1. The document provides guidance on writing various sections of a research paper, including the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion. 2. Key recommendations include writing a clear and concise title that includes the main concepts and variables, establishing the background and importance of the study in the introduction, and thoroughly reviewing related literature and previous studies. 3. The methodology section should describe the research design and procedures in sufficient detail to allow replication. Results should be presented alongside interpretations and related to previous findings. Conclusions summarize key outcomes and may provide recommendations.

1. Writing the Title of Research

2. Writing the Title of Research
1. Write clearly.
2. Include the main concepts.
3. Write the variables being investigated. In case many
variables are being studied, choose terms that will
summarize these variables instead of spelling them
all out.

3. Writing the Title of Research
4. For specificity,
a) Indicate relationships among variables:
difference, effect, association as the case may be;
b) Write the target population.
5. Use a maximum of 20 substantive words (function
words not included in the count).

4. Writing the Title of Research
6. For brevity in the title, the following expressions
should be dropped: “An investigation of”, “A study
of”, “An inquiry into”, “A comparison of” , and the
like. All theses and dissertations are investigations.

5. Writing the Outline

6. Writing the Outline
A. Functions of Outlines:
Outlines
show points that still need research;
indicate items (topics) that have been over-researched;
improve the thinking process;
form basis of thesis or research report.

7. Writing the Outline
B. Kinds of Outline:
1. Topic outline
2. Sentence outline
contains more formal and complete thought units than the topic
outline

8. Writing the Outline
C. Methods of Outlining:
1. Number – Letter Sequence 2. Decimal Pattern
Example: Example:
I. __________ 1. __________
A. __________ 1.1 __________
1. __________
a. __________ 1.2 __________
b. __________ 1.21 __________
2. __________
a. __________ 1.22 __________
b. __________ 2. ____________
c. __________
B. __________ 2.1 __________
1. __________ 2.2 __________
2. __________
II. __________

9. Writing the Outline
D. Important Note on the Method:
Level I cannot exist without at least Level II; Level A
cannot exist without at least Level B, and so forth. There
should be at least two similar levels in an outline.
E. Table of Contents
is a less detailed outline but contains highlights of the
thesis.

10. Writing the Definition

11. Writing the Definition
To define a term, place it into the next larger class or
category of similar objects.
Then, add the special characteristics which make this
object different from the rest of the objects in that class.
Example:
Term: A computer......
Class: ..…is an electronic machine.....
Characteristics: ..…which stores, retrieves and
manipulates information.

12. Writing the Definition
Note: Avoid the temptation of using the term or a
variation of it in the definition.
Example:
A computer is an electronic machine that
computes data.

13. Main Body or Text of the Report

14. Chapter I - The Introduction

15. Chapter I – The Introduction
1. The Background of the Study
– what leads the researcher to undertake the study.
2. The Research Problem and Sub-Problems
– anything in the universe that leads to a “better life” for
man.

16. Chapter I – The Introduction
2. The Research Problem and Sub-Problems (cont’d.)
Energizers:
Difficulty spurts a need to explore.
Out of an old problem, a new problem may evolve.
A thinker is stimulated by what he reads.
An individual group has the urge to achieve and contribute
something to society.
An individual likes to exercise resourcefulness, ingenuity and
creativeness.
Note: Inventions are usually brought about because of
the inventor’s resourcefulness.

17. Chapter I – The Introduction
3. The Importance or Significance of the Study
Who are the probable users of the research results?
In what specific manner could the findings be used?
Will it benefit society as a whole?
Why should the problem be explored?

18. Chapter I – The Introduction
4. The Objectives or Hypotheses
Objectives
are set goals or those that are sought in the study;
serve as pointers in the development of the tool used in
gathering data;
guide the organization of situations – in analysis of data or
discussion of results.
Hypothesis
is a “hunch” that is to be tested in order that it be accepted
or rejected,

19. Chapter I – The Introduction
4. The Objectives or Hypotheses (cont’d.)
Objectives and Hypotheses should be
specific
clearly stated
systematic in ordering situations
short
few
highly relevant to the problem

20. Chapter I – The Introduction
5. The Limitations of the Study
State why other aspects relevant to the study are
omitted.
Describe unusual occurrences in the process of data
collection and others.
6. Definition of Terms

21. Chapter II – The Review of
Related Literature

22. Chapter II – The Review of Related
Literature
Part 1 – General concepts, principles and theories
related to the study
Part 2 – Local studies done along the same line of
research
Part 3 – Foreign Studies

23. Chapter II – The Review of Related
Literature
Notes:
The study is not a mere repetition of a
previous work or a replicate of a previous study.
The important past works of others are not
overlooked.
The study could be a verification of findings
of past researchers.

24. Chapter III – The Methodology
or Procedure

25. Chapter III – The Methodology or
Procedure
Experimental research involves an attempt to
control all essential factors save a single
variable.
The variables are manipulated with a view to
determine and measure their effects on
specified experimental conditions.

26. Chapter III – The Methodology or
Procedure
The stages in carrying out the experiments
should be described in sufficient detail so that
the entire procedure could be replicated by
another researcher who would wish to repeat
the experiment.
The better the quality of the equipment, the
more accurate and reliable the results.

27. Chapter IV – The Presentation
and Interpretation of Results

28. Chapter IV – The Presentation and
Interpretation of Results
Experimental and control groups are usually
presented side by side in tables or graphs to
vividly present existing differences.
Findings are interpreted in the light of results
found by other researchers.

29. Chapter IV – The Presentation and
Interpretation of Results
Empirical observations may be used to explain
occurrences.
Interpretations deduced from reviews of
literature and other research studies should
be properly documented.

30. Chapter V – Summary, Conclusions
and Recommendations

31. Chapter V – Summary, Conclusions
and Recommendations
In the summary, no interpretation of results
should be made; however, emphasis should
be given to results that are “outstanding”.
The goal of a researcher is to make general
statements that could be explained by the
data gathered.

32. Chapter V – Summary, Conclusions
and Recommendations
Recommendations are meant to improve a
particular field of study, a situation or life in
general.
Devoid of implications, the research is
meaningless.