This document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV causes AIDS by breaking down the immune system. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV disease.
- Scientists believe HIV originated from chimpanzees in Western Africa and jumped to humans through contact with infected animals.
- The earliest known case of HIV in humans was in 1959 in the Congo. The epidemic then spread among high-risk groups and an estimated 5% of gay men in New York and San Francisco had HIV by 1978.
- AIDS was first observed clinically in 1981 in the US in drug users and gay men with rare infections. Soon the CDC formed a task force to monitor the outbreak.
This is an informative, illustrated presentation about the causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention of HIV AIDS. Gives relevant data, facts and statistics about the disease updated to the most recent 2010 data.
WHAT IS HIV ?
analysis of HIV .
WHAT IS AIDS /
WHERE DID HIV COME FROM /
HOW DO YOU GET HIV AIDS
WHICH BODY FLUID CONTAIN HIV /
STAGES OF HIV ...
OTHER DISORDER OF AIDS PATIENT
SIGN AND SYMPTOM OF HIV AIDS
DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
A pattern of devastating infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.
HIV, which attacks and destroys certain white blood cells that are essential to the body’s immune system.
HIV/AIDS is spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
This is an informative, illustrated presentation about the causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention of HIV AIDS. Gives relevant data, facts and statistics about the disease updated to the most recent 2010 data.
WHAT IS HIV ?
analysis of HIV .
WHAT IS AIDS /
WHERE DID HIV COME FROM /
HOW DO YOU GET HIV AIDS
WHICH BODY FLUID CONTAIN HIV /
STAGES OF HIV ...
OTHER DISORDER OF AIDS PATIENT
SIGN AND SYMPTOM OF HIV AIDS
DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
A pattern of devastating infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.
HIV, which attacks and destroys certain white blood cells that are essential to the body’s immune system.
HIV/AIDS is spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
This is a lecture by Katherine A Perry from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Surgical procedures for the treatment ofBhagwat Kapse
Apnea” is the Greek word for “without breath.”
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was
( 1837) First Charles Dickens term “Pickwickian syndrome”
described a similar presentation of a typical OSA patient; obese, somnolent, and with an excessive appetite.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV, most commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection drug equipment.
Seasonal influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. It is common in all parts of the world. Most people recover without treatment.
Influenza spreads easily between people when they cough or sneeze. Vaccination is the best way to prevent the disease.
Symptoms of influenza include acute onset of fever, cough, sore throat, body aches and fatigue.
Treatment should aim to relieve symptoms. People with the flu should rest and drink plenty of liquids. Most people will recover on their own within a week. Medical care may be needed in severe cases and for people with risk factors.
There are 4 types of influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease.
Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the proteins on the surface of the virus. Currently circulating in humans are subtype A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. The A(H1N1) is also written as A(H1N1)pdm09 as it caused the pandemic in 2009 and replaced the previous A(H1N1) virus which had circulated prior to 2009. Only influenza type A viruses are known to have caused pandemics.
Influenza B viruses are not classified into subtypes but can be broken down into lineages. Influenza type B viruses belong to either B/Yamagata or B/Victoria lineage.
Influenza C virus is detected less frequently and usually causes mild infections, thus does not present public health importance.
Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is severe HIV infection.
There were 940,000 deaths from AIDS in 2017.
Lancet estimated that global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million/year.
Adult HIV was developed by doctors and nurses with wide experience in the care of adults with HIV, under the auspices of the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation at the University of Cape Town. It covers: introduction to HIV infection, management of HIV-infected adults at primary-care clinics, preparing patients for antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, ARV drugs, starting and maintaining patients on ARV treatment, opportunistic infections
Adult HIV was developed by doctors and nurses with wide experience in the care of adults with HIV, under the auspices of the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation at the University of Cape Town. It covers: introduction to HIV infection, management of HIV-infected adults at primary-care clinics, preparing patients for antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, ARV drugs, starting and maintaining patients on ARV treatment, opportunistic infections
This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
This Is Investigatory Project On Aids For Class 12. With Full Description and Good images. If you like this follow me on instagram @vishal2782003. Thankyou
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. You may have heard about HIV and
AIDS, but many people don't know the
basic facts about them.
HIV causes AIDS. HIV stands for human
immunodeficiency virus. It breaks down
the immune system — our body's
protection against disease. HIV causes
people to become sick with infections that
normally wouldn't affect them.
AIDS is short for acquired immune
deficiency syndrome. It is the most
advanced stage of HIV disease.
2.
3. Origin of HIV
• Scientists believe HIV came
from a particular kind of
chimpanzeE in Western Africa.
• Humans probably came in
contact with HIV when they
hunted and ate infected
animals. Recent studies indicate
that HIV may have jumped from
monkeys to humans as far back
as the late 1800s.
