1. Becoming a member of society involves socialization and enculturation processes where individuals learn social norms through interaction and transmission of cultural values from their group. 2. Social identity formation begins in childhood through acquiring primary roles and statuses, and continues into secondary identities achieved through life experiences. 3. Societies maintain order through norms governing behaviors from folkways to laws, and individuals develop status and perform roles based on their position in society. Conformity is rewarded while deviance is stigmatized.

1. Becoming a Member of Society

2. How is culture ingrained
in children?
Nature? Nurture?

3. Social Learning Theory
• Argue that the set of behaviors of
an individual is acquired through
enculturation and socialization
processes.

4. Socialization
Process by which an individual is oriented
and taught by his or her society’s norms.
This process occurs through social
interaction and transmission of the culture of
the group.

5. Feral Children of France (Wild children)
Victor – “boy of Aveyron”
• Lived in the forest alone from his 4th to 12th
year
• 1797, taken in by Jean Marc Gaspard Itard

6. Identity Formation

7. Social Identity
• is a person’s notion of who he or she is in a
society.
• Including the roles and status that one
performs in accord to what the society
expects of him or her.

8. Identity
Primary Identity
- The roles and status
learned as a child
Secondary Identity
- Roles and status that
are achieved

9. Model Consciousness: the I and Me perspective
(Wilber, 1997)
“I”
My being and my
existing – the
existential “I”
“Me”
My behavior and
my activity – the
doing “me”
“I”
My meaning –
making and my
values the cultural
“I”
“Me”
My social roles and
public persona–
the performing
“me”

10. Theories on Identity

11. Role Learning Theory
Argument:
individuals learn
a repertoire of
social roles from
their society.
Then they
reproduce this
repertoire in
their behavior.
Conformity:
acceptance
Nonconformity:
ostracism
Criticism:
Too socialization-
deterministic, it
side steps the
potential of
humans to
recreate roles
and not just
accept them

12. Symbolic Interactionism
• individuals are capable of creating their own solutions
to life’s problems.
• the symbols to which people attach meaning and
values are the basis of human communication
• Cooley – each person develops a self and feelings
about his/her self through interaction with others.
“looking-glass self” – a person’s self is a reflection of
how others perceive him/her

13. Three steps in building our looking-
glass self:
1. Our understanding of how we look to
others
2. our notion of the way others judge the
image we think they perceive
3. our interpretation of the importance
and meaning of the judgment of others

14. Cultural Values
• refers to all those ideas held in a society that
are considered good , acceptable and right.
It informs the types of aspirations that
members of society aspire for, and these are
labelled as social goals.

15. Conflict theory on values & goals
• values and goals are sometimes the source of
conflict within a society, as individuals have
varying access and experiences relating to it.
Ex: Kumpadrino system leads to political
dynasties and nepotism

16. Structural-Functionalist Theory on
values & goals
• values exist to create a unity and harmony
within the structure and fulfil the needs of the
individuals. This uses the organismic view of
society wherein parts are interrelated and
critical for its existence.
• Ex: the values that Filipino attach to family
promote tightly knit communities that serves
as support groups

17. Categories of Norms
• Folkways
socially accepted behaviors that have no
moral underpinnings
Example:
Americans – rude for a visitor to make
slurping sounds when consuming soups
Koreans – encourage it

18. • Mores
- Norms related to moral conventions
Ex:
Abortion, use of artificial contraceptives,
religious practices
Categories of Norms

19. • Taboos
- Behaviors that are absolutely forbidden in a
specific culture
Ex:
Cannibalism, incest
Categories of Norms

20. • Laws
- Rules and regulations implemented by the
state, making them the prime source of social
control
- Violations of laws are met with punishments,
ostracism, fines and imprisonment.
Categories of Norms

21. Status and Role
Status is an individual’s position in his/her
society, which carries with it a set of defined
rights and obligations
Your status as a student comes with
obligations and rights, which are defined as
your roles. Roles are the sets of expectations
from people who occupy a particular status.

22. Types of Status
Ascribed Status- a social position a person
receives at birth or take son involuntarily in
life
Achieved Status- social position a person takes
voluntarily that reflects personal identity and
effort.

23. • The behavior of an individual within a social
space in accordance to his/her status is called
role performance.
• The multiplicity of roles within a given status
is called a role set.
• Role strain implies that an individual is having
a difficulty in performing the role required of
him/her.
• Role exit is the process of discontinuing a role

24. Conformity and Deviance

25. Conformity
• is the act of following the roles and goals of
one’s society.
• This behavior is often met with rewards and
acceptance from other members of society.

26. Deviance
• is the act of violating the prescribed social
norms.
• Often associated with stigma
• Stigma – a strong sense of disapproval on
nonconforming behavior from members of a
society.

27. Theories on Deviance
Social Control
Theory
lack in stronger social bonds within the
society
Rational Choice
theory
Individual’s decision is dependent on
their perceived cost and benefit of an
action
Differential
Association
Theory
Conformity and deviance is learned by
an individual from those he/she
associates with
Labeling Theory Actions are not considered deviant
unless they are labelled as such by
members of a community.

28. Conflict Theory Society consists of opposing groups of
people whose access to power is
unequal. The powerful group determines
which actions are deviant .
Structural-
functionalist
theory
Macro-level: deviance is a product of the
breakdown of social norms which
produces anomie (lawlessness)
Micro-level: deviance is the product of
the role strain that an individual
experiences due to lack of resources to
cope with the demands of the social
norms