This document provides an overview of the components and structure of a scientific paper. It explains that a scientific paper has key sections including the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. The title should concisely describe the content. The abstract provides a brief summary of the paper. The introduction states the research problem or question. The methods section describes how the study was conducted. The results section outlines the findings without interpretation. The discussion section interprets the results in the context of previous research. References are included to give credit to prior work.
Writing Science papers for for publication requires something more thatn creativity. Target journals, content organization, wrting style, elegance and referencing are equally important.
Writing Science papers for for publication requires something more thatn creativity. Target journals, content organization, wrting style, elegance and referencing are equally important.
Running head: RESEARCH TYPES
1
Title of PaperStudent NameWalden University
Class Number, Section Number, Class Name
Date of Submission
SEE PAGE 5
Title of Paper
Introduction to topic that gives the audience and idea of what you will be discussing in the paper. This should be a brief paragraph that provides an overview of the key points that will be addressed. This section should be concluded with a purpose statement. The purpose of this paper is …consider the intent of the application and list all requirements.
Research Methodologies
Discuss the attributes of quantitative and qualitative research methods and compare/contrast the type of information you can obtain from both types of research. Make sure you are referencing the course learning materials as well as some external references. You should have a minimum of three course learning resource references and two credible external references. Remember that web sites are only considered credible if they end in .gov, .edu, or .org.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Discuss the reality that there are advantages and disadvantages to both types of research.
Quantitative Research
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative research. When is it helpful and when is it not helpful. Consider things like type of information that you are seeking, ethics, time needed to complete, etc.
Qualitative Research
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of quantitative research. When is it helpful and when is it not helpful. Consider things like type of information that you are seeking, ethics, time needed to complete, etc. Also, make sure you address the argument that qualitative research is not real science. Is this true? Why or why not? What value does qualitative research have in nursing practice?
Summary
Write a one paragraph summary of the main points of the paper. This is not an area for adding new information. That should be in the body of your paper. Do not forget to appropriately cite in references in this section too. This is a good place to pull in your course learning resources again.
References
Last name, X. (Year of publication). Name of online article. Source. Retrieved from http:// www.nameofwebsite.com
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication). Name of book here. City, State Initial: Publisher.
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication). Name of journal article: Capitalize only letters after punctuation marks. The Journal of Whatever, Volume (Number), Page-Page. doi: number if available.
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication). Name of journal article: Capitalize only letters after punctuation marks. The Journal of Whatever, Volume (Number), Page-Page. doi: number if available.
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication). Name of journal article: Capitalize only letters after punctuation marks. The Journal of Whatever, Volume (Number), Page-Page. doi: number if available.
Last name, X. X. (Year of publication) ...
Format for Research Papers California State Universit.docxshericehewat
Format for Research Papers
California State University, Bakersfield
Department of Biology
A scientific research report is a form of
communication in which the investigator
succinctly presents and interprets data collected in
an investigation. Writing such reports is similar to
the writing in other scientific disciplines except
that the format will differ as will the criteria for
grading.
Writing the Report
The questions and hypotheses that initiate
an investigation, the resultant data gathered, and
the background information obtained by reading
the literature will lead to conclusions. Your
research report presents these conclusions and the
appropriate evidence (data and relevant literature).
Before writing the report, construct an
outline that logically presents the information to
support your conclusions. Organize the data into
tables and figures to present the evidence in a
logical order. Many authors prefer to construct a
draft by rapidly putting down ideas with little
regard to sentence structure, and to make
corrections later. Others prefer to make revisions
as they proceed. Write the report with a target
audience of other students with experience in
biology equivalent to that of the class for which
the report is written.
Proper use of English is considered
paramount in grading. Your major responsibility
is to make the reader understand exactly what you
mean by using words with precision, clarity, and
economy. Every sentence should be exact and say
something of importance (no "padding").
Economy and accuracy require using
straightforward English sentences (subject, verb,
and object). Follow a consistent pattern of tenses.