4. • The earliest well documented case
of HIV in a human dates back to
1959 in the Congo.
The vast
majority of infections occurring
outside
sub-Saharan
Africa
(including the U.S.) can be traced
back to a single unknown individual
who became infected with HIV
in Haiti and then brought the
infection to the United States
some time around 1969.
• The epidemic then rapidly spread
among
high-risk
groups
(initially, sexually promiscuous men
who have sex with men). By
1978, the prevalence of HIV-1
among gay male residents of New
York and San Francisco was
estimated at 5%, suggesting that
several thousand individuals in the
5. Discovery
AIDS was first clinically observed
in 1981 in the United States. The
initial cases were a cluster of
injecting
drug
users
and
homosexual men with no known
cause of impaired immunity who
showed
symptoms
of
Pneumocystis
carinii pneumonia (PCP), a rare
opportunistic infection that was
known to occur in people with
very
compromised
immune
systems.
Soon thereafter, an unexpected
number of gay men developed a
previously rare skin cancer
called
Kaposi's
sarcoma (KS). Many more cases
of PCP and KS emerged, alerting
U.S. Centres for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC
task force was formed to monitor
the outbreak.
Robert Gallo, co-discoverer of
HIV in the early eighties among
(from left to right) Sandra
Eva, Sandra Colombini, and
Ersell Richardson.
6. In the early days, the CDC did not have an
official name for the disease, at one
point, the CDC coined the phrase "the 4H
disease", since the syndrome seemed to
affect
Haitians, homosexuals, haemophiliacs, and
heroin users.
In the general press, the term "GRID", which
stood for gay-related immune deficiency, had
been coined. However, after determining that
AIDS was not isolated to the gay
community, it was realized that the term
GRID was misleading and the term AIDS was
introduced at a meeting in July 1982. By
September 1982 the CDC started referring to
the disease as AIDS.
7. Each virion comprises a viral
envelope and associated matrix
enclosing acapsid, which itself
encloses two copies of the
single-stranded RNA genome
and several enzymes.
8. • HIV particles are much too small to be seen through an ordinary
microscope.
• HIV is different in structure from other retroviruses.
• It is around 120 nm in diameter (around 60 times smaller than
a red blood cell) and roughly spherical.
• Like other viruses, HIV does not have a cell wall or a nucleus.
• The Structure of HIV is made up of a viral envelope and viral core.
9. •HIV particles surround themselves with a coat of fatty material known as the viral
envelope (or membrane).
• Projecting from this are around 72 little spikes, which are formed from the
proteins gp120 and gp41. Just below the viral envelope is a layer called
the matrix, which is made from the protein p17.
• The viral core (or capsid) is usually bullet-shaped and is made from the protein
p24. Inside the core are three enzymes required for HIV replication called reverse
transcriptase, integrase and protease.
• Also held within the core is HIV's genetic material, which consists of two
identical strands of RNA. At either end of each strand of RNA is a sequence called
the long terminal repeat, which helps to control HIV replication.
10. • HIV has just nine genes (compared to around
20,000-25,000 in a human).
• Three of the HIV genes, called gag, pol and
env, contain information needed to make
structural proteins for new virus particles.
• The other six genes, known as tat, rev, nef,
vif, vpr and vpu, code for proteins that control
the ability of HIV to infect a cell, produce new
copies of virus, or cause disease.
11. HIV Lifecycle
Host cells infected with HIV have a very short
lifespan.
HIV continuously uses new host cells to replicate
itself.
During the first 24 hours after exposure, the virus
attacks or is captured by dendritic cells (type of
phagocyte) in mucous membranes and skin.
12. Phases: binding and entry, reverse transcription,
replication, budding, and maturation
14. Common Side Effects of HIV
Drugs
Nucleoside Reverse Common Side Effects
Transcriptase
Inhibitors (NRTIs)
Special Precautions
Ziagen (abacavir)
Hypersensitivity reaction
Have genetic testing done
prior to therapy
Epzicom (abacavir +
lamivudine)
Nausea, vomiting,
Bactrim or Septra may
upsetstomach,
increase blood levels; do
diarrhea, fatigue,
not take with stavudine
chills, dizziness, headaches,
insomnia
Diarrhea, abdominal
Do not combine with
pain,neuropathy, nausea,
stavudine.
vomiting, pancreatitis
Videx, or Videx-EC
(didanosine or ddl)
Retrovir (AZT,
zidovudine)
Anemia, nausea, vomiting
Do not combine with
stavudine.
16. • ELISA Test :• ELISA, which stands for enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, is used
to detect HIV infection. If an ELISA
test is positive, the Western blot test
is usually administered to confirm the
diagnosis. If an ELISA test is
negative, but you think you may have
HIV, you should be tested again in
one
to
three
months.
