257
Speaking of research
Guidelines for evaluating research articles
Phillip Rumrill∗, Shawn Fitzgerald and
Megen Ware
Kent State University, Department of Educational
Foundations and Special Services Center for
Disability Studies, 405 White Hall, P.O. Box 5190,
Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
The article describes the components and composition of
journal articles that report empirical research findings in the
field of rehabilitation. The authors delineate technical writing
strategies and discuss the contents of research manuscripts,
including the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References. The article concludes with a
scale that practitioners, manuscript reviewers, educators, and
students can use in critically analyzing the content and scien-
tific merits of published rehabilitation research.
Keywords: Evaluation, research articles, guidelines for cri-
tique
1. Introduction
The purpose of this article is to examine the com-
ponents of a research article and provide guidelines
for conducting critical analyses of published works.
Distilled from the American Psychological Associa-
tion’s [1] Publication Manual and related descriptions
in several research design texts [4,8,9,12,15], descrip-
tions of how authors in rehabilitation and disability
studies address each section of a research article are
featured. The article concludes with a framework that
rehabilitation educators, graduate students, practition-
ers, and other Work readers can use in critiquing re-
search articles on the basis of their scientific merits and
practical utility.
∗Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 330 672 2294; Fax: +1 330 672
2512; E-mail: [email protected]
2. Anatomy of a research article
For nearly 50 years, the American Psychological As-
sociation has presented guidelines for authors to follow
in composing manuscripts for publication in profes-
sional journals [1]. Most journals in disability studies
and rehabilitation adhere to those style and formatting
guidelines. In the paragraphs to follow, descriptions
of each section of a standard research article are pre-
sented: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References.
2.1. Title
As with other kinds of literature, the title of a scien-
tific or scholarly journal article is a very important fea-
ture. At the risk of contravening the age-old adage “You
can’t judge a book by its cover,” Bellini and Rumrill [4]
speculated that most articles in rehabilitation journals
are either read or not read based upon the prospective
reader’s perusal of the title. Therefore, developing a
clear, concise title that conveys the article’s key con-
cepts, hypotheses, methods, and variables under study
is critical for researchers wishing to share their findings
with a large, professional audience. A standard-length
title for a journal article in the social sciences is 12–15
words, including a sub-title if appropriate. Because so-
cial science and medical indexing systems rely hea ...
MMC 6950_Fall B 2018 Professor Heather Radi-Bermudez S.docxpauline234567
MMC 6950_Fall B 2018 Professor Heather Radi-Bermudez
Structuring a Scholarly Research Paper (Project B) – GSC Program
A Master’s Project B combines both primary and secondary research. Primary
research means you are conducting your own study, experiment, or investigation. The
information you are gaining is original with you. Secondary research means you are
studying the works of others. The information comes from published books, articles, and
other sources. In Project B, your secondary research is your literature review, and your
primary research is described in your methods and your results.
PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER
1. Title Page
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Literature Review
5. Methods
6. Results
7. Discussion
8. References
9. Appendices (if applicable)
1. Title Page (APA Style)
Select an academic-style title that previews the content of the paper. Readers use such
academic titles to select articles and to get a quick sense of what an article is about.
Academic titles can state the research question, summarize the thesis or purpose, or be
written as a two-part title with a colon. The title page should contain the title of the
paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. Include the page header flush
left with the page number flush right at the top of the page. Please note that on the title
page, your page header should look like this-> Running head: TITLE OF YOUR
PAPER. Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the
page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it
should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up
one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-
spaced. Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last
name. Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate
the location where the author(s) conducted the research. Please look online for samples
of APA style title pages.
2. Abstract
This is a brief (75-120 words) comprehensive summary of the paper, which allows the
reader to survey the contents of the paper quickly. The abstract should address the
background, purpose of study (i.e. the research questions or hypotheses), methods
used, results and conclusion. Model the abstract of your paper after the abstracts of the
research articles you have read in peer reviewed journals.
3. Introduction
All documents must be able to stand on their own by including an introduction to orient
MMC 6950_Fall B 2018 Professor Heather Radi-Bermudez
the reader. The purpose of the introduction is to establish a context (general
background information), preview the content of the paper, and frame the significance of
the research. You may tell why this problem has been a problem or why you think this
particular slant or angle to the .
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
An academic essay is a focused piece of writing that develops an idea or argument using evidence, analysis, and interpretation. There are many types of essays you might write as a student. The content and length of an essay depends on your level, subject of study, and course requirements.
A research report is a precise presentation of the work done by a researcher while investigating a particular problem and whether the study is conducted by an individual researcher or by an institution.
MMC 6950_Fall B 2018 Professor Heather Radi-Bermudez S.docxpauline234567
MMC 6950_Fall B 2018 Professor Heather Radi-Bermudez
Structuring a Scholarly Research Paper (Project B) – GSC Program
A Master’s Project B combines both primary and secondary research. Primary
research means you are conducting your own study, experiment, or investigation. The
information you are gaining is original with you. Secondary research means you are
studying the works of others. The information comes from published books, articles, and
other sources. In Project B, your secondary research is your literature review, and your
primary research is described in your methods and your results.
PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER
1. Title Page
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Literature Review
5. Methods
6. Results
7. Discussion
8. References
9. Appendices (if applicable)
1. Title Page (APA Style)
Select an academic-style title that previews the content of the paper. Readers use such
academic titles to select articles and to get a quick sense of what an article is about.
Academic titles can state the research question, summarize the thesis or purpose, or be
written as a two-part title with a colon. The title page should contain the title of the
paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. Include the page header flush
left with the page number flush right at the top of the page. Please note that on the title
page, your page header should look like this-> Running head: TITLE OF YOUR
PAPER. Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the
page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it
should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up
one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-
spaced. Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last
name. Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate
the location where the author(s) conducted the research. Please look online for samples
of APA style title pages.
2. Abstract
This is a brief (75-120 words) comprehensive summary of the paper, which allows the
reader to survey the contents of the paper quickly. The abstract should address the
background, purpose of study (i.e. the research questions or hypotheses), methods
used, results and conclusion. Model the abstract of your paper after the abstracts of the
research articles you have read in peer reviewed journals.
3. Introduction
All documents must be able to stand on their own by including an introduction to orient
MMC 6950_Fall B 2018 Professor Heather Radi-Bermudez
the reader. The purpose of the introduction is to establish a context (general
background information), preview the content of the paper, and frame the significance of
the research. You may tell why this problem has been a problem or why you think this
particular slant or angle to the .
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
An academic essay is a focused piece of writing that develops an idea or argument using evidence, analysis, and interpretation. There are many types of essays you might write as a student. The content and length of an essay depends on your level, subject of study, and course requirements.
A research report is a precise presentation of the work done by a researcher while investigating a particular problem and whether the study is conducted by an individual researcher or by an institution.
The ultimate goal of scientific research is publication so as to showcase the research outcomes. Scientists, starting as graduate students, are measured primarily not by their dexterity in laboratory manipulations, not by their innate knowledge of either broad or narrow scientific subjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm; they are measured, and become known by their publications. A scientific experiment, no matter how spectacular the results, is not completed until the results are published. In fact, the cornerstone of the philosophy of science is based on the fundamental assumption that original research must be published; only thus can new scientific knowledge be authenticated and then added to the existing databases. In this paper, a practitioners approach to write an effective paper is presented in a chronological order. Further, writing style of effective research paper, a review technique to conduct a methodical survey in a systematic manner and finally an effective research plan for forthcoming research scholars is discussed. This research work provides an effective direction to write, submit and publish the effort put into doing research into a published form.
A literature review is a survey of academic sources on a particular project topic. It gives an overview of the ebb and flows information, permitting you to distinguish significant hypotheses, strategies, and holes in the current research.
A literature review is to show your reader that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field.
How to write an original article an overview for beginners – pubricaPubrica
The literature search is the first step before writing and before beginning any original research manuscript writing activity. Prior evidence should be gathered, studied, and reflected upon as the beginning point and firm foundation for any publishing.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3stzSkk
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/physician-writing-services/orginal-research-article/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Bio statistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
This powerpoint reviews parts of academic paper, such as the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Findings, Discussion, and Conclusion
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
Pubrica’s team of researchers and authors develop Scientific and medical research papers that can act as an indispensable tools to the practitioner/authors. Pubrica medical writers help you to write and edit the introduction by introducing the reader to the shortcomings or empty spaces in the identified research field. Our experts know the structure that follows the broad topic, the problem, and the background and advance to a narrow topic to state the hypothesis.
