This document summarizes histological and cytological specimens. It describes tissue samples obtained from biopsies or autopsies that can be either histological (muscular) or cytological (liquid). Cytological specimens include bodily fluids like urine, cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluid, endoscopy samples, sputum, and other fluids. The procedures for processing and staining samples of each fluid type are provided. Semen is also discussed as a cytological specimen, including normal parameters for analysis and staining techniques.
cytology of urine tract - this slide contains the specimen collection method, preparation of specimen, types of fixatives, other preparation techniques, urinary tract histology, normal urinary tract cytology,
cytology of urine tract - this slide contains the specimen collection method, preparation of specimen, types of fixatives, other preparation techniques, urinary tract histology, normal urinary tract cytology,
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is a routine staining technique that reveals exceptional detail of tissue structure and makeup of the cells. Stained cell structures (e.g. nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, extra-cellular components) provide important information for tissue-based cancer diagnosis. Special stains refer to alternative staining techniques that are used when H&E stains do not provide all the cellular information required. These techniques use a variety of dyes and methods so that pathologists can visualize tissue morphology and detect the presence of particular cell types, structures or pathogens (e.g. bacteria). We have the broadest special stain† menu anywhere (over 30 special stains), including:
Grocott’s Methenamine Silver (GMS) Stain
Reticulin Stains
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Giemsa Stain
Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Stains
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Understand and Differentiate between strategic recruitment and selection.
Identify the dual goals of recruiting.
Comprehend recruitment process from organizational as well as individual perspective.
Identify what strategic decisions are involved in recruiting.
Explain the major recruitment methods and analyze their advantages and disadvantages.
Identify the basic selection criteria.
Design and administer an effective selection process.
Evaluate the three methods e.g., information gathering, tests and interviewing used in employee selection.
Appreciate varied contemporary interviewing techniques used by interviewers.
Design interview form and evaluation matrix.
Tolerance to tissue and cell antigens can be
induced by injection of hemopoietic (stem)
cells in neonatal or severely
immunocompromised (by lethal irradiation
or drug treatment) animals.
Also, grafting of allogeneic bone marrow or
thymus in early life results in tolerance to
the donor type cells and tissues. Such
animals are known as chimeras. These
findings are of significant practical
application in bone marrow grafting
This is an important topic of mammalian (Male) reproductive toxicology.By doing this test sperm abnormalities should be cured. This topic is available in net but not like, what a master student try to find out.If there is anything wrong then correct me please.
In this ppt i have included methods of semen analysis and the importance and some agents which create semen abnormalities.
sperm assessment- traditional and novel approaches.pptxDeepekaTS
The latest WHO recommendations,2010 are based on semen parameters from approximately 2000 fertile men, from eight countries and three continents, whose partners achieved pregnancy within 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse.
Pitfalls- huge shift in the lower reference values, one sided criteria.
Reference limits shouldn’t be over-interpreted
Interpret along with clinical history and physical examination.
Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a fertility treatment that involves placing sperm inside a woman’s uterus to facilitate fertilisation. The goal of IUI is to increase the number of sperm that reach the fallopian tubes and subsequently increase the chance of fertilisation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. HISTOLOGICAL SPECIMENS
• It includes all kinds of the tissue removed from the body e.g.
breast, uterus, liver, prostate etc.
• The tissue can be obtained either by biopsy or autopsy
process.
• Biopsy is a process of removing a tissue from patient for
diagnostic examination while autopsy is process where by a
tissue taken from a dead body.
• The tissue may either be cytological (in liquid form) or
histological ( in muscular form)
3. CYTOLOGICAL SPECIMENS
• It includes different types of the fluid found in the body.eg
• 1.URINE
• 2.CSF(cerebral spinal fluid)
• 3.JOINT FLUID
• 4.ENDOSCOPY SPECIMENS
• 5.SPUTUM
• 6.OTHER BODY FLUIDS e.g. pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid and
pericardium.
• 7.SEMEN
4. 1.URINE
• Urine assist in the detection of malignancy arising from the
urinary system.
PROCEDURE
1.Specimen is centrifuged, supernatant poured out and the
deposit is smeared on the clean dry slides and fixed
immediately in ether/ 95% alcohol for at least 15min.
a)-The smear(wet) is stained by papanicolauous method and
mounted
b)-Air dried smear are stained by Rowmanowsky stains e.g.
-Giemsa
-Field
-Leishman
5. 2.CSF
• CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID:Is commonly obtained by lumber
puncher.
• PROCEDUDE
1)Centrifuge immediately after collection
2)Pour the supernatant and smear the deposit on the clean glass
slides and fix immediately in ether/95% alcohol for at least
15min and stain by
- Papanicolauous (wet)
-Air dry and stain with Rowmanowsky stain
6. 3.JOINT FLUID
• Synovial fluid from joints may also be processed and
examined for infectious pathogens or malignancy.