ELISA is quite sensitive in chronic
HIV infection, but because antibodies
aren't produced immediately upon
infection, you may test negative
during a window of a few weeks to a
few months after being infected. Even
though your test result may be
negative during this window, you may
have a high level of the virus and be
at risk of transmitting infection.
17. • Home Tests:• The
only
home
test
approved by the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration is
called the Home Access
Express Test, which is sold
in pharmacies.
• Saliva Tests:• A cotton pad is used to
obtain saliva from the inside
of your cheek. The pad is
placed
in
a
vial
and
submitted to a laboratory for
testing. Results are available
in three days. Positive
results should be confirmed
with a blood test.
• Western Blot:• This is a very sensitive blood
test used to confirm a
positive ELISA test result.
18. • PCR Test (Polymerase
chain reaction test):-
This test detects the genetic
material of HIV itself, and can
identify HIV in the blood within 2-3
weeks
of
infection.
Babies born to HIV-positive mothers
are tested with a special PCR
test, because their blood contains
their mother's HIV antibodies for
several months. This means they
would
test
HIV-positive
on
a
standard antibody test—but a PCR
test can determine whether the
babies
have
HIV
themselves.
Blood supplies in most developed
countries are screened for HIV using
PCR tests. PCR tests are also used to
measure viral loads for people who
are
HIV-positive.
21. The first stage is called acute infection or seroconversion, it happens
within two to six weeks after becoming infected. This is when the
body's immune system puts up a fight against HIV.
The symptoms of acute infection look similar to those of other viral
illnesses.
The symptoms may last a week or two and then completely go away as
the virus goes into a non-symptomatic stage.
The initial symptoms of acute HIV may include:
1.Headache
5.Diarrhea
2.Nausea and vomiting
6. Fatigue
3.Aching muscles throat
7.Sore
4.Red rash that doesn't itch
8. Fever
22. The asymptomatic latent phase
The second phase of HIV infection is the
asymptomatic latent or silent phase.
In this stage, an infected person displays no symptoms.
Infected individuals are often not even aware that they
are carrying the HI virus in this stage, and may therefore
unwittingly infect new sex partners.
A positive HIV antibody test is often the only indication
of HIV infection during this latent phase.
HIV-infected people can remain healthy for a long
time, show no symptoms and carry on with their work in a
normal way. Some people remain HIV positive for many
years without any manifestation of clinical disease while
others may deteriorate rapidly, develop Aids and die
within months.
In some cases the only symptom during this phase is
swollen glands.
23. THE LAST STAGE :
AIDS
The Aids patient is usually very thin and
emaciated due to continuous diarrhea, nausea and
vomiting which may last for weeks or even for
months.
Conditions in the mouth (such as thrush and
sores) may become so painful that the patient is
no longer able to eat.
Women suffer from persistent, recurrent
vaginal infections and cervical cancer.
Severe skin infections, warts and ringworm.
Respiratory infections, persistent cough, chest
pain and fever.
Nervous system problems - often complain of
pains, numbness
Neurological abnormalities with symptoms such
as memory loss, poor concentration, tremor,
24. In the final stage of Aids, the
symptoms of HIV disease
become more acute, patients
become infected by relatively
rare and unusual organisms that
do not respond to
antibiotics, the immune system
deteriorates, and more
persistent and untreatable
opportunistic conditions and
cancers begin to manifest.
While people with Aids (the
last phase of HIV disease)
usually die within two
years, anti-retroviral therapy
and the prevention and
treatment of opportunistic
infections may prolong this
25.
26. Why is there stigma related to HIV and AIDS?
Factors that contribute to HIV/AIDS-related stigma
include:
HIV/AIDS is a life-threatening disease, and therefore people react
to it in strong ways.
HIV infection is associated with behaviours (such as
homosexuality, drug addiction, prostitution or promiscuity) that are
already stigmatised in many societies.
Most people become infected with HIV through sex, which often
carries moral baggage.
There is a lot of inaccurate information about how HIV is
transmitted, creating irrational behaviour and misperceptions of
personal risk.
HIV infection is often thought to be the result of personal
irresponsibility.
Religious or moral beliefs lead some people to believe that being
infected with HIV is the result of moral fault (such as promiscuity or
'deviant sex') that deserves to be punished.
The effects of antiretroviral therapy on people’s physical
27. General effects of
stigma
•Loss of income/livelihood
•Loss of marriage & childbearing
options
•Poor care within the health
sector
•Withdrawal of care giving in the
home
•Loss of hope & feelings of
worthlessness
•Loss of reputation
28.
29.
30.
31. • THE MOST FREQUENT MODE
• 80% OF TRANSMISSION IS
THROUGH SEXUAL EXCAHANGE OF
BODY FLUIEDS.