To Know More About them
https://pubrica.com/academy/original-research-article/what-is-the-difference-between-a-research-paper-and-a-review-paper/
Expectations for Short Papers Leadership & EthicsIntroducti.docxrhetttrevannion
Expectations for Short Papers: Leadership & Ethics
Introduction:
The purpose of the introduction is to introduce the reader to the central theme(s) of your paper. An effective introduction goes from general to more specific information regarding the subject(s) you will be covering in your paper. Then, gradually narrowing down the subject to a specific purpose statement. It should be concise, and therefore, the reader should have no doubt as to the topic of your paper. Because this is a short paper, the introduction must be no more than one to two paragraphs in length. (1 to 2-paragraph maximum) Note: If you do write one paragraph for your introduction, make sure it is thorough.
Tips for the Introduction Section:
· Keep it general. In other words, save the specific analysis of the information you will be discussing, for the actual analysis section. Remember, the introduction provides a broad overview of what will be discussed.
· Please do not use direct quotes in the introduction. All concepts or theories should be paraphrased, this helps to create a stronger introduction written by you, versus taking information verbatim.
· Make sure whatever you write in your introduction is elaborated on in the analysis section of your paper. Everything needs to connect
Purpose Statement:
After the introduction, you would then gradually narrow down the focus to a specific purpose statement. A purpose statement, is essentially just like a thesis statement, except more specific and direct. It provides the paper with a clear scope, direction and purpose. The purpose statement should be concise, and therefore, the reader should have no doubt as to the topic of your paper and the exact components that you will be discussing in the analysis section.
Note: A purpose statement is written differently than a thesis statement. Therefore, it may not be what you are normally used to so please be sure to review the examples below so you are clear as to how I would like the purpose statement written.
The purpose statement can be two to three sentences (depending on the complexity of the paper), which again, explicitly states the focus and direction of the writing.
Examples of a purpose statement:
“The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of leadership and its importance to an organization. In addition, transformational leadership will be discussed, as well as the potential benefits of this theory within an organization.”
“The purpose of this paper is to explore the importance of an ethical climate within an organization, and the biases that impact moral decision making. Additionally, an ethical issue will be examined, as well a discussion on how the issue could have been avoided by establishing a solid ethical climate.”
*If you are ever wondering what components to put in your purpose statement, take a look at what is needed for the analysis section.
*Please note: In some courses your professor may ask for a thesis statement. A thesis stat.
CompetencyAnalyze how human resource standards and practices.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze how human resource standards and practices within the healthcare field support organizational mission, visions, and values.
Scenario
Wynn Regional Medical Center (WRMC) is the premier hospital in your area. The hospital has been in your city for over 100 years. Over the past decade, the hospital has been losing money for various reasons, though primarily due to uncompensated care. You were recently hired as the Vice President for Human Resources at WRMC, and part of your responsibilities include presenting historical information to participants of the new employee orientation.
Instructions
Create a PowerPoint presentation detailing the changing nature of the healthcare workforce. The presentation should contain speaker notes for each slide or voiceover narration. The presentation should address the following topics and questions:
Historical information on the changing healthcare workforce
How have legislation and policies changed in the past decade?
How have patient demographics changed in the past decade (baby boomers, generation X, millennials, ethnicities)?
How have patient centric approaches changed in the past decade (use of the Internet and social media to gather health information)?
Challenges associated with the changing healthcare workforce
What are some of the challenges associated with the policy and legislative changes?
What are some challenges associated with demographic changes?
What are some of the challenges associated with patients “researching” their own health instead of going to the doctor?
Current state of healthcare
What have been some of the improvements to the healthcare system over the last decade?
Resources
This
link
has information for creating a PowerPoint presentation.
Here is a
link
to information about adding speaker notes.
Here is a
link
to information about creating a voiceover narration using Screencast-O-Matic.
GRADING RUBRICS:
1.Clear and thorough explanation of the history of the changing healthcare workforce. Includes comprehensive descriptions with multiple supporting examples for each of the SUB-BULLET POINTS.
2. Clear and thorough discussion of the challenges associated with the changing healthcare workforce. Includes comprehensive descriptions with multiple supporting examples for each of the SUB-BULLET POINTS.
3. Comprehensive analysis of the current state of healthcare.
Includes a clear and thorough assessment of improvements to the healthcare system over the last decade and supports assertions with multiple supporting examples.
.
CompetencyAnalyze financial statements to assess performance.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze financial statements to assess performance and to ensure organizational improvement and long-term viability
.
Scenario
In an ongoing effort to explore the feasibility of expanding services into rural areas of the state, leadership at Memorial Hospital has determined that conducting a review of its financial condition will be essential to ensuring the organization’s ability to successfully achieve its expansion goals.
Instructions
The CFO has provided you with a copy of the organization’s
financial statements
. This information will be critical in evaluating the organization’s financial capacity to support the proposed expansion of services into the rural areas of the state.
You are asked to review these financial statements (which include the Income Statement, Statement of Cash Flows, and the Balance Sheet) and prepare an executive summary outlining the financial strength of the organization and evidence to support the expansion. Your executive summary should include the following:
An overview of the issue.
A review of critical financial ratios (Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency) based on financial statements.
Inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios.
Provide a recommendation based on ration analysis.
Resources
This
link
has information for creating an executive summary.
Grading Rubric:
1.
Comprehensive identification of summary of the issue. Includes multiple examples or supporting details.
2. Clear and thorough review of critical financial ratios--Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency--based on financial statements. Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
3. Clear and thorough inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios. Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
4. Comprehensive recommendation, based on ration analysis. Includes multiple examples or supporting details.
.
More Related Content
Similar to 257Speaking of researchGuidelines for evaluating resea
The ultimate goal of scientific research is publication so as to showcase the research outcomes. Scientists, starting as graduate students, are measured primarily not by their dexterity in laboratory manipulations, not by their innate knowledge of either broad or narrow scientific subjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm; they are measured, and become known by their publications. A scientific experiment, no matter how spectacular the results, is not completed until the results are published. In fact, the cornerstone of the philosophy of science is based on the fundamental assumption that original research must be published; only thus can new scientific knowledge be authenticated and then added to the existing databases. In this paper, a practitioners approach to write an effective paper is presented in a chronological order. Further, writing style of effective research paper, a review technique to conduct a methodical survey in a systematic manner and finally an effective research plan for forthcoming research scholars is discussed. This research work provides an effective direction to write, submit and publish the effort put into doing research into a published form.
A literature review is a survey of academic sources on a particular project topic. It gives an overview of the ebb and flows information, permitting you to distinguish significant hypotheses, strategies, and holes in the current research.
A literature review is to show your reader that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field.
How to write an original article an overview for beginners – pubricaPubrica
The literature search is the first step before writing and before beginning any original research manuscript writing activity. Prior evidence should be gathered, studied, and reflected upon as the beginning point and firm foundation for any publishing.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3stzSkk
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/physician-writing-services/orginal-research-article/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Bio statistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
This powerpoint reviews parts of academic paper, such as the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Findings, Discussion, and Conclusion
Scientific writing is not just writing about science; it is the technical writing that scientists do to communicate their research to others. Scientific writing is predicated on the rigors of scientific inquiry, so it must reflect the same precision as that demanded in the research process.
Pubrica’s team of researchers and authors develop Scientific and medical research papers that can act as an indispensable tools to the practitioner/authors. Pubrica medical writers help you to write and edit the introduction by introducing the reader to the shortcomings or empty spaces in the identified research field. Our experts know the structure that follows the broad topic, the problem, and the background and advance to a narrow topic to state the hypothesis.
To Know More About them
https://pubrica.com/academy/original-research-article/what-is-the-difference-between-a-research-paper-and-a-review-paper/
Expectations for Short Papers Leadership & EthicsIntroducti.docxrhetttrevannion
Expectations for Short Papers: Leadership & Ethics
Introduction:
The purpose of the introduction is to introduce the reader to the central theme(s) of your paper. An effective introduction goes from general to more specific information regarding the subject(s) you will be covering in your paper. Then, gradually narrowing down the subject to a specific purpose statement. It should be concise, and therefore, the reader should have no doubt as to the topic of your paper. Because this is a short paper, the introduction must be no more than one to two paragraphs in length. (1 to 2-paragraph maximum) Note: If you do write one paragraph for your introduction, make sure it is thorough.
Tips for the Introduction Section:
· Keep it general. In other words, save the specific analysis of the information you will be discussing, for the actual analysis section. Remember, the introduction provides a broad overview of what will be discussed.
· Please do not use direct quotes in the introduction. All concepts or theories should be paraphrased, this helps to create a stronger introduction written by you, versus taking information verbatim.
