The presentation provides step by step manual in the process of crafting a title for your manuscript, it describes the types of titles and their impact on the paper on terms of downloads and citation
The presentation provides step by step manual in the process of crafting a title for your manuscript, it describes the types of titles and their impact on the paper on terms of downloads and citation
An attempt to highlight the most common needs for writing a research article, this include the structure of research articles and the highly important parts needed to publish in a high level indexed journals (Clarivate ISI & Scopus).
As a university student, you may be required to write a variety of reports for assessment purposes
A research report is one type that is often used in the sciences, engineering and psychology
Here your aim is to write clearly and concisely about your research topic so that the reader can easily understand the purpose and results of your research
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
An attempt to highlight the most common needs for writing a research article, this include the structure of research articles and the highly important parts needed to publish in a high level indexed journals (Clarivate ISI & Scopus).
As a university student, you may be required to write a variety of reports for assessment purposes
A research report is one type that is often used in the sciences, engineering and psychology
Here your aim is to write clearly and concisely about your research topic so that the reader can easily understand the purpose and results of your research
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
This document is quoted from Academic Writing Skill, IFL, Cambodia. It's for students in year three not only at IFL but also other universities in Cambodia.
This powerpoint reviews parts of academic paper, such as the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Findings, Discussion, and Conclusion
The aim of the journal article is to communicate your research effectively and help readers understand the issues at hand. Structure your manuscript so that readers take away the most important messages.
257Speaking of researchGuidelines for evaluating resea.docxnovabroom
257
Speaking of research
Guidelines for evaluating research articles
Phillip Rumrill∗, Shawn Fitzgerald and
Megen Ware
Kent State University, Department of Educational
Foundations and Special Services Center for
Disability Studies, 405 White Hall, P.O. Box 5190,
Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
The article describes the components and composition of
journal articles that report empirical research findings in the
field of rehabilitation. The authors delineate technical writing
strategies and discuss the contents of research manuscripts,
including the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References. The article concludes with a
scale that practitioners, manuscript reviewers, educators, and
students can use in critically analyzing the content and scien-
tific merits of published rehabilitation research.
Keywords: Evaluation, research articles, guidelines for cri-
tique
1. Introduction
The purpose of this article is to examine the com-
ponents of a research article and provide guidelines
for conducting critical analyses of published works.
Distilled from the American Psychological Associa-
tion’s [1] Publication Manual and related descriptions
in several research design texts [4,8,9,12,15], descrip-
tions of how authors in rehabilitation and disability
studies address each section of a research article are
featured. The article concludes with a framework that
rehabilitation educators, graduate students, practition-
ers, and other Work readers can use in critiquing re-
search articles on the basis of their scientific merits and
practical utility.
∗Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 330 672 2294; Fax: +1 330 672
2512; E-mail: [email protected]
2. Anatomy of a research article
For nearly 50 years, the American Psychological As-
sociation has presented guidelines for authors to follow
in composing manuscripts for publication in profes-
sional journals [1]. Most journals in disability studies
and rehabilitation adhere to those style and formatting
guidelines. In the paragraphs to follow, descriptions
of each section of a standard research article are pre-
sented: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References.
2.1. Title
As with other kinds of literature, the title of a scien-
tific or scholarly journal article is a very important fea-
ture. At the risk of contravening the age-old adage “You
can’t judge a book by its cover,” Bellini and Rumrill [4]
speculated that most articles in rehabilitation journals
are either read or not read based upon the prospective
reader’s perusal of the title. Therefore, developing a
clear, concise title that conveys the article’s key con-
cepts, hypotheses, methods, and variables under study
is critical for researchers wishing to share their findings
with a large, professional audience. A standard-length
title for a journal article in the social sciences is 12–15
words, including a sub-title if appropriate. Because so-
cial science and medical indexing systems rely hea.
