The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS including:
1. The history and epidemiology of HIV/AIDS globally and in Egypt. HIV was first identified in 1981 and transmission occurs through unprotected sex, blood transfusions, and mother-to-child. Rates in Egypt have increased in recent years.
2. The life cycle and stages of HIV infection from initial binding to T-cells through replication and progression to AIDS if untreated.
3. Effective prevention methods including antiretroviral treatment for pregnant women, voluntary medical male circumcision, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and consistent condom use which can reduce risk of transmission by over 90%.
HIV infection leads to a weakened immune system. This makes a person with HIV vulnerable to a group of illness, e.g., opportunistic infections, that would not as easily affect a healthy person
AIDS results when HIV infection progresses to an advanced stage, damaging the immune system to a point at which the body can no longer fight illness.
AIDS is a syndrome because it is characterized by a group of illnesses
Drugs are available which can treat HIV and AIDS.
These drugs are called antiretrovirals (ARVs). They prevent the virus from replicating and slow the progress of the disease, but there is still no cure for AIDS or vaccine to prevent HIV transmission.
This is a lecture by Katherine A Perry from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
HIV infection leads to a weakened immune system. This makes a person with HIV vulnerable to a group of illness, e.g., opportunistic infections, that would not as easily affect a healthy person
AIDS results when HIV infection progresses to an advanced stage, damaging the immune system to a point at which the body can no longer fight illness.
AIDS is a syndrome because it is characterized by a group of illnesses
Drugs are available which can treat HIV and AIDS.
These drugs are called antiretrovirals (ARVs). They prevent the virus from replicating and slow the progress of the disease, but there is still no cure for AIDS or vaccine to prevent HIV transmission.
This is a lecture by Katherine A Perry from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
Describe the HIV AIDS introduction, epidemiology of HIV AIDS, diagnosis of HIV AIDS, treatment of HIV AIDS and prevention control of HIV AIDS.
HIV DURING PREGNANCY, this is very common and very dangerous disease during pregnancy. this is for medical and nursing student. i tried to make understand of students.
A Presentation Presented To orient about HIV, AIDS and STIs for Development of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice for Prevention of HIV and STIs for College Students.
This slide contains information regarding HIV, ARV. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
AIDS Stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
In Bangladesh the First case of HIV was detected in 1989. According to the recent UNAIDS report 2017, around 12,000 people are living with HIV infection of them 7,500 are male and aged 15 or above.
Incubation period is 6 months to 5 years or more.
HIV: HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It harms immune system by destroying a type of white blood cell that help our body fight infection.
AIDS: AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno deficiency syndrome. It is final stage of infection with HIV. It happens when the body’s immuno system is badly damaged because of the virus.
HIV in Pregnancy: HIV in pregnancy is the presence of an HIV\AIDS infection in a woman while she is pregnant.
Causes:
HIV Virus.
Sexual transmission.
Blood transfusion.
Risk factors:
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD).
People who inject drug with shared needles.
Multiple partners.
Blood transfusion.
low status women.
It is a presentation on HIV\AIDS in Pregnancy 2023
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Phone Us ❤85270-49040❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Surat By Surat @ℂall @Girls Hotel With...
Hiv infection
1. Up To date in the Prevention and
Management of
H IV Infection
By
Dr . Magdy Shafik Ramadan
Senior Pediatric and Neonatology consultant
M.S, Diploma, Ph.D of Pediatrics
2. Topics
• Epidemiology – World, US • History
• Transmission & Opportunistic
infections
• Testing
• Prevention
• Treatment
• Co-morbidities / HIV related Topics
3. What is HIV/AIDS?
HIV means Human immunodeficiency
virus
while AIDS means Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome
–It’s a disease of the human immune
system caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
4. HISTORY
• 1981……First Reported Case of AIDS
• 1982……..First Use of “AIDS” Acronym
• 1984……..Causative Agent Identified
• 1985…….First HIV Antibody Test
• 1986……First Use of “HIV” Acronym
• 1987……First Medication
5. What is HIV?
• HIV is a virus that compromises the immune
system.