· Make sure whatever you write in your introduction is elaborated on in the analysis section of your paper. Everything needs to connect
Purpose Statement:
After the introduction, you would then gradually narrow down the focus to a specific purpose statement. A purpose statement, is essentially just like a thesis statement, except more specific and direct. It provides the paper with a clear scope, direction and purpose. The purpose statement should be concise, and therefore, the reader should have no doubt as to the topic of your paper and the exact components that you will be discussing in the analysis section.
Note: A purpose statement is written differently than a thesis statement. Therefore, it may not be what you are normally used to so please be sure to review the examples below so you are clear as to how I would like the purpose statement written.
The purpose statement can be two to three sentences (depending on the complexity of the paper), which again, explicitly states the focus and direction of the writing.
Examples of a purpose statement:
“The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of leadership and its importance to an organization. In addition, transformational leadership will be discussed, as well as the potential benefits of this theory within an organization.”
“The purpose of this paper is to explore the importance of an ethical climate within an organization, and the biases that impact moral decision making. Additionally, an ethical issue will be examined, as well a discussion on how the issue could have been avoided by establishing a solid ethical climate.”
*If you are ever wondering what components to put in your purpose statement, take a look at what is needed for the analysis section.
*Please note: In some courses your professor may ask for a thesis statement. A thesis stat.
Similar to 257Speaking of researchGuidelines for evaluating resea (20)
CompetencyAnalyze how human resource standards and practices.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze how human resource standards and practices within the healthcare field support organizational mission, visions, and values.
Scenario
Wynn Regional Medical Center (WRMC) is the premier hospital in your area. The hospital has been in your city for over 100 years. Over the past decade, the hospital has been losing money for various reasons, though primarily due to uncompensated care. You were recently hired as the Vice President for Human Resources at WRMC, and part of your responsibilities include presenting historical information to participants of the new employee orientation.
Instructions
Create a PowerPoint presentation detailing the changing nature of the healthcare workforce. The presentation should contain speaker notes for each slide or voiceover narration. The presentation should address the following topics and questions:
Historical information on the changing healthcare workforce
How have legislation and policies changed in the past decade?
How have patient demographics changed in the past decade (baby boomers, generation X, millennials, ethnicities)?
How have patient centric approaches changed in the past decade (use of the Internet and social media to gather health information)?
Challenges associated with the changing healthcare workforce
What are some of the challenges associated with the policy and legislative changes?
What are some challenges associated with demographic changes?
What are some of the challenges associated with patients “researching” their own health instead of going to the doctor?
Current state of healthcare
What have been some of the improvements to the healthcare system over the last decade?
Resources
This
link
has information for creating a PowerPoint presentation.
Here is a
link
to information about adding speaker notes.
Here is a
link
to information about creating a voiceover narration using Screencast-O-Matic.
GRADING RUBRICS:
1.Clear and thorough explanation of the history of the changing healthcare workforce. Includes comprehensive descriptions with multiple supporting examples for each of the SUB-BULLET POINTS.
2. Clear and thorough discussion of the challenges associated with the changing healthcare workforce. Includes comprehensive descriptions with multiple supporting examples for each of the SUB-BULLET POINTS.
3. Comprehensive analysis of the current state of healthcare.
Includes a clear and thorough assessment of improvements to the healthcare system over the last decade and supports assertions with multiple supporting examples.
.
CompetencyAnalyze financial statements to assess performance.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze financial statements to assess performance and to ensure organizational improvement and long-term viability
.
Scenario
In an ongoing effort to explore the feasibility of expanding services into rural areas of the state, leadership at Memorial Hospital has determined that conducting a review of its financial condition will be essential to ensuring the organization’s ability to successfully achieve its expansion goals.
Instructions
The CFO has provided you with a copy of the organization’s
financial statements
. This information will be critical in evaluating the organization’s financial capacity to support the proposed expansion of services into the rural areas of the state.
You are asked to review these financial statements (which include the Income Statement, Statement of Cash Flows, and the Balance Sheet) and prepare an executive summary outlining the financial strength of the organization and evidence to support the expansion. Your executive summary should include the following:
An overview of the issue.
A review of critical financial ratios (Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency) based on financial statements.
Inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios.
Provide a recommendation based on ration analysis.
Resources
This
link
has information for creating an executive summary.
Grading Rubric:
1.
Comprehensive identification of summary of the issue. Includes multiple examples or supporting details.
2. Clear and thorough review of critical financial ratios--Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency--based on financial statements. Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
3. Clear and thorough inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios. Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
4. Comprehensive recommendation, based on ration analysis. Includes multiple examples or supporting details.
.
CompetencyAnalyze ethical and legal dilemmas that healthcare.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze ethical and legal dilemmas that healthcare workers may encounter in the medical field.
Instructions
You have recently been promoted to Health Services Manager at Three Mountains Regional Hospital, a small hospital located in a mid-size city in the Midwest. Three Mountains is a general medical and surgical facility with 400 beds. Last year there were approximately 62,000 emergency visits and 15,000 admissions. More than 6,000 outpatient and 10,000 inpatient surgeries were performed.
An important aspect of the provider/patient relationship pertains to open communication and trust. Patients want to know that their doctors and the support staff associated with their care understand their wishes and will abide by them. Ideally, these conversations happen well before an emergency or procedure takes place; however, often times this information is missing from a patient's file. As part of Three Mountains' initiative to build trust with their patients, an increased emphasis has been placed on obtaining living wills from the patient as part of the intake process to ensure that the healthcare team has written directives of the patient's wishes in case of incapacitation. You will be creating a living will for a patient and provide educational information as to why the patient should fill it out during the admission process before a procedure.
Introduction:
Explain the definition of a living will and its key components. This section will provide an educational overview of the document for the patient.
Living Will Template:
Create a living will that can serve as a template to the patients. This should cover the basic treatment issues such as resuscitation, feeding tubes, ventilation, organ and tissue donations, etc. Provide instructions in the template that can be easily altered, depending on each patient's wishes.
Summary:
In this section, you will discuss the importance of this document and encourage patients to complete it. Address how this document ensures that a patient's wishes are known and followed by the healthcare team.
NOTE
- APA formatting and proper grammar, punctuation, and form required. APA help is available
here.
.
CompetencyAnalyze ethical and legal dilemmas that healthcare wor.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze ethical and legal dilemmas that healthcare workers may encounter in the medical field.
Instructions
You have recently been promoted to Health Services Manager at Three Mountains Regional Hospital, a small hospital located in a mid-size city in the Midwest. Three Mountains is a general medical and surgical facility with 400 beds. Last year there were approximately 62,000 emergency visits and 15,000 admissions. More than 6,000 outpatient and 10,000 inpatient surgeries were performed.
An important aspect of the provider/patient relationship pertains to open communication and trust. Patients want to know that their doctors and the support staff associated with their care understand their wishes and will abide by them. Ideally, these conversations happen well before an emergency or procedure takes place; however, often times this information is missing from a patient's file. As part of Three Mountains' initiative to build trust with their patients, an increased emphasis has been placed on obtaining living wills from the patient as part of the intake process to ensure that the healthcare team has written directives of the patient's wishes in case of incapacitation. You will be creating a living will for a patient and provide educational information as to why the patient should fill it out during the admission process before a procedure.
Introduction:
Explain the definition of a living will and its key components. This section will provide an educational overview of the document for the patient.
Living Will Template:
Create a living will that can serve as a template to the patients. This should cover the basic treatment issues such as resuscitation, feeding tubes, ventilation, organ and tissue donations, etc. Provide instructions in the template that can be easily altered, depending on each patient's wishes.
Summary:
In this section, you will discuss the importance of this document and encourage patients to complete it. Address how this document ensures that a patient's wishes are known and followed by the healthcare team.
NOTE
- APA formatting and proper grammar, punctuation, and form required.
.
CompetencyAnalyze collaboration tools to support organizatio.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze collaboration tools to support organizational goals.
Scenario
You are a new manager at Elliot Building Supplies International who has seen huge success in managing your global team remotely. This success has been shown in the team outcomes/production and employee satisfaction and engagement. Senior leadership has taken notice of your success and has asked you to create a presentation to share with your peers, who also manage remotely, that explains the best collaboration tools for remote teams. Also, you will explain the best way to manage effectively and create a motivating and satisfying work environment that supports collaboration.
Instructions
You will need to include the following in your PowerPoint presentation.
Presentation welcome/introduction slide.
Collaboration tools that you have used to be successful.
This should include at least 4 different types of tools.
Each type should be explained in detail, along with the benefits it provides.
Critical skills to successfully manage remote employees.