Write in the active voice unless you have good
reason to use the passive voice. The active is the
natural voice, the one in which people commonly
speak and write.
Quotations are to be avoided. All
sentences should be based on your understanding
of source material that you then write as your own
original sentences. When discussing the works of
others, do not include extraneous information,
such as first names or scientific affiliations. In
scientific writing, the major idea of a paragraph (or
sentence) is placed first. Evidence for the idea,
modifications, exceptions, etc., then follow. This
allows readers to quickly skim research reports by
reading the first sentence in each paragraph.
After finishing a draft, review it to see if
the paragraphs and sentences follow a logical
sequence. Examine the arrangement of paragraphs
within a section; some may belong in another
section. Make sure that the transitions from one
idea to another are clear. Study each sentence to
see if it can be clarified, shortened, or omitted.
Rewrite as necessary to achieve clarity. This type
of review and rewriting is best done after not
looking at the manuscript for a few days. Then,
you should ...
Fundamentals of Research Article and Scientific Methods.pptxNehaa Dubey
This presentation clarifies the fundamental framework of a research article while presenting a comprehensive explication of the scientific method in a manner accessible to a wide audience.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
9. Introduction: What was the question?
Methods: How did you try to answer it?
Results : What did you find?
Discussion : What does it mean?
10. Fewest possible words that adequately
describe the contents of the paper.
It is just the first step in attracting a
potential reader so it must be chosen
with great care.
An improperly titled paper will get lost
and will never be read.
11. Neither too short nor too long (good title for a research
paper is typically around 10 to 12 words long)
Have no abbreviations or jargon.
concise, specific and informative.
Title contains:
Research problem
Research variables
Target population
Place and time
contain the keywords.
12. Majority of readers will find your
research via electronic data base
searches and those search engine rely
on keywords that found in title.
17. Research problem
Place and time
Target population
Research variables
Dental Fluorosis
Intelligence quotient
school children
Bagalkot district
in 2011
18. Ensure recognitions of the writers.
ONLY include those who have made an
intellectual contribution to the research.
OR those who have approved the final
version .
22. short , powerful , complete , concise .
contain the keywords.
provide a brief summary of each of the main sections
of the paper:
o State the research objective(question)
o scope of the investigation
o Describe the methods used
o Summarize the results
o State the principal conclusions
23. If your study was about :
randomized trial that investigates
whether X therapy improved
cognitive function in 40 dementia
patients from 6 cities in Japan; it
reports improved cognitive function.
What key word you can use?
24. You can use:
randomized trial that investigates
whether X therapy improved
cognitive function in 40 dementia
patients from 6 cities in Japan; it
reports improved cognitive function.
28. Aim of the study
Identify the questions you are answering
Related studies.
State how your work differs from published work.
Briefly describe the experiment, hypothesis, research
question; general experimental design or method
30. How did you study the problem?
What did you use?
How did you proceed?
Method
Material
Procedure
31. The source of subjects studied :
number of individuals in each group used
their gender, age, and weight .
The protocol for collecting data:
how the experimental procedures were carried
out.
How the data were analyzed.
Methods section should be written in the past
tense
33. It is the core or heart of the paper.
It needs to be clearly and simply stated.
It describe what was discovered.
It summarize the findings in an orderly
and logical sequence, without
interpretation.
34. The text should guide the reader through the
findings, stressing the major points.
Any table or figure must be sufficiently described by
its title and caption to be understandable without
reading the main text of the results section.
Should not have both a table and a figure showing the
same information.
Don`t evaluate the result in this section.
Methods section should be written in the past tense
35.
36.
37. It is interpretation of the results in
light of what was already known
about the subject of the
investigation, and to explain the new
understanding of the problem after
taking the new results into
consideration.
38. Describe what your results mean in context of
what was already known about the subject .
Often should begin with a brief summary of the
main findings
Indicate how the results relate to expectations.
Show how your results and interpretations agree
or don`t agree with previously published work.
39. Discuss the theoretical implications of your
work, and any possible practical
applications.
State your conclusions as clearly as possible.
Summarize your evidence for each
conclusion.