257Speaking of researchGuidelines for evaluating reseabartholomeocoombs
257
Speaking of research
Guidelines for evaluating research articles
Phillip Rumrill∗, Shawn Fitzgerald and
Megen Ware
Kent State University, Department of Educational
Foundations and Special Services Center for
Disability Studies, 405 White Hall, P.O. Box 5190,
Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
The article describes the components and composition of
journal articles that report empirical research findings in the
field of rehabilitation. The authors delineate technical writing
strategies and discuss the contents of research manuscripts,
including the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References. The article concludes with a
scale that practitioners, manuscript reviewers, educators, and
students can use in critically analyzing the content and scien-
tific merits of published rehabilitation research.
Keywords: Evaluation, research articles, guidelines for cri-
tique
1. Introduction
The purpose of this article is to examine the com-
ponents of a research article and provide guidelines
for conducting critical analyses of published works.
Distilled from the American Psychological Associa-
tion’s [1] Publication Manual and related descriptions
in several research design texts [4,8,9,12,15], descrip-
tions of how authors in rehabilitation and disability
studies address each section of a research article are
featured. The article concludes with a framework that
rehabilitation educators, graduate students, practition-
ers, and other Work readers can use in critiquing re-
search articles on the basis of their scientific merits and
practical utility.
∗Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 330 672 2294; Fax: +1 330 672
2512; E-mail: [email protected]
2. Anatomy of a research article
For nearly 50 years, the American Psychological As-
sociation has presented guidelines for authors to follow
in composing manuscripts for publication in profes-
sional journals [1]. Most journals in disability studies
and rehabilitation adhere to those style and formatting
guidelines. In the paragraphs to follow, descriptions
of each section of a standard research article are pre-
sented: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References.
2.1. Title
As with other kinds of literature, the title of a scien-
tific or scholarly journal article is a very important fea-
ture. At the risk of contravening the age-old adage “You
can’t judge a book by its cover,” Bellini and Rumrill [4]
speculated that most articles in rehabilitation journals
are either read or not read based upon the prospective
reader’s perusal of the title. Therefore, developing a
clear, concise title that conveys the article’s key con-
cepts, hypotheses, methods, and variables under study
is critical for researchers wishing to share their findings
with a large, professional audience. A standard-length
title for a journal article in the social sciences is 12–15
words, including a sub-title if appropriate. Because so-
cial science and medical indexing systems rely hea ...
Responding to peer reviewer comments can be a daunting task for most researchers. After spending months on your research project and preparing your manuscript, it is only natural that you will want to avoid making further changes to your paper. However, comments by peer reviewers and are meant to help you improve the qaulity of your manuscript. And the journal will only accept your paper for publication after you have addressed all of the reviewer comments.
This slide deck has 14 tips that will help you confidently and thoroughly address peer reviewers comments.
While writing your research paper, you might often refer to existing work published by other researchers in your field. However, it is extremely important to acknowledge all such sources clearly and completely. Attempting to use the ideas, words, or work of another person, without giving them due credit, is considered extremely unethical and is termed plagiarism.
This slide deck briefly explains 4 common types of plagiarism in academic publishing, how journals detect plagiarism in research papers, and the consequences of plagiarism.
In order for your manuscript to stand out from the other submissions you need to make sure you have everything right. Make sure the IMRaD structure as well as the submission requirements are fulfilled. Follow this checklist to make sure you have everything in place before you submit your paper.
In Part 1 of the Authorship series, we discussed criteria that will help you determine whether a particular contributor qualifies to be an author of your research paper. If you are submitting a multi-author paper, once you have ascertained the authors of your paper, how should you decide on the order in which these author names should be included? In this slide deck, we will discuss the basis on which you should list authors on your paper, who qualifies to be the first author, and how the remaining authors of your paper should be listed.
Through the course of your research, right until you get your your paper published, there will be several individuals who have contributed to your research project in different ways. However, not all of these individuals can be considered as authors of your paper. So who qualifies as an author on your manuscript?
This slide deck will clarify who is an author, who does not qualify as an author of your paper and also three unethical authorship-related practices that you must avoid.
Clinical trials constitute a critical stage of clinical research and it is important to understand what clinical trials are and what forms they take. In this slide deck, we will tell you more about the types and phases of clinical trials.
