney, creating a more serious condition
  • 109. DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents… Your Reproductive System
  • 110. The Female Reproductive System The role of the female reproductive system is to produce eggs, and if an egg is fertilized, to nourish a developing baby until birth.
  • 111. The Menstrual Cycle During the menstrual cycle, an egg develops in an ovary. At the same time, the uterus prepares for the arrival of the fertilized egg. Once the egg is released, it can be fertilized for the next few days if sperm are present in the oviduct. If the egg is not fertilized, it begins to break down, and it passes out of the vagina along with some tissue from the lining of the uterus in a process called menstruation.
  • 112. Can you name the parts of the female reproductive system? Check your answers on the following page.
  • 113. Key to the Female Reproductive System
  • 114. The Male Reproductive System Produces sperm- tiny packages of chromosomes that can swim to fertilize the egg, and the hormone testosterone, which controls the development of the male’s physical characteristics.
  • 115. Can you name the parts of the male reproductive system? Check your answers on the following page.
  • 116. Key to Male Reproductive System
  • 117. Fertilization Takes place when sperm & egg merge.
  • 118. Human Development The fertilized egg, or zygote, is about the size of a period in your textbook. The zygote develops into an embryo, and then into a developing fetus, which results in....
  • 120. Thank You For Visiting Human Body Systems by DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER!
  • 121. Try These Sites for More Info Note if they don’t work by clicking on them, just type the address into your browser. • A Look Inside the Human Body http://www4.tpgi.com.au/users/amcgann/body/ • MY BODY FOR KIDS http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/mybody.html • Find out how your body works! http://yucky.kids.discovery.com/noflash/body/index.htm • Take and Anatomy Quiz at the Smithsonian http://americanhistory.si.edu/anatomy/bodyparts/nma03 • Hillendale Health Site- Learn About Your Body http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/health_index.html

Editor's Notes

  1. http://www.plymouth.edu/psc/library/courseguides/BI213pic.gif
  2. Human heart Beef heart Beef heart undissected
  3. Your Senses The ear Smell Sight Taste