medical student's brief presentation about HIV. UPJS Kosice, Slovakia

1. Nasim Badarna
3GM
MicroBiology

2. 
H Human: This virus can only infect humans.
I immunodeficiency: HIV weakens immune
system by destroying important cells that fight
infections.
V Virus: A virus can only reproduce itself by
taking over a host cell in the body.
HIV

3. 
 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a
lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that
causes AIDS.
 characterized by a long incubation period.

4. 
 Lentiviruses can deliver viral RNA into DNA of
the host cell. they have the unique ability among
retroviruses of being able to infect non-dividing cells.
 Retrovirus: RNA → DNA → RNA → polypeptide.
Pathogenicity

5. 
Structure of HIV
 spherical with a diameter
of about 120 nm
+RNA virus

6. 
 HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system
such as T helper cell (specifically CD4+ T
cells), macrophage, and dendritic cells.
Chemokine receptor CXCR4 chemokine receptor CCR5
 Tcell macrophages
Cells infected

7. 
 Over time, HIV can destroy so many CD4 cells that the
body can't fight infections and diseases anymore, Body
becomes at higher risk of developing infections. When
that happens, HIV infection leads to AIDS.
 A  Acquired
 I  Immuno
 D  deficiency
 S  Syndrome
  Opportunistic infections.(Fungi Pneumocystis
jirovecii, Protozoa, Bacteria Salmonella s., Viruses)
 70% all AIDS patients die from a rare form of pneumonia.
AIDS

8. 
Species Virulence Infectivity Prevalence
Inferred
origin
HIV-1 High High Global
Common
Chimpanzee
HIV-2 Lower Low West Africa
Sooty
Mangabey
HIV species

9. 
 HIV was discovered in 1981’s in the USA. A group
of homosexual men, and injection drug users
suddenly started to develop rare opportunistic
infections and cancers that was known to occur in
people with very compromised immune systems.
  wasn’t cured with any type of medication.
History

10. 
 HIV was believed to have originated in non-
human primates(monkeys) in West-central Africa.
Origin
?

11. 
Origin

12. 
 Sexual Contact
 blood, semen, and vaginal fluids
 Drug users
 Needle injection
 Perinatal
  mother to fetus through placenta 40%,
Breastfeeding.
 Blood Exposure
Blood transfusion
Routes of Transmission

13. 
 Over 40 million people around the world are
diagnosed with HIV.
 Among the leading countries:
1. South Africa – 5.7m
2. Nigeria – 2,6m
3. India – 2,4m
4. Kenya
5. Zimbabwe
Epidemiology

14. 
 Early HIV symptoms: may surface between 2 to 6
weeks after being infected; antibodies may not
appear in the blood for 2 to 7 months.
 Late Symptoms: Not all individuals with HIV
develop AIDS
About ½ of infected persons
will develop AIDS with
10 years after being infected.
Symptoms

15. 
 fever, headache, fatigue, rash, sore throat,
and swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
 characteristic feature ulcers in
the mouth.
These symptoms
usually disappear
within few weeks.

16. 
 There is no cure for HIV, but there are treatments to
enable most people with the virus to live a long and
healthy life.
Azidothymidine(generic name: Zidovudine):
Necleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors(NRTI)
 lamivudine ( Epivir)
Indinavir
 Retonavir
 Saquinavir (Protease Inhibitor)
 Used in combinations to help slow the progression
and because HIV can quickly adapt and become
resistant to one single ARV.
 .
Treatment

17. 
 Early diagnosis post exposure to the virus within the
72 hours (three days), anti-HIV medication may stop
and prevent the infection.
 The main way to prevent HIV infection is to avoid
activities that put body at risk.
  Safe sex
  avoid sharing needles
Preventing HIV

18. 
Thank You For Your attention