40. 1. If hypothesis testing was done.
was/were the hypotheses supported or not supported?
2. Are the results interpreted in the context of the
problem/purpose, hypothesis, and theoretical
framework/literature reviewed?
3. What generalizations are made? is it with the scope of
findings?
5. What recommendations for future research are stated
or implied?
41. 6. Are there other studies with similar findings?
7. What risks/benefits are involved for patients
if the research findings would be used in
practice?
8. Is direct application of the research findings
feasible in terms of time, effort, money, and
legal/ethical risks?
9. Would it be possible to replicate this study
in another clinical practice setting?
42. Any significant technical help that
Researcher have received from any
individual in lab or elsewhere.
The source of special equipment, cultures,
or any other material
Any outside financial assistance, such as
grants, contracts or fellowships.
44. It is a standardized way of acknowledging the
sources of information and ideas that you
have used in your document.
Functions:
To give credit
To add credibility
To help readers find further information
Importance of accuracy
45. Components of references :
Authors
Title
Edition number
Place of publication and publisher
Year of publication
A reference list contains only the books,
articles, and web pages etc that are cited
in the text of the document.
46. Adams, A.B. (1983a) Article title: subtitle.
Journal Title 46 (Suppl. 2), 617-619
Adams, A.B. (1988b) Book Title. Publisher, New
York.
Bennett, W.P., Hoskins, M.A., Brady, F.P. et al.
(1993) Article title. Journal Title 334 , 31-35.
50. Section purpose
Title describe the contents of the paper
Authors Ensure recognitions of the writers
Abstract Describe what was done in few words
Introduction Explain the problem
Methods explains how data were collected
Results It describe what was discovered
Discussion Discuss the implications of findings
Acknowledgments Ensures those who helped in the
research are recognized
References Ensure previously published work is
recognized
Editor's Notes
If you don`t publish your research by writing a scientic paper that mean you don`t make any thing and pepole will not care about what you did with out a scientic paper .
لتقييم الملاحظات.
لتكون متاحة للمجتمع العلمي
متاحة للالفحص المنتظم من جانب واحد أو أكثر من قواعد البيانات.
لنقل النتائج العلمية الجديدة.
The IMRAD Format for Scientific Papers
موجزة ومحددة وغنية بالمعلومات.
AIDZ HIV
SOS "Save Our Souls
It is to short , NOT specific (we cauld say in pregnant women)
not attractive.
intellectual contribution مساهمة فكرية
Describe what was done in few words
The reader can decide whether or not to read the whole article
dementia خرف
Implications اثار البحث
Describe the problem .
وصف ما تعنيه نتائجك في سياق ما هو معروف بالفعل عن هذا الموضوع.
تشير الكيفية التي ترتبط بها النتائج إلى التوقعات
إذا تم اختبار الفرضية.
كان / كانت فرضيات مدعومة أو غير معتمد؟
2. هل نتائج تفسيرها في سياق المشكلة / الغرض، الفرضية، والنظري الإطار / الأدب استعرضت؟
3. ما التعميمات مصنوعة؟ غير أنه مع نطاق النتائج؟
5. ما هي التوصيات للبحث في المستقبل وذكروا صراحة أو ضمنا؟
6. هل هناك دراسات أخرى مع نتائج مماثلة؟
7. ما هي المخاطر / تشارك فوائد للمرضى إذا كانت نتائج البحوث سوف تستخدم في الممارسة العملية؟
8. هل التطبيق المباشر للنتائج البحوث مجدية من حيث الوقت والجهد والمال، و/ المخاطر الأخلاقية القانونية؟
9. هل من الممكن لتكرار هذه الدراسة في وضع الممارسة السريرية آخر؟
عطاء الائتمان
لإضافة مصداقية
لمساعدة القراء على العثور على مزيد من المعلومات
Harvard format (the name and year system) is the most widely used.
The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author.
If an item has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.
If more than one item has the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.
Each reference appears on a new line.
Many authors write the abstract last so that it accurately reflects the content of the paper