2017 was a very eventful year for everyone in the academic publishing industry. The year witnessed many significant trend-setting changes and new practices, keeping many of us on our toes.
we interviewed many thought leaders in the scholarly industry to get a sense of their views on these trends and changes. In this SlideShare presentation, we bring you extracts from their interviews and advice that they shared to help you.
Many researchers hesitate to publish open access (OA) for a variety of reasons. This reluctance to submit to OA journals and make research freely accessible could be triggered by several existing misconceptions about OA. In order to choose a legitimate OA journal, authors must be able to differentiate between reliable OA journals and the predatory ones.
This presentation will list a set of questions that authors can ask themselves before choosing an OA journal to submit their papers. These questions will indicate the authenticity of the concerned journal.
A cover letter is the first point of contact between you and the target journal's editors. As such, your cover letter functions as a sales pitch to the journal editors. In other words, you cover letter needs to sell the notion of why your manuscript deserves to be published in and how it matches the scope of the target journal.
This presentation will tell you everything you need to know to write a great cover letter for your submission. This includes:
1. What is a cover letter?
2. Differences between a cover letter and a title page
3. Why are cover letters important?
4. Basic information a cover letter should contain
5. Additional details you could include
6. References for further reading
Presenting at an academic conference is an essential and inevitable part of a researcher's life. In order to make a successful and effective conference presentation, knowing your research paper in its entirety is not enough. You must also be well-prepared in terms of of public speaking factors such as observing time limits, making eye contact, engaging the audience, etc. This Slideshare will equip you with 9 tips to help you effectively communicate your research at your next academic conference.
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This presentation stresses the importance of understanding the 6 ethical principles governing publication in TM journals:-
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Clinical trials constitute a critical stage of clinical research and it is important for you to understand what clinical trials are and what forms they take. In this slide deck, we will tell you more about the types and phases of clinical trials. The idea is to help you form a basic understanding of clinical trials. This is a two-part series and the next segment will focus on the things you must remember when preparing to publish a clinical trial manuscript.
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As an author, it is quite difficult to write concisely. After all, you have so much to say! But when submitting your manuscript to a journal, you must ensure that you meet the required word count. Let us look at some areas you can focus on to keep your manuscript concise.
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How to write an effective title and abstract and choose appropriate keywords
1. How to write an effective title and abstract and
choose appropriate keywords
Helping you get published
2. How to write an effective title and abstract and choose appropriate keywords
More often than not, when researchers set about writing a
paper, they spend the most time on the "meat" of the article
(the methods, results, and discussion sections).
Little thought goes into the title and abstract, while keywords
get even lesser attention, often being typed out on-the-spot in a
journal’s submission system.
Ironically, these three elements—the title, abstract, and
keywords—may well hold the key to publication success.
3. The title, abstract, and keywords: Why it is important to get them right
The title, abstract, and keywords play a pivotal role in the communication of research.
Without them, most papers may never be read or even found by interested readers1-4.
Here’s why:
1. Most electronic search engines, databases, or journal websites will use the words
found in your title and abstract, and your list of keywords to decide whether and
when to display your paper to interested readers.1,2,5-8Thus, these 3 elements enable
the dissemination of your research; without them, readers would not be able to find
or cite your paper.
2. The title and abstract are often the only parts of a paper that are freely available
online.1,9 Hence, once readers find your paper, they will read through the title and
abstract to determine whether or not to purchase a full copy of your paper/continue
reading.2-4
4. The title, abstract, and keywords: Why it is important to get them right
3. Finally, the abstract is the first section of your paper that journal editors and
reviewers read. While busy journal editors may use the abstract to decide whether to
send a paper for peer review or reject it outright, reviewers will form their first
impression about your paper on reading it.10
Given the critical role that these 3 elements play in helping readers access your
research, we offer a set of guidelines (compiled from instructions and resources on
journals’ websites and academic writing guidelines, listed in the references) on
writing effective titles and abstracts and choosing the right keywords.