Closing slide to share final thoughts and ideas.
.
Competency Checklist and Professional Development Resources .docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency Checklist and Professional Development Resources
An important and yet often overlooked function of leadership in an early childhood program is the ability to positively influence the people in the program. For this group assignment, consider the characteristics of a leader who can support and lead teachers in reflective teaching. This type of self-reflection is the first step to understanding how a supervisor supports teachers to accomplish their goals through mentoring. For this assignment, your group will need to address the following two components:
Part 1
: Consider the following question as your group completes the competency checklist below: What might be evidence that a teacher leader possesses the competence to also be a mentor? You are encouraged to evenly divide the competencies among your group, so that each member contributes to providing brief examples of interactions while highlighting the characteristic(s) that demonstrates each competency. While this portion can be completed independently, you should then collaborate to ensure that each group member provides feedback before submitting the full collaborative document.
Competency Checklist
Competency
Describe an example of a teacher-leader with children (when acting as a teacher)
Describe an example of a teacher-leader with adults (when acting as a supervisor)
Listens well, does not interrupt, and respects the pace of the other person
Is able to wait for others to discover solutions, form own ideas, and reflect
Asks questions that encourage details
Is aware of and comfortable with his or her feelings and the emotions of others
Is responsive to others
Guides, nurtures, supports, and empathizes
Integrates emotion and intellect
Fosters reflection or wondering by others
Is aware of how others’ reactions affect a process of dialogue and reflection, including sensitivity to bias and cultural context
Is willing to have consistent and predictable meeting times and places
Is flexible and available
Is able to form trusting relationships
Part 2:
Professional Development Resources Document
–Early childhood programs have numerous curriculum options which may contribute to a need to support teachers and staff in a curriculum context they are not familiar with. Therefore, as we prepare to support protégés, we can refer to the National Association of the Education of Young Children core standards for professional development, to promote the use of best practices. These six core standards, briefly describe what early childhood professionals should know and be able to do. After reading each of the
NAEYC Standards for Early Childhood Professional Preparation Programs (Links to an external site.)
, focus on the first four standards:
STANDARD 1.
PROMOTING CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
STANDARD 2.
BUILDING FAMILY AND COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS
STANDARD 3.
OBSERVING, DOCUMENTING, AND ASSESSING TO SUPPORT YOUNG CHILDREN AND FAMILIES
STANDARD 4.
US.
Competency 6 Enagage with Communities and Organizations (3 hrs) (1 .docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency 6: Enagage with Communities and Organizations (3 hrs) (1 to 2 Pages)
Behavior: use empathy, reflection, and interpersonal skills to effectively engage diverse clients and constituencies.
For this assignment, you are to explore how your community is addressing the needs of its citizens during the CoVID 19 situation. Explore how you can consult and connect with community leaders and organizations to be a part of solutions in your community. Provide a detailed account of your exploration of community needs, as well as how you participated at the community level to address the needs of your community.
.
Competency 2 Examine the organizational behavior within busines.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency 2: Examine the organizational behavior within business systems
Provide the name of the corporation you will be using as the basis for this project.
Provide the organization’s purpose or mission statement.
Describe the organization's industry.
Provide the name and position of the person interviewed during this portion of the assignment (indicate as much pertinent information (e.g., length of service with company, previous roles in the company, educational background, etc.).
Provide the list of interview questions you asked the manager/executive.
Indicate which two - three of the following concepts from this competency that you intend to evaluate the organization/team on and describe the company’s/team’s current situation with each topic you’ve selected:
Motivational theories
Psychological contract
Job design
Use of evaluation, feedback and rewards
Misbehavior
Individual or organizational stress
Provide citations in APA format for any references
.
CompetenciesEvaluate the challenges and benefits of employ.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competencies
Evaluate the challenges and benefits of employing a diverse workforce.
Design a plan for conducting business and managing employees in a global society.
Critique the actions of organizations as they integrate diverse perspectives into their cultures.
Evaluate the role of identity, diverse segments, and cultural backgrounds within organizations.
Attribute different cultural perspectives to current social-cultural dimensions.
Analyze the importance of managing a diverse workforce.
Scenario Information
Your company has been nominated for a national diversity award associated with your efforts and dedication to diversity initiatives in the workplace and their impact on the organization and community. You have been asked to summarize your efforts for the year in a slide presentation for the diversity committee who selects the winner. Be sure to include details of the changes you made in your organization and the impact the changes made.
Instructions
As part of your nomination, you have been asked to create a slide presentation including a voice recording for your entry (Voice Recording not needed). Remember your audience when giving your presentation and include the following slides:
Title slide
Highlighting the importance of workplace diversity
Discussing the points that were included in your diversity plan
Describing how culture and inclusion impact your organization
Providing examples of how diverse workgroups work together in the workplace
Gives examples of strategies used to incorporate Hofstede's cultural dimensions in a global workforce
Provides best practices for managers associated with managing a diverse, global workforce
Conclusion slide that includes a summary of why you should win this award
Any additional, relevant information
References
.
CompetenciesDescribe the supply chain management principle.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competencies
Describe the supply chain management principles through the flow of information, materials, services, and resources.
Analyze the external and internal drivers that influence supply chain principles.
Evaluate supply chain management operational best practices.
Compare the nature of logistics operations and services in both international and domestic contexts.
Apply strategic supply chain management to logistics systems.
Analyze different software systems and technology strategies used in supply chain management.
Scenario
You have just been promoted to Senior Analyst at Mitchell Consulting, a firm that specializes in providing managerial expertise in supply chain management. After completing many assignments under the supervision of a Senior Analyst, your role now allows you to make selections for clients. You are assigned a new client, Scent
Solution
s. Your new manager, Partner Ronda Anderson, has directed you to work on this case and provide analysis and options to resolve the problems directly to the client.
Scent
.
CompetenciesABCDF1.1 Create oral, written, or visual .docxbartholomeocoombs
Competencies
A
B
C
D
F
1.1: Create oral, written, or visual communications appropriate to the audience, purpose, and context.
4 points
Key Criteria: Tailors communication to purpose, context, and target audience. Clearly articulates the thesis and purpose, and supports the thesis and purpose with authentic and appropriate evidence. Provides smooth transitions and leaves no awkward gaps from point to point. Shows coherent progress from the introduction to the conclusion with no unnecessary sections.
3 points
Key Criteria: Tailors communication to purpose, context, and target audience. Articulates the thesis and purpose, and supports the thesis and purpose with authentic and appropriate evidence. Generally provides smooth transitions and leaves few awkward gaps from point to point. Shows identifiable progress from the introduction to the conclusion with no unnecessary sections.
2 points
Key Criteria: Considers the purpose, context, and target audience. Articulates the thesis and purpose, and shows some evidence supporting both. Some transitions are not smooth, and there are occasional gaps or awkward connections from point to point. There is a sense of progress from the introduction through the conclusion, but the organization may not be completely clear.
1 point
Key Criteria: Does not tailor communication well in terms of purpose, context, and target audience. Provides a weak thesis, unclear purpose, and little or no evidence to support points. Transitions may be rough or nonexistent, and there are significant gaps or connections between points that leave sections incomprehensible. Progress from the introduction through the conclusion is difficult to decipher, and there may be some material that is unrelated to thesis and purpose.
0 points
Key Criteria: Does not tailor communication in terms of purpose, context, and target audience. Lacks a good thesis and has little or no evidence to support a thesis. Transitions are rough or nonexistent, and there are few discernable connections from point to point. There is no identifiable progress from the introduction through the conclusion, and/or there is substantial material that is unrelated to thesis and purpose.
1.2: Communicate using appropriate writing conventions, including spelling, grammar, mechanics, word choice, and format.
4 points
Uses a format that is highly appropriate to the writing task and carefully tailors the style and tone to the specific audience. Aligns both the writing style and grammar usage to standards appropriate to the task.
3 points
Uses a format that is appropriate to the writing task and tailors the style and tone to the specific audience. Aligns both the writing style and grammar usage to standards appropriate to the task.
2 points
Generally has a clear purpose, but there may be a gap between the format used and the writing task. Fails to fully align the style and tone to the audience, or fails to fully define the audience for the writing task. Has some style or grammar.
COMPETENCIES734.3.4 Healthcare Utilization and Finance.docxbartholomeocoombs
COMPETENCIES
734.3.4
:
Healthcare Utilization and Finance
The graduate analyzes financial implications related to healthcare delivery, reimbursement, access, and national initiatives.
