This document provides an overview of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It describes how HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and increasing the risk of opportunistic infections. Over time, this can lead to AIDS. The document outlines how HIV is transmitted, common signs and symptoms, testing methods, associated infections like tuberculosis and cancers, how HIV affects the immune system, current treatment options involving antiretroviral therapy, prevention methods, and global statistics on those living with HIV/AIDS.

1. Human Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome

2. Presented By:
 MUHAMMAD zain ahsan
 Talha Mazhar

3. Contents:
 Introduction
 Transmission
 Signs & Symptoms
 Diagnosis
 Infections common to HIV/ AIDS
 HIV and the Immune System
 Treatment
 Prevention
 HIV AIDS – Global and Regional scenario

4. Introduction
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
H = Infects Human beings
I = Immunodeficiency virus weakens the
immune system and increases the risk of
infection
V = Virus that attacks the body

5. Structure of HIV

6. 6
Types of HIV Virus
 HIV is A Retrovirus
 Enveloped RNA virus, 120nm in diameter
 HIV-1
 Most common in sub-Saharan Africa and throughout the world
 HIV-1 isolated in 1984
 HIV-2
 HIV-2 discovered in 1986 in West Africa.
 Most often found in West Central Africa, parts of Europe and India
 HIV-2 is less easily transmitted
 HIV-2 is less pathogenic Duration of HIV-2 infection is shorter

7. Life Cycle Of HIV

8. AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
A = Acquired, not inherited
I = Weakens the Immune system
D = Creates a Deficiency of Immune cells
in immune system
S = A group of signs and symptoms that
occur together and characterize a
particular abnormality

9. 9
HIV vs. AIDS
 HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
 Not everyone who is infected with HIV has AIDS
 Everyone with AIDS is infected with HIV
 AIDS is result of the progression of HIV Infection
 Anyone infected with HIV, although healthy, can
still transmit the virus to another person

10. Transmission of HIV
 HIV is transmitted by
 Direct contact with infected blood
 Through Sexual contact
 Direct contact with semen or vaginal and
cervical secretions
 HIV-infected mothers to infants during
pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding

11. HIV is not transmitted by:
 Coughing, sneezing
 Insect bites
 Touching, hugging
 Public baths
 Handshakes
 Sharing cups, glasses,
plates, or other utensils

12. Signs & Symptoms
Signs And symptoms are varies from person to person
 Acute illness
Common
 body rash
 fever
 sore throat
 severe headaches
Less common
• Fatigue
• swollen lymph nodes
• ulcers in the mouth or on the genitals
• Joint pain
• vomiting

13. Asymptomatic period
 Initial symptoms disappear
 No other symptoms for months or years
 The virus replicates and begins to weaken the
immune system during this period.
 Person feel or look sick
 They can easily transmit the virus to others.

14. Advanced Infection:
 nausea
 vomiting
 chronic fatigue
 rapid weight loss
 cough and shortness of breath
 chills, and night sweats
 rashes in the mouth or nose
 prolonged swelling of the lymph nodes in the armpits
 memory loss and confusion

18. Diagnosis
 HIV Laboratory Tests
 CD4 count
Adult values are approximately 500-1300

19. Viral Load Test:

20. Elisa Test:

22. Infections common to HIV/ AIDS
 Tuberculosis (TB)
 In resource-poor nations, TB is the most common
 opportunistic infection associated with HIV and a
 leading cause of death among people with AIDS.

23. Candidiasis:
 Candidiasis is a common HIV-related infection.
 It causes inflammation and a thick, white coating on the mucous membranes
of your mouth, tongue, esophagus or vagina.

24. Cytomegalovirus
 This common herpes virus is transmitted in body fluids such as saliva, blood,
urine, semen and breast milk.
 A healthy immune system inactivates the virus, and it remains dormant in
body.
 If your immune system weakens, the virus resurfaces causing damage to
eyes, digestive tract, lungs or other organs.

25. Cryptococcal meningitis
 Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes and fluid surrounding
 brain and spinal cord (meninges).
 • Cryptococcal meningitis is a common central nervous system infection
 associated with HIV, caused by a fungus found in soil

26. Cryptosporidiosis
 This infection is caused by an intestinal parasite that's commonly found in
animals.
 The parasite grows in intestines and bile ducts, leading to severe, chronic
diarrhea in people with AIDS.

27. Toxoplasmosis
 This potentially deadly infection is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite
spread primarily by cats.

28. Cancers common to HIV/ AIDS
 Kaposi's sarcoma
A tumor of the blood vessel walls
Kaposi's sarcoma usually appears as pink, red or purple lesions on the skin and
mouth.
Kaposi's sarcoma can also affect the internal organs e.g. Lungs

29. Lymphomas
 This type of cancer originates in white blood cells and usually first appears in
lymph nodes.
 The most common early sign is painless swelling of the lymph nodes in your
neck, armpit or groin.

30. HIV and the Immune System
 Lymphocytes: produced & mature in stem cells in bone marrow, regulate
immune system, kill cells that bear specific target antigen.
 B:
produce antibodies against the pathogen and are dependent on T-cells for the
information of pathogen.
produced in stem cells in bone marrow and travel to mature in thymus gland.
 T:
T=helper (CD4):recognize virus and stimulate B-cell to actively fight
infection.
T=Suppressor (CD8): Suppress T & B cell after control of infection.
T= Cytotoxic (killer): recognize virus infected cells and Kill them directly

31.  Glycoproteins of HIV surface and CD-4 molecule are similar hence susceptible
to infection.
 CD-4 interact with glycoproteins and enter into the cell

32. HIV and the Immune System
 The CD4 cells coordinate a body’s immune response to an invader (bacteria,
virus, etc.)
 BUT, when HIV enters CD4 cells for reproduction, it damages the CD4 cell,
eventually killing it.
 The body’s immune system works hard making more CD4 cells
 Overtime, HIV destroys the CD4 cells faster than the immune system can
make new ones
 So, HIV damages the very system that usually protects the body from
infection.

33. Treatment:
 There is no cure for HIV. Antiretroviral therapy can reduce the presence of
the virus in the body, but can not eliminate it.

34. Prevention:
 Raising awareness In People.
 To be faithful to your partner.
 should not be share needle and syringes.
 Advertisement from different media or
channels.

35. HIV AIDS – Global and Regional
scenario
 34 million people living with HIV.
 26 million are eligible for antiretroviral therapy
 HIV claimed more than 25 million lives over the past
three decades.
 Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region, with
nearly 1 in every 20 adults living with HIV.
 69% per cent of all people living with HIV are living in this
region.
 10 million people had access to ARV therapy.