Social structure is the organized set of social institutions and patterns of institutionalized relationships that together compose society.

1. SOCIAL STRUCTURE Unit 2

2. SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Social structure is the organized set of social institutions and
patterns of institutionalized relationships that together compose
society.
The major social institutions recognized by sociologists include
family, religion, education, media, law, politics, and economy.
These are understood as distinct institutions that are interrelated
and interdependent and together help compose the overarching
social structure of a society.

4. SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Social structure is composed of social
institutions and patterns of
institutionalized relationships, but we also
understand it as present in the social
networks that connect us, and in the
interactions that fill our everyday lives.

5. SOCIETY
Synonyms: Noun
Association, board, brotherhood, club,
college, congress, council, fellowship,
institute, institution, league, organization

6. `

7. SOCIETY
An enduring and cooperating social
group whose members have developed
organized patterns of relationships
through interaction with one another.

8. COMMUNITY
A community is a social unit with commonality such as
norms, religion, values, customs, or identity.
Communities may share a sense of place situated in a given
geographical area (e.g. a country, village, town, or
neighborhood) or in virtual space through communication
platforms.

9. COMMUNITY
 The people with common interests living in a particular area
A group of people with a common characteristic or interest living
together within a larger society
A body of persons of common and especially professional interests
scattered through a larger society

10. ASSOCIATION
An organization of persons having a common interest.
An organization of people with a common purpose and
having a formal structure.

12. INSTITUTION
an organization, establishment, foundation, society, or
the like, devoted to the promotion of a particular
cause or program, especially one of a public,
educational, or charitable character.

13. INDIVIDUAL
a person who thinks or behaves in their own original way.

14. PERSONAL
DISORGANIZATION
Personal disorganization represents the
behavior of the individual which deviates from
the social norms. It results in social
disapproval which may express itself in a wide
variety of degree.

15. CAUSE OF PERSONAL
DISORGANIZATION
Lack of privacy
 Incompatibility like in age, mentality, personality and culture
Interference of in-laws and other peoples
Unemployment
Lack or poor resources and low income
Poor discipline
Lack of social control
Lack of mutual understanding

16. CAUSE OF PERSONAL
DISORGANIZATION
 Misunderstanding
Psychological factors
Conflict, including abuse/neglect
Change in attitude.
Stress, anxiety & other mental disorders/illness
Sense of un-security/loneliness
Low self-esteem
Criminals/social evils
Emotionally & mentally un-satisfaction/disturbance

17. SOCIALGROUP
Social Group is any collection of persons who share
common interest and reason for being together. Some
groups are formed naturally; others are organized for a
particular purpose.

18. DEFINITIONS
“A group is any collection of human beings who are brought into social
relationships with one another .”
Macver and Page
“Whenever two or more individuals come together
and influencesone anotherthey may be said to constituteSocial
Group
Ogburn andNimkoff

19. CHARACTERISTICS
Collectivity
Interaction
Mutual Awareness
Reciprocity
We Feeling

20. COLLECTIVITY
The basic pre – requisite of a
group is the existence of more
than one individual . Groups
vary in size from two members
to several hundred million.
These members are aware of
the fact that they belong to the
same group.

21. INTERACTION
The most important characteristics of a group
is the distinctive interaction that occurs among
its members.
When the patterns of interaction become more
involving , we can think of a group.
For e.g. in a class –room, students

22. MUTUAL AWARENESS
Mutual awareness makes them respond and
behave in a particular ways and thus, influence
one another.
Each member recognizes that he is a part of the
group. Greater importance is given to the
group life in comparison with individual life.

23. RECIPROCITY
Members are not only aware of one another, but
also respond or behave in particular ways.
Their relations are reciprocal.
They are in a position to stimulate each other
meaningfully and are in a position to respond
meaningfully to any common stimulus.

24. WE - FEELING
We –feeling means that group members have
common loyalties. They share some similar
values and see as well as set themselves apart
from the rest of the world because of their
membership in one particular group.

25. CLASSIFICATION OF GROUPS
There is an extraordinarily large number of
groups and there is a great diversity among
them. Groups vary in size. The number of
groups in every society is countless; It surpasses
the number of individuals because each
individual belongs to more than one group .
Various sociologists have considered different
bases for classifying groups.