INTRODUCTION
It is essential that nurses understand the issues related to healthcare financing, including local, state, and national healthcare policies and initiatives that affect healthcare delivery. As a patient advocate, the professional nurse is in a position to work with patients and families to access available resources to meet their healthcare needs.
REQUIREMENTS
Your submission must be your original work. No more than a combined total of 30% of the submission and no more than a 10% match to any one individual source can be directly quoted or closely paraphrased from sources, even if cited correctly. An originality report is provided when you submit your task that can be used as a guide.
You must use the rubric to direct the creation of your submission because it provides detailed criteria that will be used to evaluate your work. Each requirement below may be evaluated by more than one rubric aspect. The rubric aspect titles may contain hyperlinks to relevant portions of the course.
A. Compare the U.S. healthcare system with the healthcare system of Great Britain, Japan, Germany, or Switzerland, by doing the following:
1. Identify
one
country from the following list whose healthcare system you will compare to the U.S. healthcare system: Great Britain, Japan, Germany, or Switzerland.
2. Compare access between the
two
healthcare systems for children, people who are unemployed, and people who are retired.
a. Discuss coverage for medications in the two healthcare systems.
b. Determine the requirements to get a referral to see a specialist in the two healthcare systems.
c. Discuss coverage for preexisting conditions in the two healthcare systems.
3. Explain
two
financial implications for patients with regard to the healthcare delivery differences between the two countries (i.e.; how are the patients financially impacted).
B. Acknowledge sources, using in-text citations and references, for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized.
C. Demonstrate professional communication in the content and presentation of your submission.
File Restrictions
File name may contain only letters, numbers, spaces, and these symbols: ! - _ . * ' ( )
File size limit: 200 MB
File types allowed: doc, docx, rtf, xls, xlsx, ppt, pptx, odt, pdf, txt, qt, mov, mpg, avi, mp3, wav, mp4, wma, flv, asf, mpeg, wmv, m4v, svg, tif, tiff, jpeg, jpg, gif, png, zip, rar, tar, 7z
RUBRIC
A1:COUNTRY TO COMPARE
NOT EVIDENT
A country for comparison is not identified.
APPROACHING COMPETENCE
The identified country for comparison is not from the given list.
COMPETENT
The identified country for comparison is from the given list.
A2:ACCESS
NOT EVIDENT
A comparison of healthcare system access is not provided.
APPROACHING COMPETENCE
The comparison does not acc.
Competencies and KnowledgeWhat competencies were you able to dev.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competencies and Knowledge
What competencies were you able to develop in researching and writing the course Comprehensive Project? How did you leverage knowledge gained in the assignments (Units 1–4) in completing the Comprehensive Project? How will these competencies and knowledge support your career advancement in management
.
Competencies and KnowledgeThis assignment has 2 parts.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competencies and Knowledge
This assignment has 2 parts:
What competencies were you able to develop in researching and writing the course Comprehensive Project? How did you leverage knowledge gained in the intellipath assignments (Units 1- 4) in completing the Comprehensive Project? How will these competencies and knowledge support your career advancement in management?
Discuss the similarities and differences between shareholder wealth maximization and stakeholder wealth maximization.
.
Competencies and KnowledgeThis assignment has 2 partsWhat.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competencies and Knowledge
This assignment has 2 parts:
What competencies were you able to develop in researching and writing the course Comprehensive Project? How did you leverage knowledge gained in the intellipath assignments (Units 1- 4) in completing the Comprehensive Project? How will these competencies and knowledge support your career advancement in management?
Discuss the similarities and differences between shareholder wealth maximization and stakeholder wealth maximization.
.
Competences, Learning Theories and MOOCsRecent Developments.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competences, Learning Theories and MOOCs:
Recent Developments in Lifelong Learning
Karl Steffens
Introduction
We think of our societies as ‘knowledge societies’ in which lifelong learning is
becoming increasingly important. Lifelong learning refers to the idea that people
not only learn in schools and universities, but also in non-formal and informal
ways during their lifespan.The concepts of lifelong learning and lifelong education
began to enter the discourse on educational policies in the late 1960s (Tuijnman
& Boström, 2002). However, these are related, but distinct concepts. As Lee (2014,
p. 472) notes ‘the terminological change (from lifelong education, continuing
education and adult education, to lifelong learning) reflects a conceptual departure
from the idea of organised educational provision to that of a more individualised
pursuit of learning’.
One of the first important documents on lifelong learning was the report of the
International Commission on the Development of Education to UNESCO in
1972, titled ‘Learning to be. The world of education today and tomorrow’. In his
introductory letter to the Director-General of UNESCO, the chairman of the
Commission, Edgar Faure, stated that the work of the Commission was based on
four assumptions (see Elfert pp. and Carneiro pp. in this issue). The first was
related to the idea that there was an international community which was united by
common aspirations and the second was the belief in democracy and in education
as its keystones. The third was ‘that the aim of development is the complete
fulfilment of man, in all the richness of his personality, the complexity of his forms
of expression and his various commitments — as individual, member of a family
and of a community, citizen and producer, inventor of techniques and creative
dreamer’. The last assumption was that ‘only an over-all, lifelong education can
produce the kind of complete man, the need for whom is increasing with the
continually more stringent constraints tearing the individual asunder’ (Faure,
1972, p. vi).
Following the Faure Report, the UNESCO Institute for Education, which
was founded in Germany in 1951, started to focus on lifelong learning and
subsequently became the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL, http://
uil.unesco.org/home/). It was under its leadership that a formal model of lifelong
education was developed and published in the book ‘Towards a System of Life-
long Education’ (Cropley, 1980). The concept of lifelong learning also became
manifest in the ‘Education for All’ (EFA) agenda that was launched at the World
Conference on Education for All which took place in Jomtien (Thailand) in
1990 (Inter-Agency Commission, 1990). Ten years later, at the World Education
Forum in Dakar (Senegal) in 2000, the Dakar Framework for Action was
designed ‘to enable all individuals to realize their right to learn and to fulfil their
responsibility to contribute to the development of their society’ (UNESCO,
2000, p..
Compensation & Benefits Class 700 words with referencesA stra.docxbartholomeocoombs
Compensation & Benefits Class 700 words with references
A strategic purpose for a well-blended compensation program, one that includes various types of direct compensation, is gaining employee commitment and productivity. One of the most effective tactics for this strategy is designing a process for linking individual achievement to organizational goals.
Prepare a report to senior leaders addressing the following:
·
Explain the concept of tying performance to organizational goals.
·
Describe the different types of individual and group-level performance measurements.
·
What are the advantages and disadvantages of individual versus group-level performance recognition?
·
Discuss the options an organization has to link individual or group monetary rewards to organizational success.
·
Develop recommendations for how to implement, monitor, and evaluate such a program.
.
Compensation, Benefits, Reward & Recognition Plan for V..docxbartholomeocoombs
Compensation, Benefits, Reward & Recognition Plan for V.P. Operations
Learning Team B
HRM 595
December 19, 2017
Rosalie M. Lopez
Running head: COMPENSATION, BENEFITS, REWARD & RECOGNITION PLAN
1
COMPENSATION, BENEFITS, REWARD & RECOGNITION PLAN
2
Compensation, Benefits, Reward & Recognition Plan for V.P. Operations
Introduction
Base Salary Range
For the position of VP of Operations, the National Average Salary is $122,624. In San Francisco, the average is higher and placed at $155,946. This amount is 16% higher than the National Average (Payscale, 2016). The reason for this increase is because of experience and geography. These are the two prime factors that impact the pay scale. Another major factor is the employer. Most employers base their decision to hire an individual on the experience they bring with them. Of course, with more experience, higher pay is required. With our company cutting cost a less experienced individual would be the best fit for the position.
Standard Employee Benefit
In many cases, your employee benefits could be the turning point for a prospective employee. This benefit is a vital portion of any employee packet. These valuable benefits are used as a blanket of security in the case of any sickness, injury, unemployment, old age, or death (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2015, p. 362). There is a significant difference between incentives and benefits: benefits are financial and nonfinancial compensations that are indirect to the employee. To have a competitive strategy Blossoms Up! must align their profits with the compensation package that has been already put in place. This action will help provide flexibility to the amount and the benefits available (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2015).
There are also some benefits that most companies are legally obligated to provide. Three benefits are required regardless of the number of employees that the company has. These interests involve social security, workers compensation, and unemployment insurance (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2015). Other laws must be adhered to when dealing with a certain number of individuals. When a company has 50 or more employee they must have the Family and Medical Leave Act in place and since its induction in 2015 the Affordable Care Act for Health Insurance for companies with 20 or more employees. For the health insurance to be considered standard medical, vision and dental plans must be made available to the business. These programs that must be regarded as being under the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) or a Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2015).