5. Writing the title
Journal websites and search engines will use the words in your title to categorize
and display your article to interested readers, while readers will use your title as
the first step to determining whether or not to read your article. This is why a
good title (typically 10–12 words long)6,7 will use descriptive terms and phrases
that accurately highlight the core content of the paper (e.g., the species studied,
the literary work evaluated, or the technology discussed).1,5
6. Writing the title
Here are some steps (with examples) you can follow to write an effective title:
1. Answer the questions: What is my paper about? What techniques/ designs were
used? Who/what is studied? What were the results?
My paper studies whether X therapy improves the cognitive function of
patients suffering from dementia.
It was a randomized trial.
I studied 40 cases from six cities in Japan.
There was an improvement in the cognitive function of patients.
2. Use your answers to list key words.
X therapy
Randomized trial
Dementia
6 Japanese cities
40 cases
Improved cognitive function
7. Writing the title
3. Build a sentence with these key words.
This study is a randomized trial that investigates whether X therapy improved
cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan; it reports
improved cognitive function. (28 words)
4. Delete all waste words (e.g., study of, investigates) and repetitive words; link the
remaining.
This study is a randomized trial that investigates whether X therapy improved
cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan; it reports
improved cognitive function
Randomized trial of X therapy for improving cognitive function in 40 dementia
patients from 6 cities in Japan (18 words)
8. Writing the title
5. Delete non-essential information and reword.
Randomized trial of X therapy for improving cognitive function in 40 dementia
patients from 6 cities in Japan reports improved cognitive function
Randomized trial of X therapy for improving cognitive function in 40 dementia
patients (13 words)
OR (reworded with subtitle and a focus on the results)
X therapy improves cognitive function in 40 dementia patients: A randomized
trial (12 words)
9. Writing the abstract
The abstract should work like a marketing tool.4,11It should help the reader decide
“whether there is something in the body of the paper worth reading” 10 by
providing a quick and accurate summary of the entire paper,2,3 explaining why the
research was conducted, what the aims were, how these were met, and what the
main findings were.1,2,6-8,12
10. Writing the abstract
Types of abstracts
Generally between 100 and 300 words in length,1,3,4,12abstracts are of different
types: descriptive, informative, and structured.
1. Descriptive abstracts, usually used in the social sciences and humanities, do not give
specific information about methods and results.13,14
2. Informative abstracts are commonly used in the sciences and present information on
the background, aim, methods, results, and conclusions.13,14
3. Structured abstracts are essentially informative abstracts divided into a series of
headings (e.g., Objective, Method, Results, Conclusion)9,15,16and are typically found in
medical literature and clinical trial reports.
11. Writing the abstract
In this section, we focus on how to write a good informative abstract(as these are more
commonly used in scientific literature). You can follow the same strategy to write a
structured abstract; just introduce headings based on the journal guidelines.
1. Begin writing the abstract after you have finished writing your paper.
2. First answer the questions “What problem are you trying to solve?” and “What
motivated you to do so?” by picking out the major objectives/hypotheses and
conclusions from your Introduction and Conclusion sections.
3. Next, answer the question "How did you go about achieving your objective?" by
selecting key sentences and phrases from your Methods section.
4. Now, reveal your findings by listing the major results from your Results section.
12. Writing the abstract
5. Finally, answer the question "What are the implications of your findings?“
6. Arrange the sentences and phrases selected in steps 2, 3, 4, and 5 into a single
paragraph in the following sequence: Introduction, Methods, Results, and
Conclusions.
7. Make sure that this paragraph is self-contained1,2,7,12 and does not include the
following:1-3,7,12
Information not present in the paper
Figures and tables
Abbreviations
Literature review or reference citations
13. Writing the abstract
8. Now, link your sentences.
9. Ensure that the paragraph is written in the past tense1,7,17 and check that the
information flows well, preferably in the following order: purpose, basic study
design/techniques used, major findings, conclusions, and implications.
10. Check that the final abstract
Contains information that is consistent with that presented in the paper.
Meets the guidelines of the targeted journal (word limit, type of abstract, etc.)