• The virus invades the T-cell and multiplies
once it gets inside of it.
• The newly manufactured virus buds from the
Tcell, eventually destroying the host cell.
• This process, unchecked, continually repeats
until there are a low number of T-cells and high
viral load.
6. • Once an individual is infected with
HIV, the virus is never dormant in
their system.
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a lot like
other Viruses, but the difference is that,
your immune system can clear most viruses
out of your body. But can not get rid of
HIV. Scientists are still trying to figure out
why
7. Where did it come from?
• Scientists identified a type of chimpanzee in
West Africa as the source of HIV infection in
humans.
The virus most likely jumped to humans when
humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and
came into contact with their infected blood.
Over several years, the virus slowly spread across
Africa and later into other parts of the world.
8. HIV/AIDS in Egypt
• Egypt is a low-HIV-prevalence country.
• Between the years 2006 and 2011, HIV
prevalence rates in Egypt increased
tenfold Until 2011, the average number of
new cases of HIV in Egypt was 400 per year.
• But, in 2012 and 2013 it increased to about
600 new cases.
9. • And in 2014 it reached 880 new cases per
year
• According to UNAIDS 2016 statistics, there
are about 11,000 people currently living
with HIV in Egypt.
• However, unsafe behaviors among most-at-
risk populations and limited condom usage
among the general population place Egypt
at risk of a a broader epidemic.
10. HIV Life Cycle
• 1. HIV binds to the T-cell
• 2. Viral RNA is released into the host cell
• 3. Reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA into
viral DNA.
• 4. Viral DNA enters the T-cells nucleus and inserts
itself into the T-cell’s DNA.
• 5. The T-cell begins to make copies of the HIV
components.
• 6. Protease helps create new virus particles.
• 7. The new HIV virion is released from the T-cell.
11. • Virus enters and attacks cells
• Host immune system attempts to respond
• Acute retroviral syndrome
• Sudden drop in CD4
• High viremia
• Flu-like symptoms
– Antibody response
12. • the amount of time that it takes an
individual to seroconvert as the
window period.
• Symptoms of acute HIV infection
generally occur 2 to 6 wks
14. • Most commonly unprotected sex with
an infected person.
• Blood-to-Blood contact mostly by
sharing injection needles
• Infected woman to her newborn child
• Breast feeding
15. • An HIV infected mother can infect
her child:
• In-utero (in the womb)
• During birth
• During breastfeeding
16. Which Body Fluids Contain HIV?
• The following fluids can contain high levels
of HIV:
• • Blood
• • Semen (cum)
• • Pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum)
• • Breast milk
• • Vaginal fluids
• • Rectal (anal) mucous
17. • Other body fluids and waste products—like
feces, nasal fluid, saliva, sweat, tears, urine,
or vomit—don’t contain enough HIV to
infect you, unless they have blood mixed in
them and you have significant and direct
contact with them.
• Healthcare workers may be exposed to some
other body fluids with high concentrations
of HIV, including:
• • Amniotic fluid
• • Cerebrospinal fluid
• • Synovial fluid
18. HIV is a very fragile virus
• Hot water, soap, bleach and alcohol will kill
the virus
• • The length of time the virus can survive
outside the body depends on the amount of
HIV present in the fluid
• • The CDC reports drying HIV reduces the
viral load
19. • Point of Entry
• – Percutaneously
• • Puncture/needle
• • Break in the skin
• –Mucous membrane
• • Eyes
• • Nose
• • Mouth
• • Genitals
• • Anus
20. • The most efficient way to transmit
the HIV virus sexually is through anal sex.
• The next most efficient route is vaginally.
• While the risk is not as high as anal or vaginal
sex it has been found that there is significant
risk associated with oral sex.
21. Ways through which HIV/AIDS is not
contacted
HIV is not spread by:
• • Air or drinking water from the same
pot with an infected person.
• • Insects: including mosquitoes. •
Saliva, tears, or sweat. There is no
documented case of HIV being
transmitted by spitting.
