THE BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT IS HIV AND HOW IT DESTRUCT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. THEN LEADS TO AIDS. PRESENTATION ALSO EXPLAINS THE DIAGNOSIS OF HIV, ITS TREATMENT
WHY WE DONT HAVE VACCINE FOR HIV AND WHAT ARE THE PRESENT SCENARIO OF VACCINE DEVELOPMENT..
I HOPE IT WILL EXPLAIN WELL ABOUT HIV INFECTION AND AIDS, MAY PROVE USEFUL FOR YOU GUYS.....
HIV ITS PREVENTION AND CONTROL is a presentation that aim to introduce HIV(Human immunodeficiency Virus),its pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control
Legionella is the group of bacteria which give rise a number of illnesses, including Legionnaires' disease – a potentially fatal pneumonia type of infection of the lower respiratory tract.
Content & references in part including multimedia content (illustrations, videos) might be taken from the public domain, by no means, aiming at copyrights infringement. All intellectual property rights reserved with the owners.
HIV ITS PREVENTION AND CONTROL is a presentation that aim to introduce HIV(Human immunodeficiency Virus),its pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control
Legionella is the group of bacteria which give rise a number of illnesses, including Legionnaires' disease – a potentially fatal pneumonia type of infection of the lower respiratory tract.
Content & references in part including multimedia content (illustrations, videos) might be taken from the public domain, by no means, aiming at copyrights infringement. All intellectual property rights reserved with the owners.
This is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for both undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students... This lecture covers cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea and dysentry
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) InfectionArwa M. Amin
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This Presentation is for Educational Purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
Porphyromonas gingivalis belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes and is a nonmotile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, pathogenic bacterium. It forms black colonies on blood agar.
It is found in the oral cavity, where it is implicated in certain forms of periodontal disease, as well as in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, and the colon. It has also been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis. Collagen degradation observed in chronic periodontal disease results in part from the collagenase enzymes of this species. It has been shown in an in vitro study that P. gingivalis can invade human gingival fibroblasts and can survive in them in the presence of considerable concentrations of antibiotics.P. gingivalis also invades gingival epithelial cells in high numbers, in which cases both bacteria and epithelial cells survive for extended periods of time. High levels of specific antibodies can be detected in patients harboring P. gingivalis. Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , explains the various enzymes enzyme peptidyl-arginine deiminase, which is involved in citrullination.[4] Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have an increased incidence of periodontal disease, and antibodies against the bacterium are significantly more common in these patients.
P. gingivalis is divided into K-serotypes based upon capsular antigenicity of the various types.
This is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for both undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students... This lecture covers cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea and dysentry
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) InfectionArwa M. Amin
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This Presentation is for Educational Purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
Porphyromonas gingivalis belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes and is a nonmotile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, pathogenic bacterium. It forms black colonies on blood agar.
It is found in the oral cavity, where it is implicated in certain forms of periodontal disease, as well as in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, and the colon. It has also been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis. Collagen degradation observed in chronic periodontal disease results in part from the collagenase enzymes of this species. It has been shown in an in vitro study that P. gingivalis can invade human gingival fibroblasts and can survive in them in the presence of considerable concentrations of antibiotics.P. gingivalis also invades gingival epithelial cells in high numbers, in which cases both bacteria and epithelial cells survive for extended periods of time. High levels of specific antibodies can be detected in patients harboring P. gingivalis. Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , explains the various enzymes enzyme peptidyl-arginine deiminase, which is involved in citrullination.[4] Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have an increased incidence of periodontal disease, and antibodies against the bacterium are significantly more common in these patients.
P. gingivalis is divided into K-serotypes based upon capsular antigenicity of the various types.
International Journal of HIV/AIDS and Research (IJHR) Scidoc Publishers
International Journal of HIV/AIDS and Research (IJHR) ISSN 2379-1586 is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, provides a clinically oriented forum for investigating and treating sexually transmissible infections, HIV and AIDS thereby publishing the very latest ground breaking research on HIV and AIDS.
URL: http://scidoc.org/IJHR.php ,
For article promotion use this link: http://scidoc.org/ArchiveIJHR.php ,
Editorial board: http://scidoc.org/editorial_board.php?id=29
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. INTRODUCTION
Family: Retroviridae
Genus: Lentiviridae
Disease that HIV causes, AIDS was first
reported in the U.S. in 1981 in L.A. and New
York
Causative agent discovered and
characterized by Luc Montagnier of France
and Robert Gallo of the US in 1983-84.
Retrovirus having:
Reverse transcriptase
3.
Antigenic strains : HIV-1 and HIV-2
HIV-1(virulent strain) is most prominent in
U.S., Canada and Europe
HIV-2 (less virulent) common in certain
parts of West Africa, it is closely related to
simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)
found in monkey
HIV-1 differs significantly from HIV-2/SIV.
4. structure
Each virion expresses 72
glycoprotein projections composed
of gp120 and gp41
The viral envelope derives from the
host cell and contains some hostcell membrane proteins, including
class I and class II MHC molecules
Within the envelope is the viral
core, or nucleocapsid, which
includes a layer of a protein called
p17 and an inner layer of a protein
called p24.