Does not contain typographical errors as these may lead referees and editors
to “conclude that the paper is bad and should be rejected.”10
14. Choosing your keywords
Journals, search engines, and indexing and abstracting services classify papers
using keywords.2,4,5,7Thus, an accurate list of keywords will ensure correct
indexing and help showcase your research to interested groups.2 This in turn will
increase the chances of your paper being cited.3
Here’s how you can go about choosing the right keywords for your paper:3,5,7,18
15. Choosing your keywords
1. Read through your paper and list down the terms/phrases that are used repeatedly in
the text.
2. Ensure that this list includes all your main key terms/phrases and a few additional key
phrases.
3. Include variants of a term/phrase (e.g., kidney and renal), drug names, procedures, etc.
4. Include common abbreviations of terms (e.g., HIV).
5. Now, refer to a common vocabulary/term list or indexing standard in your discipline
(e.g., GeoRef, ERIC Thesaurus, PsycInfo, ChemWeb, BIOSIS Search Guide, MeSH
Thesaurus) and ensure that the terms you have used match those used in these
resources.
6. Finally, before you submit your article, type your keywords into a search engine and
check if the results that show up match the subject of your paper. This will help you
determine whether your keywords are appropriate for the topic of your paper.
16. How to write an effective title and abstract and choose appropriate keywords
Conclusion
While it may be challenging to write effective titles and abstracts and to choose
appropriate keywords, there is no denying the fact that it is definitely worth putting in
extra time to get these right. After all, these 3 smallest segments of your paper have the
potential to significantly impact your chances of getting published, read, and cited.
17. How to write an effective title and abstract and choose appropriate keywords
References:
1. Department of Biology, Bates College. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style
Scientific Paper. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:
http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/writing/HTWsections.html
2. Day R and GastelB. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, 6thEdition. Westport,
Connecticut:Greenwood Press, 2006.
3. Taylor & Francis Author Services. Writing your article. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:
http://journalauthors.tandf.co.uk/preparation/writing.asp.
4. KoopmanP. How to Write an Abstract. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:
http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/essays/abstract.html
5. SAGE Publications. Help Readers Find Your Article. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/journalgateway/findArticle.htm
6. Bem DJ. Writing the empirical journal article. In MP Zanna& JM Darley (Eds.), The Complete Academic: A
Practical Guide for the Beginning Social Scientist (pp. 171-201). New York: Random House, 1987.
7. Fathalla M and Fathalla M. A Practical Guide for Health Researchers. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available
from: http://www.emro.who.int/dsaf/dsa237.pdf.
8. CoghillA and Garson L (Eds.).Scientific Papers. In A Coghill& L Garson (Eds.), The ACS Style Guide, 3rdEdition (pp.
20–21).New York: Oxford University Press, 2006T
9. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to
biomedical journals: Writing and editing for biomedical publication [Accessed: June 14, 2011] Available from:
http://www.ICMJE.org.
18. How to write an effective title and abstract and choose appropriate keywords
References:
10. SatyanarayanaK. How to Write a Research Paper. Proceedings of11th Workshop on Medical Informatics &
CME on Biomedical Communication, 2008; 44–48.
11. Rhodes W. Guest Editorial: The Abstract as a Marketing Tool. Optical Engineering, 2010; 49:7.
12. Nadim A. How to Write a Scientific Paper? Ain Shams Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2005; 2:256–
258.
13. The University of Adelaide. Writing an Abstract. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:
http://www.adelaide.edu.au/clpd/all/learning_guides/learningGuide_writingAnAbstract.pdf.
14. The Writing Center, University of North Carolina. Abstracts. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:
http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstracts.html.
15. US National Library of Medicine. Structured Abstracts. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/policy/structured_abstracts.html.
16. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. How to Write an Abstract. [Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/authors/guides/write/abstracts.htm.
17. Cordova S. How to Write a Scientific Paper.[Accessed: July 20, 2011] Available from:
http://www.nmas.org/JAhowto.html.
18. Council of Science Editors. Journal Style and Format. In Council of Science Editors(Eds.),Scientific Style and
Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers,7th Edition (p. 460). Reston, VA: Rockefeller
University Press, 2006