• Specimen is centrifuged supernatant poured out and the
deposit is smeared on the clean dry slides and fixed
immediately in ether/95% alcohol for at least 15min and
stained by Papanicolauous method or make the smear, air dry,
and stain with Rowmanowsky stains.
7. 5.ENDOSCOPY SPECIMENS
• Cytological specimens can also be obtained during endoscopy
of the stomach or bronchioles.
• Specimen is centrifuged, supernatant poured out and the
deposit smeared on the clean dry slide and fixed immediately
in ether/ 95% alcohol for at least 15mn and stained by
Papanicolauous method or make smear air dry and stain with
Romanowsky stains.
8. 6.SPUTUM
Procedure
• Add about 15ml of 18% HCl to the specimen and shake to
loosen it from the sides of container.
• Leave it overnight at 20-25˚C. If the specimen can not be dealt
within 24hours use 4% HCl.
• The following morning pour the content which is now liquid
into a plastic universal container, centrifuge,pour off
supernatant, wash by scott tape water, pour off by wire loop
and fix immediately in ether/95% alcohol for at least 15min
and stain by either Papanicolaous method or make smear air
dry and stain with Rowmanowisk stains.
9. 7.OTHER BODY FLUIDS
• It includes
-Pleural fluid(lung)
-Peritoneal (stomach)
-Pericardium(heart)
-ascitic fluid (peritonial cavity)
• Body fluids clots due to protein contents unless anticoagulant is added e.g.
sodium citrate, heparin and EDTA.
• Specimen is centrifuged supernatant poured out and the deposit smeared
on the clean dry slides and fixed immediately in ether/95%alcohol for at
least 15min and stained by Papanicolauous method.
• Or make smear air dry and stain with Rowmanowsky stains.
10. 8.SEMEN
• Is a cytological specimen only obtained from men.
• Semen consists of
-spermatozoa
-seminal fluid(watery part of the semen)
• Examination of semen is called SEMEN ANALYSIS.
11. NOTE.
• For a semen analysis a fresh semen sample is needed after
sexual abstinence for at least 3days.
• The sample can be obtained/collected by different methods,
some of them are
• 1.Masturbation
• 2.Coitus interrupts( withdraw method)
• 3.Prostate massage
The entire sample should be directed into a clean,dry,wide
glass or plastic container.
The patient should bring the specimen to the lab within 1hour.
12. PROCEDURES
MACROSCOPICALLY
1. NOTE THE MACROSCOPIC APPEARANCE
To see whether it is normal(milky/creamy looking)or
abnormal.
2. VOLUME
Measure the volume and record the amount(normal range
is 1.5-5.5ml)
3. VISCOSITY
a)Normal-(string test is 1cm-2cm)
b)Decreased-(stringing less than 1cm)
c)Increased-(stringing greater than 2cm)
13. MICROSCOPICALLY
4.MOTILITY
-Quantitative-estimate % motile vs. immotile
-Qualitative-Grade the forward progression made by the largest
number of spermatozoa.
-The grades are:
-None
-Poor
-Good
-Excellent
Normal motility is greater than or equal to 60% motile
spermatozoa with good to excellent forward progression.
Also we can see other cells like leukocytes ,epithelial cells, Tv and
bacteria.
14. 5.MORPHOLOGY.
Normal morphology-oval head, middle piece
and long-thin tail.
Abnormal morphology of spermatozoa include
-Blunt head
-Multiple tails
-Multiple heads
-Enlarged middle piece
-Very short or very long tail
15. Staining
• The stain techniques used to stain
spermatozoa include Giemsa and
Papanicolaou stains.
• Stain characteristics
Nucleus of head…...................Dark blue
Cytoplasm of head………………Pale blue
Middle piece and tail…….Pink-Red
16.
17.
18.
19. 5.COUNT
• Dilute the semen 1:20 with diluent which is composed of
sodium bicarbonate-formalin solution
• Mix well by taking 1ml of semen and 19mls of the diluent,
leave the mixture to stay for at least 5 minutes,
• Charge the neubauer counting chamber and count at X20
objective.
21. CONCLUSIONS.
• Good semen according to motility, count and morphology(if
all parameters are good)
• Poor semen according to motility, count and morphology(if all
parameters are not good)
• Good motility, good count but poor morphology, or otherwise
depends on which parameter is good and which is poor.
22. Conclusion cont…
NOTE
Normal count is 20-60million per ml.
Less than 20million per ml is-OLIGOSPERMIA.
No spermatozoa at all-AZOOSPERMIA.
24. PREPARED BY
• JOSEPH KITUKULU- RIGHT
• MICHAEL PETER- MIDDLE
• KAUNALA AZIZI-LEFT
LABORATORY SCIENTISTS AT BUGANDO
HOSPITAL, MWANZA TANZANIA
josephkitukulu@yahoo.com