There are some voluntary benefits that we can include. We are already looking into adding a pension package using the Defined Contribution Plan as well as the 401(K) plan (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2015). Life insurance is another excellent benefit that could be added to the package as well as short-term and long-term disability insurance. Adding Vacation and PTO, and Holiday pay is .
Compete the following tablesTheoryKey figuresKey concepts o.docxbartholomeocoombs
Compete the following tables:
Theory
Key figures
Key concepts of personality formation
Explanation of the disordered personality
Scientific credibility
Comprehensiveness
Applicability
Attachment
Complete the following...200-300 words..
Is Freud's theory a viable theory for this century?
Provide reasons for
your
view.
.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
257Speaking of researchGuidelines for evaluating resea
1. 257
Speaking of research
Guidelines for evaluating research articles
Phillip Rumrill∗ , Shawn Fitzgerald and
Megen Ware
Kent State University, Department of Educational
Foundations and Special Services Center for
Disability Studies, 405 White Hall, P.O. Box 5190,
Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
The article describes the components and composition of
journal articles that report empirical research findings in the
field of rehabilitation. The authors delineate technical writing
strategies and discuss the contents of research manuscripts,
including the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References. The article concludes with a
scale that practitioners, manuscript reviewers, educators, and
students can use in critically analyzing the content and scien-
tific merits of published rehabilitation research.
Keywords: Evaluation, research articles, guidelines for cri -
tique
1. Introduction
The purpose of this article is to examine the com-
ponents of a research article and provide guidelines
for conducting critical analyses of published works.
Distilled from the American Psychological Associa-
2. tion’s [1] Publication Manual and related descriptions
in several research design texts [4,8,9,12,15], descrip-
tions of how authors in rehabilitation and disability
studies address each section of a research article are
featured. The article concludes with a framework that
rehabilitation educators, graduate students, practition-
ers, and other Work readers can use in critiquing re-
search articles on the basis of their scientific merits and
practical utility.
∗ Corresponding author: Tel.: +1 330 672 2294; Fax: +1 330
672
2512; E-mail: [email protected]
2. Anatomy of a research article
For nearly 50 years, the American Psychological As-
sociation has presented guidelines for authors to follow
in composing manuscripts for publication in profes-
sional journals [1]. Most journals in disability studies
and rehabilitation adhere to those style and formatting
guidelines. In the paragraphs to follow, descriptions
of each section of a standard research article are pre-
sented: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, and References.
2.1. Title
As with other kinds of literature, the title of a scien-
tific or scholarly journal article is a very important fea-
ture. At the risk of contravening the age-old adage “You
can’t judge a book by its cover,” Bellini and Rumrill [4]
speculated that most articles in rehabilitation journals
are either read or not read based upon the prospective
reader’s perusal of the title. Therefore, developing a
clear, concise title that conveys the article’s key con-
cepts, hypotheses, methods, and variables under study
3. is critical for researchers wishing to share their findings
with a large, professional audience. A standard-length
title for a journal article in the social sciences is 12–15
words, including a sub-title if appropriate. Because so-
cial science and medical indexing systems rely heavily
on titles in their codification schemes to track and cat-
egorize journal articles by topic, providing a title that
clearly delineates a general research domain or topic
area is of utmost importance. If the title is vague or
ambiguous, chances are that the prospective reader will
not continue to read through the document to establish
where it might fit in terms of a specific research domain
or topic area. Examples of clearly descriptive titles
that can be found in the contemporary rehabilitation
literature include:
“Rehabilitation Counselors’ Assessments of Appli-
cants’ Functional Limitations as Predictors of Rehabil-
itation Services Provided” [3].
Work 14 (2000) 257–263
ISSN 1051-
258 P. Rumrill et al. / Guidelines for evaluating research
articles
“Employer Concerns About Hiring Persons with
Psychiatric Disabilities: Results of the Employer Atti -
tude Questionnaire” [6].
“Self-Perceived Reasons for Unemployment Cited
by Persons with Spinal Cord Injury: Relationship to
Gender, Race, Age, and Level of Injury” [13].
4. “Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors’ Attitudes
Toward Self-Employment Outcomes” [18].
“Surveying the Employment Concerns of People
with Multiple Sclerosis: A Participatory Action Re-
search Approach” [20].
“Effect of Graduate Research Instruction on Per-
ceived Research Anxiety, Research Utility, and Confi-
dence in Research Skills” [21].
Before we move into descriptions of the content sec-
tions of a research article, we want to briefly address
the concept of technical writing as it applies to the com-
position of academic manuscripts. Journals adhering
to the American Psychological Association’s [1] pub-
lication guidelines favor manuscripts that are written
in direct, uncomplicated sentences. Editors prefer that
text be written in the “active voice”; whenever possible,
sentences should begin with their subjects and follow
with verbs and objects (e.g., “The researcher conducted
an experiment” rather than “An experiment was con-
ducted by the researcher”). Technical writing is marked
by the “less is more” maxim; extraneous phrases and
clauses that add words to the sentence without enhanc-
ing the overall statement should be avoided (e.g., “In
order to. . . ”, “For purposes of. . . ”, “As far as. . . is
concerned. . . ”). Another element of sound technical
writing is the sparing use of adverbs (e.g., very, some-
what, strikingly) and adjectives that do not serve to fur-
ther define or specify the terms that they are modifying
(e.g., interesting, important, good, noteworthy).
In addition to the American Psychological Associa-
tion’s guidelines for technical writing, authors should
consider these six criteria for effective composition
5. provided by George Orwell (1946) in Politics and the
English Language:
1. Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of
speech which you are used to seeing in print.
2. Never use a long word where a short one will do.
3. If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it
out.
4. Never use the passive (voice) where you can use
the active.
5. Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or
jargon word if you can think of an everyday En-
glish equivalent.
6. Break any of these rules sooner than say anything
outright barbarous (p. 170).
Organization is also key in preparing an effectively
composed journal manuscript, with multi-level head-
ings serving to guide the flow of text and keep the
reader on track. For authoritative information regard-
ing the style and formatting guidelines for submitting
manuscripts to most journals in social science fields,
readers should consult the American Psychological As-
sociation’s [1] Publication Manual. For information
concerning the style and formatting requirements of
Work and other journals published by IOS Press, see
the Guidelines for Authors section included in the be-
ginning of this edition.
2.2. Abstract
6. Next to the title, the abstract is the most widely read
section of a journal article. In an empirical article, the
abstract should be a succinct, 100–150 word summary
of the investigation’s key features, including purpose,
objectives, research questions/hypotheses, sample, sci -
entific procedures, independent and dependent vari-
ables, and salient results. Results of the study should
be summarized in full in the abstract; authors should
describe both significant and non-significant findings,
not only those which upheld their hypotheses or expec-
tations. The abstract serves as an advance organizer
for the article, and it should include every important
premise, method, and result of the investigation. Like
the Preface that commonly orients readers to full-length
textbooks, the abstract provides a complete, albeit sum-
mary, preview of the article. Some journals, includ-
ing Work and the Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation,
ask authors to list key descriptors on the abstract page,
which are then used for purposes of indexing. In most
cases, the title is what determines whether a reader will
read the abstract; the abstract determines whether the
reader will read the body of the article.
2.3. Introduction
Immediately following the abstract, the introductory
section of the article sets the stage for the study upon
which the article was based. It orients the reader to the
problem or issue being addressed, develops the logic
and rationale for conducting the investigation, and al -
most always expresses the empirical hypotheses or re-
search questions. Heppner et al. [9] suggested that
the introduction should answer questions such as why
the topic is an important one to study, what previous
7. P. Rumrill et al. / Guidelines for evaluating research articles
259
work bears on the topic, how existing work logically
connects to the author’s research questions and/or hy-
potheses, how the question will be researched, and what
predictions can be made.
To answer these questions, authors typically address
three major elements in the introductory section of an
article: (1) The Research Problem, (2) The Framework
for the Study, and (3) The Research Questions and Hy-
potheses [8,15]. We will describe each of these intro-
ductory elements in linear fashion, but we do not mean
to imply an order in terms of how they should be ad-
dressed. Many (if not most) authors blend these con-
siderations to fit the flow and logic of their respective
manuscripts.
The research problem. Usually in the very first sen-
tences of an empirical journal article, the author draws
the reader’s attention to the scope, impact, and current
status of the problem or issue being investigated. This
orientation is most effectively achieved by applying the
broadest-possible perspective to the concern. A study
of success rates among participants in a stress inocula-
tion program for people with diabetes mellitus might be
introduced by citing national statistics concerning the
incidence and prevalence of this very common disease.
