This document provides information on techniques for collecting, preparing, preserving, and displaying specimens in a pathology museum. It discusses receiving specimens from hospitals and laboratories, preparing them by washing and fixing in formalin-based solutions, restoring color with alcohol, and long-term preservation by mounting in glycerin-based solutions. Special techniques are described for various organs and structures like lungs, brains, and calculi. The goal is to maintain specimens in a lifelike state for teaching and display over many years.
This presentation deals tissue processing in histopathology, the detailed of presentation given blow:
Histology, study the organization of tissues at all levels, from the whole organ down to the molecular components of cells that are found in most multicellular plants and animals.
Animal tissues are classified as epithelium, with closely spaced cells and very little intercellular space; connective tissue, with large amounts of intercellular material; muscle, specialized for contraction; and nerve, specialized for conduction of electrical impulses. Blood is also sometimes considered a separate tissue type.
Plants are composed of relatively undifferentiated tissue known as meristematic tissue; storage tissue or parenchyma; vascular tissue; photosynthetic tissue or chlorenchyma and support tissue or sclerenchyma and collenchyma.
Plasitnation as a sub-unit of museum techniques has been helpful as gross specimen for postgraduate, undergraduate and research studies. Why is so plastination important in the 21th Century?
It is generally recognized that stained fecal films are the single most productive means of stool examination for intestinal protozoa. The permanent stained smear facilitates detection and identification of cysts and trophozoites and affords a permanent record of the protozoa encountered. Small protozoa, missed by wet mount examinations (of either unconcentrated or concentrated samples) are often seen on the stained smear. The Wheatley Trichrome technique for fecal specimens is a modification of Gomori's original staining procedure for tissue. It is a rapid, simple procedure, which produces uniformly well-stained smears of the intestinal protozoa, human cells, yeast, and artifact material.
Qc test for plastics,metallic tins,closures, collapsible tubes, secondary pac...himanshu kamboj
b pharma 6th sem
pharmaceutical quality assurance
Introduction
Types of pharmaceutical packaging
Packaging materials
Quality control test for plastic
Quality control test for closures
Quality control of collapsible tubes
Quality control of metallic tins
QC test for secondary packaging materials
Ovarian tumors Lecture notes for MBBS.pptxSizan Thapa
Introduction to ovarian tumors, Epidemiology, Classification of ovarian tumor, Pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian tumors, Serous tumors of the ovaries, definition, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology, Mucinous tumors of ovaries, definition, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology, Teratoma of the ovaries,definition, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology, Dysgerminma,definition, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology
Hydrocele and tumors of testis Introduction.pptxSizan Thapa
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
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(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. ● Pathological museums are in part historical,
representing the pioneer work of diagnosticians
and therapists.
● Presents records of the past states, now
infrequently encountered.
● Provide the students with basic material of their
current teaching
3. ● BASIC MUSEUM TECHNIQUES
– Reception
– Preparation
– Fixation
– Color restoration
– Preservation
– Mounting
– Special methods
– presentation
4. ● RECEPTION
– Source: specimen are mostly collected from
● Teaching hospitals – surgically resected specimen from
operation theatres.
● Necropsy specimen from postmortem room
● Research laboratories
– Specimen should be received with full details of the
patient and the lesion.
5. ● PREPARATION OF THE SPECIMEN
– Contact of the specimen with tap water –
commonest cause of inferior quality of specimen.
Resultant hemolysis greatly reduces the value of
preservation.
– Should be washed in saline and kept in saline
before demonstration. Drying ruins surface
appearance.
– Should not be kept in saline for more than 2 hrs as
autolysis sets in.
6.
7. ● FIXATION OF THE SPECIMEN
– Objective : to preserve cells and tissue constituents
in as close to life like state as possible.
– Fixation stops autolysis and bacterial
decomposition, and stabilizing the cellular and
tissue constituents.
– Fixatives used are based on formalin fixative
technique.
– They are derived from Kaiserling technique and its
modification.
8. ● Keiserling recommended that the initial fixation
should be in neutral formalin ( KI) solution and
then preserving glycerine solution (KIII) for long
term display.
● These solution also preserve color.
9. ● Principle of fixation
– Specimen containing bile or stained by bile must be
fixed and stored apart from other specimen.
– Specimen undergoing fixation must not touch other
specimen or the sides of the jar; they must either lie
on washed lint or should be suspended by lenin
thread.
– Flat flaps of tissues like stomach, intestine etc. should
be fixed to cork board and left in formalin so that they
are not crumpled and irregularly fixed.
– Cystic cavities – if unopened, should be injected with
fixatives. Opened ones should be packed with cotton
wool.
10. – Solid viscera should be fixed by vascular injection.
For eg, brain is fixed by injecting fixative through
basilar artery.
