This document provides an overview of rabies including its causative agent, transmission, pathogenesis, types, diagnosis, management, and prevention. Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through animal bites that causes encephalitis. The rabies virus is in the Rhabdoviridae family and spreads from the site of a bite to the central nervous system. Post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleaning and vaccination is highly effective in preventing death from rabies if administered promptly after exposure.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
An introduction to Rhabdoviridae.Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.
Rabies is entirely preventable, and vaccines,
medicines, tools, and technologies have long
been available to prevent people from dying of
dog-mediated rabies. Nevertheless, rabies still
kills about 60 000 people a year, of whom over
40% are children under 15, mainly in rural areas
of economically disadvantaged countries in Africa
and Asia. Of all human cases, up to 99% are
acquired from the bite of an infected dog.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
4. Acute fatal disease that causes fatal
encephalomyelitis in all the warm blooded
animals including man.
It is a zoonotic disease.
The disease is invariabble fatal and is the
most painful and dreadful of all
communicable diseases in which the sick
person is tormented at the same time with
thirst and fear of water(hydrophobia)
Till date there is no accurate cure ,once
developed the death is inevitable.
5. However the development of the disese can
be prevented to a large extent when the
animal bites are treated in time and
appropriately.
6.
7. Mainly in rural areas and in children
India: 20,000 deaths per year
India accounts for 36% of the global human
rabies death.
Execpt Lakshadeep and Andaman and nicobar
all states have reported rabies.
8. Family- Rhabdoviridae
Genus -Lyssavirus
Serotype 1
Shape-Bulletshaped
Neurotropic
Single stranded RNA
Non segmented structure
Consists of 11,932 nucleotides and encodes 5
proteins.
9. All the rhabdovirus has 2 structural
components
Ribonucleoproteincore RNP
Surrounding envelope
The rabies genome encodes 5 proteins
Nucleoprotein, N
Phosphoprotein, P
Matrix protein,M
Glycoprotein ,G
Polymerase ,L
10. The virus is found in wild animals and some
domestic animals
Through their saliva-bites,scratches,licks on
wounded skin, mucous membrane.
In India dogs are responsible for about 97% of
human rabies followed by 2%cats,jackals,and
others 1%
Rabies is mainly caused by the bite of a rabid
dog.
13. Naturally found in saliva of infected animals
Incubation period is long- 20 to 90 days
Cannot be used for vaccine preparation
Produce negri bodies
14. An important pathological CNS finding of
rabies.
An eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion
Composed of
- rabies virus proteins
- viral RNA
- Purkinje cells of cerebellum
- Pyramidal neuron of hippocampus
15.
16. Prepared by repeated culture in rabbit brain
such that its IP is reduced and fixed
Do not produce negri bodies
Incubation period is short- 4 to 6 days
Can be used for vaccine preparation.
17.
18. Period before the virus enter the PNS-
incubation period
Usually 20-90 days
During this period, the rabies virus is present
at or close to the site of bite.
19. The virus now bind to post synaptic nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors (AChR-N)
Then it spreads along the PNS towards the
CNS .
20. Inflammation in the CNS region occurs
Symptoms-
fever,confusion,hallucinations,combativeness
,seizures
Autonomic dysfunction- hypersalivation,
gooseflesh,cardiac arrhythmia.
26. Muscle weakness or flaccid paralysis
predominates
Early and prominent muscle weakness in
bitten area & spreading ,resulting in
quadriparesis and facial weakness.
Spinchter involvment and sensory
disturbances
Lacks cardial features like
hyperphobia,aerophobia,hyperexcitability
etc.
27. One or more of the following
1. Detection of rabies viral antigens by direct
fluorescent antibody test (FAT) or by ELISA
,preferably brain tissue (collected post mortem).
2. Detection by FAT on skin biopsy (ante mortem)
FAT positive after inoculation of brain tissue, saliva or
CSF in cell culture, or after intracerebral inoculation
in mice or in suckling mice.
3. Detectable rabies-neutralizing antibody titre in the
serum or the CSF of an unvaccinated person.
4. Detection of viral nucleic acids by PCR on tissue
collected (brain tissue or skin, cornea, urine or
saliva).
30. Ante-mortem specimens for rabies testing include saliva,
nuchal skin biopsy and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Saliva specimens
Collect at least 500μl of saliva into a universal specimen
container – often easiest using a syringe or suction device
It is recommended to collect a saliva specimen as soon
as rabies is considered as part of the differential diagnosis
of a patient.
CSF specimens
Collect at least 500μl of CSF.
CSF is typically collected in untreated sterile plastic tubes
31. Nuchal skin biopsy
-Section of skin, 5-6 mm in diameter and ≈5-
7 mm depth, must be taken from the nape of
the neck .