26. CLASSIFICATION BY
MACIVER AND PAGE
According to MacIver and Page, Groups are
classified on the basis of:
1. Size
2. Quality of Social Interaction
3. Degree of intimacy
4. Range of group interests
5. Duration of Interests
6. Degree of Organization

27. CLASSIFICATION BY
SOROKIN
According to Sorokin, social groups are divided into
two major types:
Vertical and Horizontal
1. Vertical groups are large groups,
such as Nations, inclusive Religious
Organizations, Political Parties etc.
2. Horizontal groups are smaller divisions such as
economic classes which give the individual the
status and rank in society.

28. CLASSIFICATION BY SUMNER
According to Sumner, social groups are divided into two
major types:
In Group and Out Group
1. The groups with which the individual identifies himself
are his in groups for instance, his family, friends and peers
etc.
2. The groups to which the individual does not belong. For
instance, other gender, others families, other Nations etc. are
Secondary Groups.

29. CLASSIFICATION BY C.H.
COOLEY
According to Sumner, social groups are divided
into two major types:
Primary and Secondary Groups
1. The groups characterized by intimate face -to-face
association and co-opration are primary group instance,
family, friends etc.
2. On the contrary, secondary groups are less intimate,
personal and inclusive. It involves indirect interaction.
For instance, one’s work place.

30. SOCIAL PROCESSES
Social processes are the ways in which individuals and groups interact,
adjust and readjust and establish relationships and pattern of behavior
which are again modified through social interactions.
As Ginsberg says, “Social processes mean the various modes of interaction
between individuals or groups including cooperation and conflict, social
differentiation and integration, development, arrest and decay”.
According to Horton and Hunt, “The term social process refers to the
repetitive form of behaviour which are commonly found in social life”.

31. FORMS OF SOCIAL
PROCESSES
 Associative process: positive process-
includes cooperation, accommodation,
assimilation
 Dissociative process: Negative process-
includes conflicts and competition

32. CO- OPERATION
Cooperation is the process by which the individual or
group combine their effort in a more or less organized
way for the attainment of common objective.

33. CO- OPERATION
Cooperation is the one fundamental process of social life.
It is a form of social process in which two or more individual or
groups work together jointly to achieve common goal.
All participants benefit by attaining their goals.
Cooperation means work together

34. COMPETITION
Competition is the contest to obtain something which does not exist
in quantity sufficient to meet the demand.
It is dissociative process.

35. SOCIALIZATION
Socialization is the process whereby one
internalizes the norms of his groups, so that a
distinct self emerges uniquely to this individual.
Socialization is the process by which the child
acquires a cultural content, along with selfhood
and personality.

36. CHARACTERISTICS
Continuous process
Helps in maintaining social order
Universal
Formal and informal
Regulate the behavior of the individual
Predictable in nature
Unique for each individual

37. AGENCIES OF
SOCIALIZATION
Family
Neighborhoods
Peer group

38. FAMILY

39. PEER GROUP

40. AGENCIES OF
SOCIALIZATION
Educational institute
Religion
Occupation

41. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE

42. RELIGION

43. OCCUPATION

44. AGENCIES OF
SOCIALIZATION
Political parties
Mass media
The state

45. POLITICAL PARTIES

46. MASS MEDIA

47. THE STATE

48. SOCIAL CHANGES

49. SOCIAL CHANGES
Social change is a concept in sociology which
talks about a change in the established patterns of
social relations, or change in social values or
change in structures and subsystems operating in
the society. The term social change is used to
indicate the changes that take place in human
interactions and interrelations.

50. SOCIAL CHANGE
Auguste Comte the father of Sociology has posed
two problems- the question of social statics and
the question of social dynamics, what is and how
it changes. The sociologists not only outline the
structure of the society but also seek to know its
causes also.
According to Morris Ginsberg social change is a
change in the social structure.

51. PROCESS OF SOCIAL
CHANGE
Revolution
Evolution
Progress
Development

52. ROLE OF NURSE