– Lungs and limbs should be fixed by vascular
injection.
11. ● Fixation technique
– Most widely used techniques are modification of
method described by Kaiserling (1897)
– Originally 3 solutions were used
● First for fixing
● Second for restoring color
● Third as a mounting fluid.
12. Keiserling no I – fixing fluid
● Formalin 40% - 400 ml
● Potassium nitrate – 30 g
● Potassium acetate – 60 g
● Water up to 2000 ml
– Tissue is fixed in Kaiserling No. I solution for 24 hrs
to few weeks depending on the size of the
specimen.
13. Keiserling no. II solution
– The specimen is placed in 80% ethyl alcohol
solution for an optimal period for 1 hour ( up to 4 hrs
depending on the size of specimen), if the
specimen is discolored.
– If the specimen is left in alcohol for too long → the
color will fade, and the effect is irreversible.
– THIS STEP IS NOT REQUIRED IF MOUNTING
FLUID UDED IS SODIUM HYDROGEN SULFITE
14. ● COLOR RESTORATION
– The fixed specimen is transferred to a jar containing
industrial methylated spirit until the color is fully
restored.
– The alcohol penetrates the tissue rapidly.
– Floating specimen → cover with surgical gauze.
The vessel should be closed to prevent
evaporation.
– Color restoration is complete in 2 – 8 hrs,
depending on the size and character of the
specimen.
15. – Restoration can be achieved by adding reducing
agent – sodium hydrogen sulfite to the mounting
fluid (Pulvertaft, 1936).
– Specimen mounted show remarkably little fading
even after 25 yrs.
16. Original Kaiserling no. III solution
– Glycerin 500 ml
– Arsenious acid 1% in 200 ml
– Potassium acetate 250 g
– Thymol 2.5 g
17. Pulvertaft – Kaiserling mounting fluid III
– Glycerine 300 ml
– 10% sodium acetate 100 g
– 10% formalin 5 ml
– Tap water 1000 ml
● Camphor/ thymol – prevents the growth of moulds.
● Immediately before sealing 0.4% sod. Hydrosulfite is added.
● Solution should be filtered through paper pulp under
negative pressure to remove impurities.
18. ● Carbon monoxide has also been employed as
color -retaining agent. It gives brilliant contrast
color. Risks – poisoning, explosion. The colors
are unrealistic.
● Pure liquid paraffin can be used as final
mountant after color restoration with alcohol. It
reduces discoloration of mounting fluid by
pigments in the specimen
19. ● HOLLOW VISCERA
– Cut hollow viscera should be padded with cotton
wool.
– Uncut viscera can be pressure inflated. Eg
● Through urethra into the bladder.
● Through urethra into pelvicalyceal system
● Through trachea into the lungs.
● Direct injection in case of cysts
– The fixatives can be injected into such organs by
Higginson syringe or with conventional hypodermic
syringe.
20.
21. ● PRESERVATION
– The specimen together with a duplicate label, is
wrapped in gauze or muslin and the label is
attached with a piece of linen thread.
– Specimens are preserved in a rectangular
earthenware tanks
– The fluid used can be Kaiserling fixing fluid I for a
period of six months.
– After 6 mths, the specimen should be treated with
80% alcohol to restore color.
22.
23. ● MOUNTING
– Specimen are trimmed to desired size and shape
so that they fit in the jar. All unwanted and non
representative tissues are removed after careful
dissection.
– If the specimen do not remain in natural position
after removal of cotton wool packing, fill the cavities
with arsenious acid-gelatin.
– Regular cuts given keeping in anatomical position.
24. ● Friable specimen can be covered by thin layer
of arsenious acid- gelatin.
● Bile stained specimen are soaked in solution of
calcium chloride for 24 hrs to avoid
discoloration of mounting fluid.
25. ● Mounting procedure
– Museum jars and boxes
– Center plates
– Stitching specimens to center plate
– Fixing the center plate
– Filling and sealing
26.
27. ● Factors affecting fixation
– Buffering
– Penetration
– Volume
– Temperature
– Concentration
– Time interval
– Position of the tissue
28. SPECIAL METHODS
– Maceration
● Used to demonstrate bony lesions eg. osteogenic sarcomas, osteomas
and tuberculosis
● Enables the preservation of even finest bony spicules .
– Calculi
● Calculi are cut in half with fine fretsaw and cut surface is polished with
sand paper.
● Dry mounting in closed jars
– Amyloid
● Iodine technique
● Congo red technique
29. PRESENTATION
– Museum specimen should be clearly labeled and a
system of cataloging should be employed which
allows easy and rapid access.
30. LABELING
– Rectangle of perspex sheet 1/16 th of an inch in
thickness which is cemented in the center at the
bottom of the outside of the box or the bottom of the
center plate.
