The document summarizes information about Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). There are two types of HSV, HSV-1 which causes oral herpes/cold sores and HSV-2 which causes genital herpes. HSV are DNA viruses that enter host cells and replicate in the cell nucleus. HSV can cause painful blisters or sores on the skin or mucous membranes and has no cure, though antiviral drugs can reduce symptoms. Transmission occurs via direct contact with infected secretions.
herpes simplex virus is a double stranded DNA virus causing many symptoms all over the body. it affects globally all over the world .
neonatal hsv attacks even the baby and made them to a fatal conditions.
herpes simplex virus is a double stranded DNA virus causing many symptoms all over the body. it affects globally all over the world .
neonatal hsv attacks even the baby and made them to a fatal conditions.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
a double-stranded DNA virus : human herpesvirus-3 subfamily Alphaherpersvirinae
only one serotype is known
humans are the only reservoir
VZV enters the host through the nasopharyngeal mucosa, and almost invariably produces clinical disease in susceptible individuals
Following varicella, the virus persists in sensory nerve ganglia, from where it may later be reactivated to cause herpes zoster (Shingles)
Three subfamilies (genome structure, tissue tropism, cytopathologic effect, site of latent infection)
Alphaherpesvirinae:
Human herpesvirus 1 Herpes simplex type 1 HSV-1
Human herpesvirus 2 Herpes simplex type 2 HSV-2
Human herpesvirus 3 Varicella-zoster virus VZV
Gammaherpesvirinae
Human herpesvirus 4 Epstein-Barr virus EBV
Human herpesvirus 8 Kaposi’s sarcoma related virus HHV-8
Betaherpesvirinae
Human herpesvirus 5 Cytomegalovirus CMV
Human herpesvirus 6 Herpes lymphotropic virus HHV-6
Human herpesvirus 7 Human herpesvirus 7 HHV-7
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. This disease is often mild with half of the people not realizing that they are infected. A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and last for three days.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as “the clap” when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline in incidence reports, however, it is still considered a very common infectious disease.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
a double-stranded DNA virus : human herpesvirus-3 subfamily Alphaherpersvirinae
only one serotype is known
humans are the only reservoir
VZV enters the host through the nasopharyngeal mucosa, and almost invariably produces clinical disease in susceptible individuals
Following varicella, the virus persists in sensory nerve ganglia, from where it may later be reactivated to cause herpes zoster (Shingles)
Three subfamilies (genome structure, tissue tropism, cytopathologic effect, site of latent infection)
Alphaherpesvirinae:
Human herpesvirus 1 Herpes simplex type 1 HSV-1
Human herpesvirus 2 Herpes simplex type 2 HSV-2
Human herpesvirus 3 Varicella-zoster virus VZV
Gammaherpesvirinae
Human herpesvirus 4 Epstein-Barr virus EBV
Human herpesvirus 8 Kaposi’s sarcoma related virus HHV-8
Betaherpesvirinae
Human herpesvirus 5 Cytomegalovirus CMV
Human herpesvirus 6 Herpes lymphotropic virus HHV-6
Human herpesvirus 7 Human herpesvirus 7 HHV-7
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. This disease is often mild with half of the people not realizing that they are infected. A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and last for three days.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as “the clap” when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline in incidence reports, however, it is still considered a very common infectious disease.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Herpes Simplex Viruses:
The herpes simplex virus, also known as HSV, is an
infection that causes herpes. Herpes can appear in various
parts of the body, most commonly on the genitals or
mouth. The term “herpes” means “to creep” (easily
spreading nature).
There are two types of the herpes simplex virus.
HSV-1: Also known as oral herpes, this type can cause cold
sores and fever blisters around the mouth and on the face,
This can spread by contact with infected saliva.
HSV-2: This type is generally responsible for genital herpes
outbreaks. This type can transmitted Sexually.
3. Herpes viruses are large enveloped DNA Viruses.
Virion is spherical, 150-200nm in diameter.
It has a icosahedral capsid.
Its genome is linear double stranded DNA,
124-235kbp
More than 35 proteins are present in the virion.
Replication occurs in the nucleus of the host cell.
Genome is large enough to code for atleast 100
proteins.