An article describing the effects of a model job place-
ment program for women with breast cancer might be-
gin with a review of existing literature concerning em-
ployment and breast cancer, with a particular focus on
the difficulties that women have in re-entering the la-
bor force following diagnosis and treatment. Authors
8. reporting a longitudinal study of the post- school em-
ployment outcomes of secondary students with devel-
opmental disabilities would likely introduce their arti -
cle with a review of the disappointing adult outcomes
which that population has experienced since the incep-
tion of formalized transition services in the mid–1980s.
The framework for the study. The specific theoret-
ical and empirical framework for the particular inves-
tigation is another important part of the Introduction.
Authors summarize existing literature related to the
identified problem, then build a logical rationale for a
study that addresses gaps or inconsistencies in the lit-
erature. The author should present the theoretical or
conceptual model that informs the inquiry and provides
enough background to enable the reader to appreciate
the rationale of the current study. This framework elu-
cidates the purpose of the current study (e.g., to eval -
uate the effectiveness of a job placement program for
women with breast cancer), which is then operational-
ized in the research questions or hypotheses. Social
scientific theories which have figured pominently in
the frameworks of recent rehabilitation investigations
include Hershenson’s [10] model of work adjustment,
Bandura’s [2] concept of situational self-efficacy, and
Bolton and Brookings’ [5] integrated model of empow-
erment.
The research questions and hypotheses. The Intro-
duction section of a research article typically includes
a statement of the research questions and/or hypothe-
ses that served to guide the study. A more specula-
tive research question tends to be used in descriptive
research designs (e.g., surveys, program evaluations,
empirical literature reviews) or in qualitative studies.
9. Examples of research questions could include: “What
concerns do college students with disabilities have re-
garding their future career prospects?”; “What themes
are evident in the psycholinguistic development of deaf
women?”; and “What steps are Fortune 500 employ-
ers taking to provide on-the-job accommodations for
workers with disabilities?”.
The hypothesis, on the other hand, is predictive by
design. Its specificity is dependent upon the theory un-
derlying it or previous, relevant research, but it should
include the direction of the expected results when-
ever possible. Independent and dependent variables
need not be operationalized in theory-based hypotheses
(because this is done in the Method section), but the
expected relationship among study variables must be
clearly articulated. Examples of directional hypotheses
could include: “Participation in a cognitive-behavioral
stress inoculation program will decrease symptom on-
set and magnification”; “Anxiety, depression, and low
self-esteem will be collectively, positively, and signif-
icantly related to work interference”; and “Rehabilita-
tion counselors will rate people with severe disabili -
ties as less favorable candidates for employment than
similarly qualified people with mild or no disabilities”.
2.4. Method
The Method section delineates how the research
questions were addressed and/or how the hypotheses
were tested. It should provide the reader with sufficient
information so that one could replicate the investiga-
tion, and it should leave no question as to what was
“done” to the participants. Because the Method section
is the primary source for determining the validity of the
study [4], the quality and clarity of this section are gen-
10. erally regarded as the strongest determinants of whether
an empirically-based manuscript will be accepted for
publication [9,16].
260 P. Rumrill et al. / Guidelines for evaluating research
articles
Although the type and order of sub-sections found
in the Method section of a research article vary de-
pending upon the design of the study and the author’s
judgement related to the flow of text, most articles in-
clude descriptions of the study’s subjects/participants,
instruments/measures/variables, materials, design, and
procedures.
Subjects/participants. According to Heppner et
al. [8,9], the Method section should include (a) the total
number of subjects and numbers assigned to groups, if
applicable; (b) how subjects were selected and/or as-
signed; and (c) demographic and other characteristics
of the sample relevant to the study’s purpose. Some au-
thors also include a description of the population from
which the study sample was drawn, a description of the
specific sampling procedure used (e.g., simple random,
stratified, cluster; [4]), an indication of the represen-
tativeness of the sample vis a vis the broader popula-
tion, the circumstances under which subjects partici-
pated (e.g., whether they were compensated, what risks
they assumed), statistical power analyses, and response
rates (if applicable).
Instruments/measures/variables. The Method sec-
tion must include a detailed description of how all study
variables were operationalized, measured, scored, and
11. interpreted. All instruments or measures that were used
in sampling, conducting the study, and evaluating re-
sults must be specified in terms of content (e.g., num-
ber of items, response sets), how measures were ad-
ministered, scoring procedures, relationship to study
variables, and psychometric properties (e.g., standard-
ization, reliability, validity). Authors should also in-
clude a rationale for selecting each instrument, that is,
why that instrument was the best choice for measuring
a particular construct.
Materials. Researchers should also include a de-
scription of any materials that were used to carry out
the investigation. Written guides for participants, in-
structional manuals, media or technology, and scien-
tific apparatus or equipment should be described in de-
tail. Some authors include a description of the setting
in which the study was executed or data were collected.
Design. One of the most important features of the
Method section is a clear description of the design of
the study. This is essential because the design serves as
the link between (a) the research questions/hypotheses
and the scientific procedures used in carrying out the
study and (b) the findings of the study and how these
are interpreted. Authors typically label their designs
in terms of how variables were manipulated, observed,
and analyzed. Thereby, the design is the unifying force
in connecting the research objectives to both the results
and the knowledge claim that is made. To every extent
possible, a direct reference to the hypotheses should
be made when authors identify the design of a particu-
lar investigation. For example, Rumrill, Roessler, and
Denny [19] described their design as follows: “The re-
searchers selected a three-group, posttest-only (exper-
12. imental) design to assess the intervention’s univariate
and multivariate effects on (a) self-reported attitudes
(situational self-efficacy and acceptance of disability)
and (b) participation in the accommodation request pro-
cess.”
Procedures. The most important component of the
Method section is the easiest to describe. In chrono-
logical order, authors simply list every step they took
in developing, administering, and evaluating the study.
Beginning with the recruitment of participants, follow -
ing the study through collection of the last datum, and
including everything in-between – the Procedures sub-
section should provide the reader with a step-by-step
protocol that could serve as a guide for replicating the
study. Descriptions of any interventions should be pro-
vided in detail, along with summaries of the qualifi-
cations of project personnel who were instrumental in
executing the investigation. Procedures should also in-
clude how the investigation ended, along with a state-
ment of any debriefing or follow-up services provided
to participants.
2.5. Results
The Results section of a research article should in-
clude a complete inventory of all relevant findings ob-
tained by the investigators. In articles that report quan-
titative studies, results are typically presented in two
parts – (a) summary, or descriptive, statistics related
to participants’ performance on the measures that were
taken (e.g., means, standard deviations, frequencies,
percentages) and (b) statistical analyses related to the
specific hypotheses of the study (e.g., analysis of vari -
ance, multiple regression, factor analysis). We believe
that all analyses conducted as part of the investigation
13. should be reported in full, not only those which yielded
statistically significant results. The Publication Man-
ual of the American Psychological Association [1] pro-
vides considerable guidance related to how statistics
should be presented in the Results section, but it does
not always provide adequate guidelines regarding what
statistical information should be included. Heppner et
al. [9] identified a pattern in recent social science lit-
erature whereby researchers tend to err on the side of
262 P. Rumrill et al. / Guidelines for evaluating research
articles
providing too little statistical information: “The trend
has been to report less; for example, one rarely sees
analysis of variance source tables anymore. More dis-
turbing is the tendency not to report important informa-
tion (such as size of test statistic and probability levels)
when results are non-significant. This minimalist point
of view puts the emphasis on statistical significance and
ignores concepts such as effect size, estimation, and
power.”
In recent years, the “minimalist” perspective (in
terms of reporting statisitical findings) has been chal -
lenged by numerous researchers and statisticians [11,
14,22]. The most serious argument against this per-
spective relates to the influence that sample size has
in determining the significance of any statistical test.
Hayes [7], for example, pointed out that virtually any
study can be made to yield statistically significant re-
sults if the researcher includes enough subjects. To
avoid the possibility of misleading research consumers,
the latest edition of the Publication Manual [1] suggests
14. that all authors provide estimates of practical or clinical
significance along with all statistical significance tests
reported in the Results section.
A quantitative Results section should be limited to
the findings obtained by the researcher(s) in the cur-
rent investigation. Speculation concerning what those
findings mean in a larger context is reserved for the
Discussion section.
The Results sections of qualitatively oriented articles
display much more variety in the content and manner of
presentation than is found in quantitative studies. Be-
cause the researcher’s subjective interpretations help to
shape the processes and outcomes of qualitative inves-
tigations, results are often framed in broad, interpretive
contexts. In that regard, the lines between the Results
and Discussion sections are often blurred in qualitative
research.