- It is important that specimen contained hair
follicles and should be of sufficient depth to
include the cutaneous nerves at the base of
hair follicles.
32.
33.
34. It is important to conduct laboratory
investigations on persons who died from a
suspected rabies virus infections.
A brain specimen is the preferred specimen
Brain specimens
Small sections of the both the cerebellum
and the cerebrum should be submitted.
35. RT PCR amplification
Highly sensitive &specific in rabies virus
detection.
In fresh saliva,skin,csf,brain tissues
37. No established treatment
Isolating in a quiet roomwith no bright
light,noise,convulsions etc.
Sedatives can be given to reduce the anxiety
Provide intensive cardiac and repiratory
support.
99.99% cases are preventable if managed in
TIME.
38. 1.Categorization of the wound
2.Wound treatment
3.Vaccination PEP
4.Immunoglobin
5.Counselling the patients
39. Category1 : touching or feeding suspect
animals,but skin is intact.
Category2 : minor scratches without bleedind
or licks on broken area.
Category3 : 1 or more bite,scratches,licks on
broken areaor exposure to bats.
40. The people who are considered as high risk
group need pre-exposure prophylaxis.
These groups include a veterinarian, animal
handlers and laboratory workers are people
whose activities bring them in contact with
rabies virus or rabid animals
c-international travelers likely to come in
contact of the animals in the rabies threaten
areas.
All these groups should be treated with rabies
vaccines to avoid the chances of sudden
infection.
41. If a person is bitten by an animal, the wound and
scratches should be washed thoroughly with soap
and water to decrease the chances of infection.
Post-exposure prophylaxis involved one dose of
rabies immune globulin and five doses of rabies
vaccine within the 28 days period.
Rabies immune globulin contains antibodies from
blood donors who were given rabies vaccine.
The rabies vaccine works by stimulating a
person’s immune system to produce antibodies
that neutralize the virus.
42. Human rabies immune globulin is injected at the bite area
immediately because it attacks the virus and slow down or stop
viral progression through the nerves .
Timing and the ability of the patient to respond by making a
good immune response is a key to patient survival.
Case management of bitten patients
Immediate and thorough cleaning of the wound with soap,
followed by ethanol or aqueous iodine.
- Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) : administration of rabies
immunoglobulin in case of severe exposure (WHO category 3).
- PEP to be applied as soon as possible – vaccines with a potency
at least 2.5 IU per single immunizing intramuscular dose
according to one of the following schedules
- Intramuscular schedules ƒ- 1 dose on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28. All
intramuscular injections to be given into deltoid region .Never
inject the vaccine in the gluteal region.
43. This regimen is particularly recommended when no
immunoglobulin is required, i.e. when contact consists in nibbling
of uncovered skin, minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding,
or licks on broken skin.
Intradermal schedules. The following intradermal regimens have
been shown to be immunogenic
ƒ
2-site intradermal method (2-2-2-0-1-1 and 2-2-2-0-2) for use with
purified vero cell vaccine (PVRV), purified primary chick embryo
cell vaccine (PCECV) and human diploid cell (HCDV) at 0.1 ml per
intradermal injection site – days 0, 3 and 7
Intradermal injections must be given by staff trained in this
technique. Vaccine vials to be stored between 2 ºC and 8 ºC after
reconstitution and total content to be used as soon as possible, at
least within 8 hours.
Rabies vaccines formulated with an adjuvant should not be
administered intradermally.
The standard dose per id injection site is 0.1 ml.
44. vaccine
A 1-ml syringe and a needle for each intramuscular
injection (intradermal needles and syringes for intradermal
vaccination).
Vaccine amounts: between 2 and 5 vials, depending on the
method used.
Only the following vaccines meet WHO safety, potency
and efficacy requirements when used for post exposure
intradermal treatment of rabies
- ƒhuman diploid cell vaccine (HDCV)
eg:Rabivac™
- ƒpurified vero cell vaccine (PVRV)
eg; Verorab, Imovax, Rabies vero, TRC Verorab™
- purified chicken embryo cell vaccine (PCECV)
eg; Rabipur™.
45. There is no specific treatment for rabies, which is a
fatal disease.
WHO promotes human rabies prevention through
well-targeted postexposure treatment using modern
vaccine types and, when appropriate, antirabies
immunoglobulin
pre-exposure prophylaxis using modern vaccine types
for certain professional groups at higher risk and
also if vaccines are easily accessible, of children aged
under 15 in areas where rabies is hyperendemic
increased access of safe and effective rabies vaccines.
dog rabies elimination through mass vaccination of dogs
and dog-population management.