• • shaking hands or sharing dishes.
• • Closed-mouth or ―social‖ kissing.
22.
23. HIV Infection/AIDS Staging System
• Stage 1: Asymptomatic; persistent
generalized lymphodenopathy (PGL)
and acute retroviral infection (ARI).
• Stage 2: Loss of weight (< 10% of body
weight); minor mucocutaneous
infections; herpes zoster and recurrent
upper respiratory tract infections
(URTI).
24. • Stage 3: Loss of weight (>10% of body
weight); chronic diarrhea(> 1 month);
prolonged fever; oral candidiasis; oral
hairy leukoplakia; pulmonary
tuberculosis; severe bacterial infections
and vulvovaginal candidiasis.
25. • Stage 4: HIV wasting syndrome;
extrapulmonary tuberculosis;
Pneumocystis carinii pneumoniae,
Candidiasis of the oesophagus, trachea,
bronchi or lungs; toxoplasmosis of the
brain, cryptosporidiasis with
mycobacteriosis; lymphoma; Kaposi’s
sacoma (KS) and HIV encephalopathy.
26. HIV – Testing
• Antibody Tests
– Elisa/EIA
– Western Blot
• Tests for the Virus
– Qualitative PCR
– Quantitative PCR
• Tests to Monitor Therapy
– CD4—absolute and percent
– Quantitative PCR – Genotype
28. 1- Vertical transmission
2- Blood-borne transmission
3-Postexposure prophylaxis
4- Pre exposure prophylaxis
5-Vaccination efforts
6- Condoms, Male and Female
7-Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision
29. Vertical transmission
Prevention measures include the following:
1-Maternal testing
2-Effective control of maternal infection
3-Prenatal antiviral therapy and treatment
of mother and infant during labor,
delivery, and the neonatal period
4-Cesarean delivery
5-Avoidance of breastfeeding (unless local
conditions make this unsafe or unfeasible)
30. • A retrospective cohort study reviewed the
records of 3,273 HIV-positive women
receiving prenatal care in Malawi and
Mozambique from July 2005 to December
2009. Patients were treated with triple
antiviral therapy during pregnancy until 6
months postpartum for prevention of vertical
transmission. Regardless of CD4 count,
ART provided a protective effect against
mortality, fetal demise, and premature
birth
32. Postexposure prophylaxis
The CDC has recommended basic and
expanded HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)
regimens
• Basic PEP 2-drug regimen: zidovudine plus
lamivudine, zidovudine plus emtricitabine,
tenofovir plus lamivudine, or tenofovir plus
emtricitabine
• Expanded PEP regimen: basic PEP regimen
plus lopinavir-ritonavir
33. Preexposure prophylaxis
• According to these guidelines, PrEP should
be considered for the following non-HIV-
infected individuals:
•
• Anyone who is in an ongoing sexual
relationship with an HIV-infected partner
• A heterosexual man or woman who does
not always use condoms when having sex
with partners known to be at risk for HIV
34. • Anyone who, in the preceding 6 months, has
injected illicit drugs and shared equipment
or been in a treatment program for
injection drug use
• Daily oral PrEP with the fixed-dose
combination of tenofovir disoproxil
fumarate (TDF) 300 mg and emtricitabine
(FTC) 200 mg (Truvada) has been shown to
be safe and effective
35. Vaccination efforts
• The initial hope of an effective vaccine against
HIV has not been fulfilled
• A study from Thailand suggests a possible
benefit of vaccines in heterosexuals at risk for
HIV-1 transmission.
36. • double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by
Rerks-Ngarm et al, 16,402 healthy
participants aged 18-30 years received
either 4 priming injections of recombinant
canarypox vector vaccine (ALVAC-HIV
[vCP1521]) plus 2 booster shots of
recombinant glycoprotein 120 subunit
vaccine (AIDSVAX B/E) or placebo.
• the vaccine efficacy was 31.2%.