• BY GETTING IN CONTACT WITH
PARTNER’S BODY FLUIDS.
32.
33. TRANSMISSION RISK
CAUSE
ANAL SEX
VERY HIGH
The rectum is a fragile tissue prone
to tears when penetration occurs.
DRY SEX
VERY HIGH
It involves the removal of the
natural lubrication in the vaginal
tract, increasing risk of tearing.
VAGINAL SEX
HIGH
Risk increases during a woman’s
menstrual cycle, and also with the
presence of sexually transmitted
diseases.
ORAL SEX
LOW/MEDIU
M
Risk may be increased through
poor oral hygiene, which includes
the presence of bleeding gums and
sores.
SEX WITH
CONDOM
VERY LOW
Providing the condom is of good
quality and is placed over the penis
correctly, or the femidom inserted
into the vagina correctly.
34. • Via blood and blood products.
• Blood-borne transmission can be through needlesharing during intravenous drug use, needle stick
injury, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood
product, or medical injections with unsterilised
equipment.
• Injecting drugs.
• Healthcare workers have the greatest risk for this
type of HIV transmission.
• Blood transfusion with infected blood or an organ
35.
36.
37. This type of transmission is very rare.
These transmissions are believed to
have resulted from contact between
skin or mucous membranes and
infected blood.
To prevent even such rare
occurrences, precautions, should be
taken in all settings
38.
39. From the onset of the HIV epidemic, there has been concern
about transmission of the virus by biting and bloodsucking
insects
studies have shown no evidence of HIV transmission through
insects--even in areas where there are many cases of AIDS and
large populations of insects such as mosquitoes. Lack of such
outbreaks, despite intense efforts to detect them, supports the
conclusion that HIV is not transmitted by insects
HIV lives for only a short time inside an insect and, unlike
organisms that are transmitted via insect bites, HIV does not
reproduce
40. PREVENTION
Sexual contact
Consistent condom use reduces the risk
of heterosexual HIV transmission by approximately
80% over the long-term. Where one partner of a
couple is infected, consistent condom use results in
rates of HIV infection for the uninfected person of
below 1% per year.
Oral sex
The risk of HIV transmission through the throat,
gums or any other oral membranes has a lower risk
then receiving it from the vaginal or anal area.
41. Mother-to-child
Prevention method primarily involves the
use of a combination of antiviral
medications during pregnancy and after
birth in the infant and potentially
includes bottle feeding rather
than breastfeeding.
Vaccination
As of now there is no
effective vaccine for HIV or AIDS. A
single trial of the vaccine RV
144 published in 2009 found a partial
reduction in the risk of transmission of
roughly 30%, stimulating some hope in
the research community of developing a
truly effective vaccine. Further trials of
the RV 144 vaccine are on-going.
42. • Personal articles like toothbrush and
razors should not be shared with other
family members
• When donating or getting blood, make
sure get those only in hospitals/clinics
that use disposable syringes and
conduct HIV testing are some ways to
make sure that you don’t contract HIV.
Also if you want to get tattoos get them
from hygienic places which follow basic
safe practices.
• Gloves should be worn when handling
blood specimens & other body
secretions as well as
surfaces, materials and objects
exposed to them.
• Avoid accidental pricks from sharp
instruments contaminated with
potentially infectious materials from AIDS
patient.
43. Treatment For HIV
AIDS
drugs are medicines used
to treat but not cure HIV
infection.
These drugs are sometimes
referred to as “anteroviral
drugs”, work by reducing the
replication of the virus.
44. There is ACTUALLY no cure for AIDS .
1. Antiretroviral therapy
- reduce the presence of the virus in the body, but can
not eliminate it.
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors
(Zidovudine)
Non-Nucleoside Transcriptase inhibitors
(Nevirapine)
Protease inhibitor (Ritonavir)
Taking two or more antiretroviral drugs at a time is
called combination therapy. If only one drug was
taken, HIV would quickly become resistant to it.
2. Opportunistic Infection Treatment
Used in an event where antiretroviral drugs are not
available
45. 2 groups of Anteroviral drugs
Reverse
Protease
transcriptase
inhibitors
inhibitors
inhibits the
inhibits the
enzyme
enzyme “reverse
transcriptase”
protease which
which is needed to are needed for
“copy”
information for the the assembly of
virus to replicate.
viral particles.
Zalcitabine
Saquinavir
-Havid
-Invarase
Stavudine
-Zerit
46.
47. What is needed now are increased
efforts to promote youth
participation and commitment;
more services aimed at youth;
more parental involvement; more
education and information, using
schools and other sites; more
protection for girls, orphaned
children and young women; and
more partnerships with people
with HIV and AIDS!!