This document discusses various concepts related to understanding culture, society, and politics. It defines key terms like primary and secondary groups, in-groups and out-groups, reference groups, kinship, and different types of families and households. Specifically, it explains that primary groups involve close-knit, long-term relationships while secondary groups are larger and more task-oriented. It also outlines the different ways societies organize around kinship through descent, marriage, and ritual bonds.

1. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY
AND POLITICS
Prepared by: Ms. Cherrylyn T. MAGANO, LPT.

2. REVIEW!
1. What are the bases of social stratification?
2.What are the other bases of social stratification?
3. What are the causes of social stratification?

3. JUMBLED LETTERS
1. REFINDS
2. AFLYIM
3. SHIPKIN

4. HOW SOCIETY IS
ORGANIZED?

5. All societies are organized around conflict, unequal
division of labor, and important decision-making that
affects the whole group.
Modern societies are expected to provide protection, law
and order, economic security, and a sense of
belongingness to all their members.

6. GROUPS
Smaller units that compose a society.
It is a unit of interacting personalities with an
interdependence of roles and statuses existing between
members.

7. IMPORTANCE OF GROUPS
1. The group is a transmitter of culture.
2. The group is a means of social control.
3. The group socializes the individual.
4. The group is a source of ideas.
5. The group trains the individual in communications.

8. SOCIAL GROUP
 A collection of individuals who have relations with one another that
make them interdependent to some significant degree.
 Interdependence is a necessary condition that exists within social
groups because it is what enables its members to pursue shared
goals or promote common values and principles.
 Our social groups profoundly define our identity, as well as our roles
in society.

9. GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY

10. PRIMARY GROUP
 A small, intimate, and less specialized group whose members engage
in face to face and emotion-based interactions over an extended
period of time.
 Members share personal and lasting relationships.
 Members spend a great deal of time together, engage in a wide range
of activities and leisure time together, and feel that they know one
another well.
 They show real concern for one another.
 Relationships formed in primary groups are often long-lasting and
goals in themselves. They are often psychologically comforting to the
individuals involved and provide a source of support.

11. These are some primary groups:
1. FAMILY
Families spend a significant amount of time together, allowing the
members to support, comfort and encourage one another. Families
are connected for a lifetime and are significant to each member’s
personal growth.

12. 2.FRIENDS
They often spend a lot of time experiencing different adventures
together, chatting about personal stories and simply enjoying
each-other’s company.

13. 3. LOVE RELATIONSHIPS
A couple in a love relationship is first brought together as a result of
a mutual physical and emotional attraction. They spend a significant
amount of time together, whether that involves learning about one
another or collectively sharing new experiences.

14. SECONDARY GROUPS
 Larger and less intimate and more specialized groups where members
engage in an impersonal and objective-oriented relationship for a limited
time.
 It sometimes involves weak emotional and interpersonal ties compared to
the primary group.

15.  People in a secondary group interact on a less personal level than in a
primary group, and their relationships are temporary.
 Secondary groups are established to perform functions, people’s
roles are more interchangeable compared to those of the primary
group. They are based on activities.
 Secondary groups are groups in which one exchanges explicit
commodities, such as labour for wages, services for payments, etc.

16. Examples of secondary groups are:
1.School/Class
A classroom consists of students and a teacher, in which the
teacher is in charge of creating a structure and environment that
helps the students learn. In school, there is a specific goal: to have
everyone learn and socialize.

17. 2.Workplace or Place of Employment
 The goal of the structured environment in the workplace is to fulfil a
pre-determined assignment. Here, members of the group form
formal (professional) relationships that are often governed by power
dynamics.

18. SOCIAL CATEGORIZATION
 The process of classifying people into groups based on similar
characteristics: nationality, age, occupation, race, etc.
 Such categorizing is a mental shortcut that allows us to infer
properties about a person based on the properties of others in the
same category.
 However, one must be careful and sensitive so as not to make any
hasty generalization about any group.