Structure of virus:
4. HSV 1:
HSV-1 is the virus that causes cold sores or fever
blisters, it may start with a tingling, itching, or
burning on the skin, usually on the lips
Tiny blisters show up and quickly break open,
causing a painful sore which eventually scabs over.
It’s most common to have outbreaks 2-3 times a
year. A sore can take a week or two to heal without
medication.
Herpes is contagious, but it's possible for one person
in a family to have it, while the others don't.
Herpes is spread through direct skin to skin contact
like kissing.
5. HSV 2: Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted
infection caused by the herpes simplex virus.
There's no cure for genital herpes, but medications
can ease symptoms and reduce the risk of infecting
others.
The symptoms may begin about 2 to 12 days after
exposure to the virus.
Women are more likely to have genital herpes than
are men. The virus is sexually transmitted more
easily from men to women than it is from women to
men.
Babies born to infected mothers can be exposed to
the virus during the birthing process. This may result
in brain damage, blindness or death for the
newborn.
Vaginal area Penis
External genitals Scrotum
Cervix
Symptoms
7. Clinical Manifestation:
The symptoms can be quite severe and may include:
blisters and ulceration on external genitalia, in the vagina, or on the cervix
vaginal discharge
pain and itching
tender, enlarged lymph nodes
pain when urinating
high temperature (fever)
malaise (feeling unwell)
cold sores around the mouth
red blisters on the skin
In most cases, the ulcers will heal, and the individual
will not have any lasting scars.
8. Infection of other Organs:
Herpetic Whitlow Herpes Gladiatorum Eczema Herpeticum
9. Pathogenesis:
Primary Infection:
Man is the only natural host to HSV, the virus is spread by contact, the
usual site for the implantation is skin or mucous membrane.
HSV undergoes replication in the parabasal and intermediate epithelial
cells, which lyse and invoke inflammatory response.
The incubation period of primary genital herpes is 3-7 days.
Constitutional symptoms include fever, headache, malaise, and myalgia
(prominent in the first 3-4 days).
Local symptoms include pain, itching, dysuria, vaginal and urethral
discharge, and tender lymphadenopathy.
10. Pathogenesis:
Reactivation:
It is well known that many triggers can provoke a recurrence. These include;
Stress - physical or psychological.
Pneumococcal infection.
Meningococcal infection.
Fever
Irradiation including sunlight.
Menstruation
Others.
11. Laboratory Diagnosis:
Specimen collection:
Vesicular and hepatic lesions of skin, cornea or brain,
throat washings, CSF and Stool.
Light Microscopy:
Cells from the base of the lesion, or wiped from a
mucous surface, or biopsy material, may reveal intranuclear
inclusions (Lipschutz inclusion bodies). Infected cells may
show ballooning and fusion.
12. Isolation of Virus:
The specimen are transported through viral transport
medium and inoculated into tissue culture. HSV has a wide host
range, so many cell culture systems are susceptible. The
appearance of typical cytopatheic effects in cell culture in 2-3
days suggests the presence of HSV.
Serology:
Several methods have been developed for rapid diagnosis.
Antibodies appear in 4-7 days after infection. Neutralization
test, CF, ELISA, RIA and Immunofluorescence can quantitate
antibodies.
Laboratory Diagnosis:
13. Epidemiology:
Herpes Simplex viruses are worldwide in
distribution. No animal reservoirs are
involved in human infection transmission.
Transmission is by infected secretions.
Prevention:
Currently there is no effective therapy for the
prevention of HSV infection.
Avoidance of direct contact with lesion or
infected secretions is the primary means of
prophylaxis.
Vaccination for Herpes would be the ideal
preventive measure.
14. Treatment:
There is no cure for herpes. But medicines can help. Medicines
such as acyclovir and valaciclovir fight the herpes virus. They
can speed up healing and lessen the pain of herpes for many
people. They can be used to treat a primary outbreak or a
recurrent one.
If the medicines are being used to treat a repeat outbreak,
they should be started as soon as you feel any tingling, burning,
or itching. They can also be taken every day to prevent
recurrences.
Most of the drugs used for the treatment of HSV, inhibit the
DNA synthesis.
Vidarabine triphosphate inhibits DNA polymerase.