37. • With respect to risk behavior, analysis of
efficacy found that the combination of the
HIV vaccines, ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) and
AIDSVAX B/E, was more effective in those
who maintained lower-risk sexual behavior
compared to those that reported high or
increasing-risk behavior.
38. Condoms, Male and Female
• Condoms continue to be an important
element of HIV prevention strategy.
• If used consistently and correctly, they can
be up to 96 percent effective in protecting
against sexually transmitted infections,
including HIV.
• They are available without a prescription
39. Voluntary Medical Male
Circumcision
• Voluntary medical male circumcision
(VMMC) is one of the most powerful and
cost-effective HIV prevention tools
• Studies from 2006 showed that it reduces a
man’s risk of acquiring HIV from a female
partner by up to 60 %
40. • Newly available non-surgical circumcision
devices could also play a role, offering an
alternative to sutures and surgery that some
men may prefer.
42. • Device Overview
• In 2007, the World Health Organization
and UNAIDS proved that circumcised men
reduce their risk of HIV Infection by 60%
in high risk areas such as Sub-Saharan
Africa.
• . PrePex is the first known device to
facilitate non-surgical MC that can claim
all of the following: No injected anesthesia.
No surgery. No sutures and No sterile
settings.
• .
43. • PrePex was extensively reviewed by the
WHO, with its safety and efficacy validated
in a series of comprehensive, rigorous
studies. For a list of WHO Prequalified
VMMC devices
47. • Significant advances in antiretroviral
therapy have been made since the
introduction of zidovudine (AZT) in 1987.
• With the advent of highly active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-1
infection is now manageable as a chronic
disease in patients who have access to
medication and who achieve durable
virologic suppression.
48. Antiretroviral agents
Classes of antiretroviral agents include the following:
• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
• Protease inhibitors (PIs)
• Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
• Fusion inhibitors
• CCR5 co-receptor antagonists (entry inhibitors)
• HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors
49. When to start ART in people
living with HIV
Adults and adolescents (≥10 years)
• Initiate ART if CD4 cell count ≤500
cells/mm3
• • As a priority,
• Severe/advanced HIV (WHO clinical
stage 3 or 4)
• or
• CD4 count ≤350 cells/mm3
50. • Regardless of WHO clinical stage and
CD4
• • Active TB disease
• • HBV coinfection with severe chronic
liver disease
• • Pregnant and breastfeeding women
with HIV
• • HIV-positive individual in a
serodiscordant partnership (to reduce
HIV transmission risk)
51. • Infants <1 year old
• In all , Regardless of WHO clinical
stage and CD4 cell count.
53. FAST FACTS
• 1-A pregnant woman living with HIV can
pass on the virus to her baby during
pregnancy, childbirth and through
breastfeeding.
• 2-If a woman living with HIV, taking
treatment correctly during pregnancy and
breastfeeding can virtually eliminate the
risk of passing the virus to the baby.
•
54. • 3-Attending antenatal appointments means
you can get tested for HIV and if needed
receive treatment and medical advice to
help keep you and your baby healthy.
56. • Breast milk contains HIV. However, guidelines
on whether to breastfeed vary depending on
what resources are available to you.
• If you always have access to formula you
should not breastfeed and give formula
instead.
• If you do not have access to formula and clean,
boiled water all of the time, you may be
advised to breastfeed while both mother and
baby are taking antiretroviral treatment.
57. • If you do breastfeed, you must always take
your treatment and exclusively breastfeed
(give breast milk only) for at least 6 months.
• Mixing breast milk and other foods before
this time increases your baby’s risk of HIV.
You can mix-feed your baby after 6 months.
59. • Your baby should be tested for HIV at
birth, and again four to six weeks later.
• If the result comes back negative, your
baby should be tested again at 18
months and/or when you have finished
breastfeeding to find out your baby’s
final HIV status.
60. • It is very important to take your baby for
this final HIV test to ensure they are HIV-
negative or to get them on treatment if they
are positive.
• If any of these tests come back positive,
your baby will need to start treatment
straight away.