Genome consists of two copies of
single-stranded RNA, which are
associated with two molecules of
reverse transcriptase (p64) and
nucleoid proteins p10, a protease,
and p32, an integrase.
5.
Electron micrograph of HIV virions magnified
200,000 times. The glycoprotein projections are
faintly visible as “knobs” extending from the
periphery of each virion.
6. Genome of HIV-1
Structural genes
gag :- Group specific antigen,
pol :- Reverse transcriptase, Protease
and Integrase,
env :- Envelope glycoprotein (gp).
7.
Genes essential for viral replication:
tat :- activates transcription,
rev :- export of unspliced and singly
spliced mRNAs from nucleus,
LTR sequence:- promoter and enhancer
elements
Genes not essential for viral replication:vif :- promotes maturation and infectivity
nef (negative factor) :- Down-regulates
Host-cell class I MHC and CD4
vpr , vpx and vpu
8. Stability
Inactivation By :
Heat
a) Autoclave
b) hot air oven
Glutaraldehyde 2%
Hypochlorite 10,000 ppm : 1 in 10 dilution of domestic
bleach
Other disinfectants, including alcohols .
Survival of HIV :
Virus may survive for up to 15 days at room temperature.
At 37º C virus can survive for 10-15 days.
Over 60º C virus is inactivated 100-fold each hour.
19. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• Disease limits the body’s ability to fight
infection due to markedly reduced helper T
cells
• CD4 count drops below 200 person is
considered to have advanced HIV disease
• If preventative medications not started the HIV
infected person is now at risk for:
– Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
– cryptococcal meningitis
– toxoplasmosis
21. Stage 1 - Primary
Short, flu-like illness occurs one to six
weeks after infection
Mild symptoms
Infected person can
infect other people
22. Stage 2 - Asymptomatic
Lasts for an average of ten years
This stage is free from symptoms
There may be swollen glands
The level of HIV in the blood drops to low levels
HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood
23. Stage 3 - Symptomatic
The immune system deteriorates
Opportunistic infections and cancers start to
appear.
24. Stage 4 - HIV AIDS
The immune system
weakens too much as
CD4 cells decrease in
number.
33. Blood Detection Tests
Screening test for HIV
HIV enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Sensitivity > 99.9%
Western blot
Confirmatory test
Speicificity > 99.9% (when combined with
ELISA)
HIV rapid antibody test
Screening test for HIV
Simple to perform
Absolute CD4 lymphocyte
count
Predictor of HIV progression
Risk of opportunistic infections and AIDS when
<200
HIV viral load tests
Best test for diagnosis of acute HIV infection
Correlates with disease progression and
response to HAART
34. Urine Testing
Urine
Western Blot
As sensitive as testing
blood
Safe way to screen for HIV
Can cause false positives
in certain people at high
risk for HIV
35. Oral Testing
Orasure
The only FDA approved
HIV antibody.
As accurate as blood
testing
Draws blood-derived
fluids from the gum
tissue.
NOT A SALIVA TEST!
39. HEALTH CARE FOLLOW UP OF
HIV INFECTED PATIENTS
For all HIV-infected individuals:
CD4 counts every 3–6 months
Viral load tests every 3–6 months and 1 month
following a change in therapy
Toxoplasma IgG serology
CMV IgG serology
Pneumococcal vaccine
Influenza vaccine in season
Hepatitis B vaccine for those who are HBsAbnegative
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination
Papanicolaou smears every 6 months for women
41. Why AIDS does not fit the paradigm for classic vaccine development
• Classic vaccines mimic natural immunity against reinfection generally seen
in individuals recovered from infection; there are no recovered AIDS
patients.
• Most vaccines protect against disease, not against infection; HIV infection
may remain latent for long periods before causing AIDS.
• Most vaccines protect for years against viruses that change very little over
time; HIV-1 mutates at a rapid rate and efficiently selects mutant forms that
evade immunity.
• Most effective vaccines are whole-killed or live-attenuated organisms; killed
HIV-1 does not retain antigenicity and the use of a live retrovirus vaccine
raises safety issues.
• Most vaccines protect against infections that are infrequently encountered;
HIV may be encountered daily by individuals at high risk.
• Most vaccines protect against infections through mucosal surfaces of the
respiratory or gastrointestinal tract; the great majority of HIV infection is
through the genital tract.
• Most vaccines are tested for safety and efficacy in an animal model before
trials with human volunteers; there is no suitable animal model for HIV/AIDS
at present.
42. Vaccine strategies under study
Vaccine
constituents
Status
Advantages
Disadvantages
Viral surface
proteins,
gp120
In phase I and II
trials, which
examine safety
Safe and simple to
prepare
Vaccine –elicited
antibodies have
failed to
recognize HIV
from patients
Live vector
viruses
In phase II trials
Markers can
control amount
and kinds of viral
proteins
produced
Complicated to
prepare
Combinations of In phase II trials
elements, such
as pure gp120
protein plus
canarypox
vector
Should stimulate Complicated to
both arms of the prepare
immune
response at once