19. IN- GROUP
A group to which one belongs and with which one feels a sense of
identity.
 It is social category or group which you identify with strongly.

20. OUT- GROUP
A group to which one does not belong and to which he or she may
feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.
 It is a social group with which an individual does not identify.

21. There are lot of factors and features which can determine
the position of an individual as a member of in the in-group
or the out-group. These are some:
Race: Asians vs. Caucasians
Culture: Filipinos vs. Chinese
Gender: Males vs. Females (or non-binary)
Age: Teenagers vs. Senior Citizens
Religion: Muslim vs. Christians (or non-religious)

22. REFERENCE GROUPS
 A collection of people that we use as a standard of comparison for
ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group.
 A group to which we compare ourselves. It serves as the standard to
which we base our behavior and attitudes.

23. • Reference groups are used in order to guide our behaviour
and attitudes and help us to identify social norms.
• Reference groups are used in order to evaluate and
determine the nature of a given individual or other group’s
characteristics and sociological attributes.
• It is a group to which the individual relates or aspires to
relate psychologically

24. These are types of reference group:
1.Informal Reference Groups
• It is based on the groups’ shared interest and goals.
Members react on a personal level.
Examples are family and friends.
2.Formal Reference Groups
• Have a specific goal or mission.
Examples are Employee Unions, military, church
organizations.

25. 3.Membership Reference Groups
 Groups that are in agreement as regards attitude, norms, and
behaviors. One example would be an advocacy group, such as
Gabriela in the Philippines, which prioritizes women’s rights.
4.Disclaimant Reference Groups
 Group we do not agree with as regards attitudes, norms, and
behaviors. A person who believes in the importance of human rights
might find DDS members to be a disclaimant reference group.

26. 5.Aspirational Reference Group
A group of an individual doesn’t belong to but aspires to
become a part in the future.
6.Dissociative Reference Group
A group to which an individual doesn’t belong and
disapproves of in regard to attitudes, norms, and behaviors.

27. KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, and THE HOUSEHOLD
 In anthropology, kinship is the web of social relationships that form
an important part of the lives of most humans in most societies,
although its exact meaning, even within this discipline, are often
debated.

28. KINSHIP
 The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in a
group.
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
 There are two kinds of kin:
 Consanguineal kin are people who are biologically related to one
another, such as brothers and sisters or parents and their children.
 Affinal kin are people who are related to you by virtue of
marriage bond, such as husband and wife or parents in law.

29. THREE MAIN TYPES OF AFFILIATION WITH
KIN:
UNILINEAL DESCENT
 A person is affiliated with a group of kin through descent links of one
sex only. (either males or females)
 This traces descent only through a single line of ancestors, male or
female. Both males and females are members of a unilineal family,
but descent links are only recognized through relatives of one gender.
The two basic forms of unilineal descent are referred to as patrilineal
and matrilineal.

30. PATRILINEAL DESCENT
 Affiliates an individual with kin of both sexes related to him or her
through men only.
 Both males and females belong to their father's kin group but not
their mother's. However, only males pass on their family identity to
their children. A woman's children are members of her husband's
patrilineal line.

31. MATRILINEAL DESCENT
 Affiliates an individual with kin of both sexes related to him or her
through women only.
There are four groups which refer themselves as belonging to particular
unilineal group because they believe they share common descent in
either the patrilineal line or the matrilineal line.
1.Lineages – It is a set of kin whose members trace descent from
common ancestors through known link. They are often designated by
the name of the common male or female ancestor.

32. 2.Clans – It is a set of kin whose members believe them to be
descended from a common, but unspecified, ancestor. Clans with
patrilineal descent are called patriclans while those with a matrilineal
descent are called matriclans.
3.Phratries- It is a unilateral descent group composed of supposedly
related clans.
4.Moieties- It is when a whole society is divided into two unilineal
descent groups. The people in each moiety believe themselves to be
descended from a common ancestor.

33. KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
What is Marriage?
 Marriage means a socially approved sexual and economic union,
usually between a man and a woman. It is a socially approved sexual
union in that a married couple does not have to hide the sexual
nature of their relationship.

34. There are a lot of rules governing types of
marriages:
MONOGAMY, POLYGAMY, GROUP MARRIAGE
 Societies regulate the number of spouses that a person may have:
1.Monogamy- It is a form of marriage in which one man marries one
woman. It is the most common and acceptable form of marriage.
2.Polygamy- It is a form of marriage in which one is entitled to marry
many partners.

35. 2.1 Polygyny- It is a form of marriage in which one man marries
more than one woman at a given time. There are two types:
• Sororal Polygyny- It is a type of marriage in which the wives are invariably
sisters.
• Non-sororal Polygyny - It is a type of marriage in which the wives are not related
as sisters.
2.2 Polyandry- It is the marriage of one woman to more than one
man. It is less common than polygyny. There are two types:
• Fraternal Polyandry- When several brothers share the same wife, the practice
can be called fraternal polyandry.
• Non-Fraternal Polyandry- The husbands sharing a wife are not related.

36. 3. Group Marriage- It means the marriage of two or more women with
two or more men. Here the husbands are common husbands and the
wives are common wives.

37. ENDOGAMY and EXOGAMY
There are rules that the male and female must consider.
The rules of marriage are very important.
No society gives absolute freedom to its members to select
their partners.
Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that
condition marital choice.

38. Endogamy – It is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to
be selected within the group.
 It is marriage within the group and the group may be caste, class,
tribe, race, village, religious group, etc.
 One culture that practices endogamy to this day are traditional
Chinese families, wherein arranged marriage may still be practiced.
 When making their choice, Chinese parents will choose from a family
that belong within the same group as themselves.

39.  Exogamy- It is a rule of marriage in which an individual has to marry
outside his own group. It prohibits marrying within the group.
 The so-called blood relatives shall neither have marital connections
nor sexual contacts among themselves.

40. KINSHIP BY RITUAL
 A ritual kinship is a privileged social relationship established by ritual, such as that of
godparents or fraternal orders.
 A very famous ritual kinship is the Compadrazgo. This is quite identical to the Filipino
idea of kumparehan.
 From the moment the baptism ceremony is held, the godparents share the parenting
role of the baptised child with the natural parents.
 By Catholic doctrine, upon the child’s baptism, the godparents accept the
responsibility to ensure that the child is raised according to the dictates of the Catholic
faith and to ensure that the child pursues a life of improvement and success.
 At the moment of baptism, the godparents and the natural parents become each
other’s compadres. For women, comadre is the term being used.

41. FAMILY and THE HOUSEHOLDS
Types of families and their forms are based on various parameters.
You can find the list of types of family and family forms, below.
Types of Family on the Basis of Marriage
• Polygamous or Polygynous Family – It is a family wherein there are
either two fathers to one mother or two mothers to one father.
• Polyandrous Family – It is a family where one woman has more than
one husband.
• Monogamous Family – It is a family with one husband and one wife,
exclusive to one another.

42. Types of Families on the Basis of the Nature of
Residence
• Family of Patrilocal Residence – The son stays and the daughter
leaves, so that the married couple lives with or near the husband’s
parents.
• Family of Matrilocal Residence– The daughter stays and the son
leaves, so that the married couple leaves with or near the wife’s
parents.
• Family of Bilocal Residence – Either the son or the daughter leaves,
so that the married couple lives with or near either the wife’s or the
husband’s parents.

43. Types of Family on the Basis of Size or Structure
 Nuclear Family – Single(monogamous) couple along with their
children only.
 Matrilocal Family – The dominant parent in such families is usually
the mother.
 Extended Family – may consist of two or more monogamous parents,
and members that extend beyond the nuclear members.

44. Types of Family on the Basis of the Nature Relations
Conjugal Family – It consists of adult members among
whom exists a sexual relationship.
Consaguine Family – It consists of members among whom
there exists blood relationship brother and sister, father, and
son, etc,