Researchers (qualitative and quantitative) commonly
use tables and figures to summarize and/or graphically
present their results. There is wide variability in the
content and presentation of tables and figures, with
the most important universal requirement being easy
interpretability for the reader.
2.6. Discussion
The Discussion section serves as the researcher’s fo-
rum to go beyond the current investigation and discuss
the contributions of study findings to existing litera-
ture, theory, and professional practices. The first part
of a thoughtful Discussion is often an analysis of the
study’s results vis a vis the research questions and hy-
15. potheses. Researchers should begin with a discussion
of whether the hypotheses were upheld, posit possible
explanations for those outcomes, and draw implications
from the findings back to the research problem that was
identified in the Introduction. If the results provide
a warrant for modifying or re-testing the conceptual
framework upon which the investigation was based, the
Discussion section is the place to suggest a reformula-
tion of the underlying theory. Researchers should also
include a statement of the scientific limitations of the
current study, along with specific recommendations for
future research. Finally, the researcher ends the arti-
cle with a cogent summary of the conclusions, in the
most general sense, that can be drawn from the methods
and findings of the current study. Some authors use a
separate Conclusion section for this purpose.
2.7. References
The final section of a research article is always a
listing of the references that were cited in the body of
the text. References are listed in alphabetical order,
according to authors’ last names. Most rehabilitation
journals require adherence to the American Psycholog-
ical Association’s [1] guidelines regarding the compo-
sition of the References section.
3. A scale for critiquing research manuscript and
articles
Understanding the components, organization, and
composition of a research article will help make Work
subscribers better informed consumers as they read em-
pirically based publications. As readers digest the con-
tents of research articles and apply them to their prac-
tices, the “anatomy” of research reports can serve as a
16. useful rubric for critically analyzing the quality, con-
tent, and practical significance of published articles.
Table 1 presents specific questions for conducting a
section-by-section critique of a rehabilitation research
article.
4. Conclusion
This article examined the components of a research
article and provided guidelines for conducting a critical
analysis of published research. Although the descrip-
tions of the components of a research article provide
P. Rumrill et al. / Guidelines for evaluating research articles
263
only a skeletal summary of what should be included
in a published research article, they should provide the
reader enough information to both prepare manuscripts
for publication and evaluate the empirical research that
appears in Work and other rehabilitation journals.
References
[1] Washington, D.C., American Psychological Association,
Pub-
lication manual of the American Psychological Association,
(Fourth Edition), 1994.
[2] Bandura, A., Social foundations of thought and action: A
social cognitive theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,
1986.
[3] Bellini, J., Bolton, B. and Neath, J., Rehabilitation
17. counselors
assessments of applicants functional limitations as predictors
of rehabilitation services provided, Rehabilitation Counseling
Bulletin 41(4) (1998), 242–258.
[4] Bellini, J. and Rumrill, P., Research in rehabilitation
counsel-
ing: A guide to design, methodology, and utilization, Spring-
field, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishers, 1999.
[5] Bolton, B. and Brookings, J., Development of a multifaceted
definition of empowerment, Rehabilitation Counseling Bul-
letin 39(4) (1996), 256–264.
[6] Diksa, E. and Rogers, E., Employer concerns about hiring
per-
sons with psychiatric disability: Results of the employer atti -
tude questionnaire, Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 40(1)
(1996), 31–44.
[7] Hayes, W., Statistics for psychologists, New York: Holt,
Rine-
hart, and Winston, 1981.
[8] Heppner, P., Kivlighan, D. and Wampold, B., Research
design
in counseling, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1992.
[9] Heppner, P., Kivlighan, D. and Wampold, B., Research
design
in counseling, (2nd Edition), Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole,
1999.
[10] Hershenson, D., A systems reformulation of a
developmental
model of work adjustment, Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin
18. 40(1) (1996), 2–10.
[11] Hunter, J., Needed: A ban on the significance test,
Psycholog-
ical Science 8 (1997), 3–7.
[12] Kazdin, A., Research design in clinical psychology, (2nd
Edi-
tion), Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1998.
[13] Krause, J. and Anson, C., Self-perceived reasons for unem-
ployment cited by persons with spinal cord injury: Relation-
ship to gender, race, age, and level of injury, Rehabilitation
Counseling Bulletin 39(3) (1996), 217–227.
[14] McClure, P., Determining the significance of significance:
P-
values, effect size, and clinical judgement, Journal of Hand
Therapy 12 (1999), 40–41.
[15] McMillan, J. and Schumacher, S., Research in education: A
conceptual introduction, (Fourth Edition), New York: Long-
man, 1997.
[16] Munley, P., Sharkin, B. and Gelso, C., Reviewer ratings
and agreement on manuscripts reviewed for the Journal of
Counseling Psychology, Journal of Counseling Psychology 35
(1988), 198–202.
[17] Orwell, G., Politics and the English language, in: A
collection
of essays, G. Orwell ed., San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, and
Jovanovich, 1946, pp. 156–171.
[18] Ravesloot, C. and Seekins, T., Vocational rehabilitation
19. coun-
selors’ attitudes toward self-employment outcomes, Rehabili-
tation Counseling Bulletin 39(3) (1996), 189–201.
[19] Rumrill, P., Roessler, R. and Denny, G., Increasing
confidence
in the accommodation request process among persons with
multiple sclerosis: A career maintenance self-efficacy inter-
vention, Journal of Job Placement 13(1) (1997), 5–9.
[20] Rumrill, P., Roessler, R. and Koch, L., Surveying the
employ-
ment concerns of people with multiple sclerosis: A participa-
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itation 12(2) (1999), 75–82.
[21] Schaller, J. and Parker, R., Effect of graduate research in-
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P. Rumrill et al. / Guidelines for evaluating research articles
261
Table 1
A scale for critiquing research articles
Instructions: Answer the following questions regarding the
article, “ ”. Use examples
20. from the article to support your analyses.
A. Title
1. Does the title describe the study?
2. Do the key words of the title serve as key elements of the
article?
3. Is the title concise, i.e., free of distracting or extraneous
phrases?
B. Abstract
4. Does the abstract summarize the study’s purpose, methods,
and findings?
5. Does the abstract reveal the independent and dependent
variables under study?
6. Are there any major premises or findings presented in the
article that are not mentioned in the abstract?
7. Does the abstract provide you with sufficient information to
determine whether you would be interested in reading
the entire article?
C. Introduction
8. Is the research problem clearly identified?
9. Is the problem significant enough to warrant the study that
was conducted?
10. Do the authors present a theoretical rationale for the study?
11. Is the conceptual framework of the study appropriate in
light of the research problem?
12. Do the author’s hypotheses and/or research questions seem
logical in light of the conceptual framework and research
problem?
21. 13. Are hypotheses and research questions clearly stated? Are
they directional?
14. Overall, does the literature review lead logically into the
Method section?
D. Method
15. Is the sample clearly described, in terms of size, relevant
characteristics, selection and assignment procedures, and
whether any inducements were used to solicit subjects?
16. Do the instruments described seem appropriate as meausres
of the variables under study?
17. Have the authors included sufficient information about the
psychometric properties (e.g., reliability and validity) of
the instruments?
18. Are the materials used in conducting the study or in
collecting data clearly described?
19. Are the study’s scientific procedures thoroughly described
in chronological order?
20. Is the design of the study identified (or made evident)?
21. Do the design and procedures seem appropriate in light of
the research problem, conceptual framework, and research
questions/hypotheses?
22. Overall, does the method section provide sufficient
information to replicate the study?
E. Results
23. Is the Results section clearly written and well organized?
24. Are data coding and analysis appropriate in light of the
study’s design and hypotheses?
25. Are salient results connected directly to hypotheses?
26. Are tables and figures clearly labeled? Well organized?
22. Necessary (non-duplicative of text)?
F. Discussion and Conclusion
27. Are the limitations of the study delineated?
28. Are findings discussed in terms of the research problem,
conceptual framework, and hypotheses?
29. Are implications for future research and/or rehabilitation
counseling practice identified?
30. Are the author’s general conclusions warranted in light of
the results?
G. References
31. Is the reference list sufficiently current?
32. Do works cited reflect the breadth of existing literature
regarding the topic of the study?
33. Are bibliographic citations used appropriately in the text?
H. General Impressions
34. Is the article well written and organized?
35. Does the study address an important problem in the lives of
people with disabilities?
36. What are the most important things you learned from this
article?
37. What do you see as the most compelling strengths of this
study?
38. How might this study be improved?
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