- The document discusses the development of Quality Protein Maize (QPM), a variety of maize that contains higher amounts of the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan.
- QPM was created through the discovery of the opaque-2 mutant in the 1930s, which increases lysine levels but causes soft kernels. Breeding efforts aimed to combine this trait with genetic modifiers to recover kernel hardness.
- India has released several QPM varieties since 1970 through conventional breeding programs at research centers. More recently, marker-assisted selection was used to shorten the time needed to develop new QPM hybrids with improved agronomic traits.
Single seed descent and multilines varieties pptSheetal3497
The document discusses single seed descent (SSD) method and multiline varieties. It begins by explaining the SSD method, which involves selecting a single seed randomly from selected plants at each generation to make the bulk, instead of bulking the whole seed lot. This method is useful for improving quantitative traits like yield rather than qualitative traits. It then describes the steps involved in the SSD method from hybridization to seed multiplication. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of the SSD method and multiline varieties. It provides examples of crops developed using these methods like wheat varieties Kalyan Sona and KML7404.
Participatory Plant Breeding, Biodiversity, Genetic Resources, Gender and Cli...CIAT
This document discusses participatory plant breeding and biodiversity. It notes that biodiversity is key to food security but 75% of genetic diversity in agricultural crops has been lost. Participatory plant breeding is presented as a way to reconcile biodiversity and food security by involving farmers in plant breeding. It describes participatory plant breeding programs in many countries on various crops, including barley, lentils, wheat, and chickpeas. Benefits of participatory plant breeding include variety development, building institutional capacity, empowering farmers, enhancing biodiversity, and higher benefit-cost ratios compared to conventional breeding.
This document describes the single seed descent (SSD) method of plant breeding. It involves taking a single seed from each plant in a segregating population and bulking them to grow the next generation, allowing for rapid inbreeding. The method was proposed by Goulden in 1941 to quickly inbreed populations before evaluating individual lines. It has advantages like rapid generation advancement and requiring fewer resources than other methods. Potential disadvantages include carrying inferior material forward and losing the benefits of natural selection due to fewer field evaluations.
Quality refers to the suitability of a crop for its intended end use. Quality traits include morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, and biological characteristics. Morphological traits relate to appearance while organoleptic traits influence taste and aroma. Nutritional traits determine health value and biological traits define usefulness when consumed. Quality is governed by oligogenic, polygenic, or maternal inheritance. Sources of improved quality traits include cultivated varieties, germplasm, mutants, somaclonal variants, wild relatives, and transgenic sources.
This document discusses recurrent selection, a plant breeding method involving repeated cycles of selection and intermating within a population. It defines recurrent selection and describes its main features and types, including simple recurrent selection, recurrent selection for general combining ability, recurrent selection for specific combining ability, and reciprocal recurrent selection. The document outlines the procedures, merits, and demerits of these recurrent selection methods. In conclusion, it states that recurrent selection is a cyclic selection method used to improve the frequency of desirable alleles in a breeding population.
1. Inbred lines are developed through repeated self-pollination or inbreeding of plants over multiple generations to produce genotypes that are homozygous and genetically uniform.
2. The pedigree method is most commonly used to develop maize inbred lines, involving self-pollination over 6-7 generations with selection of desirable plants each generation.
3. Doubled haploid lines can also be used, in which haploid cells are induced and then chromosome doubled to instantly produce completely homozygous lines.
This document discusses speed breeding, a technique to accelerate crop breeding cycles. Traditional breeding can take many years to develop new varieties while meeting future food demands poses challenges. Speed breeding uses controlled environmental conditions like extended photoperiod and supplemental lighting to complete multiple generations in a year. Case studies show this approach led wheat and barley to flower in half the time and generated 5 soybean generations per year. Speed breeding holds potential to rapidly develop climate-resilient varieties on a smaller scale while combining with genomics and other innovations.
- The document discusses the development of Quality Protein Maize (QPM), a variety of maize that contains higher amounts of the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan.
- QPM was created through the discovery of the opaque-2 mutant in the 1930s, which increases lysine levels but causes soft kernels. Breeding efforts aimed to combine this trait with genetic modifiers to recover kernel hardness.
- India has released several QPM varieties since 1970 through conventional breeding programs at research centers. More recently, marker-assisted selection was used to shorten the time needed to develop new QPM hybrids with improved agronomic traits.
Single seed descent and multilines varieties pptSheetal3497
The document discusses single seed descent (SSD) method and multiline varieties. It begins by explaining the SSD method, which involves selecting a single seed randomly from selected plants at each generation to make the bulk, instead of bulking the whole seed lot. This method is useful for improving quantitative traits like yield rather than qualitative traits. It then describes the steps involved in the SSD method from hybridization to seed multiplication. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of the SSD method and multiline varieties. It provides examples of crops developed using these methods like wheat varieties Kalyan Sona and KML7404.
Participatory Plant Breeding, Biodiversity, Genetic Resources, Gender and Cli...CIAT
This document discusses participatory plant breeding and biodiversity. It notes that biodiversity is key to food security but 75% of genetic diversity in agricultural crops has been lost. Participatory plant breeding is presented as a way to reconcile biodiversity and food security by involving farmers in plant breeding. It describes participatory plant breeding programs in many countries on various crops, including barley, lentils, wheat, and chickpeas. Benefits of participatory plant breeding include variety development, building institutional capacity, empowering farmers, enhancing biodiversity, and higher benefit-cost ratios compared to conventional breeding.
This document describes the single seed descent (SSD) method of plant breeding. It involves taking a single seed from each plant in a segregating population and bulking them to grow the next generation, allowing for rapid inbreeding. The method was proposed by Goulden in 1941 to quickly inbreed populations before evaluating individual lines. It has advantages like rapid generation advancement and requiring fewer resources than other methods. Potential disadvantages include carrying inferior material forward and losing the benefits of natural selection due to fewer field evaluations.
Quality refers to the suitability of a crop for its intended end use. Quality traits include morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, and biological characteristics. Morphological traits relate to appearance while organoleptic traits influence taste and aroma. Nutritional traits determine health value and biological traits define usefulness when consumed. Quality is governed by oligogenic, polygenic, or maternal inheritance. Sources of improved quality traits include cultivated varieties, germplasm, mutants, somaclonal variants, wild relatives, and transgenic sources.
This document discusses recurrent selection, a plant breeding method involving repeated cycles of selection and intermating within a population. It defines recurrent selection and describes its main features and types, including simple recurrent selection, recurrent selection for general combining ability, recurrent selection for specific combining ability, and reciprocal recurrent selection. The document outlines the procedures, merits, and demerits of these recurrent selection methods. In conclusion, it states that recurrent selection is a cyclic selection method used to improve the frequency of desirable alleles in a breeding population.
1. Inbred lines are developed through repeated self-pollination or inbreeding of plants over multiple generations to produce genotypes that are homozygous and genetically uniform.
2. The pedigree method is most commonly used to develop maize inbred lines, involving self-pollination over 6-7 generations with selection of desirable plants each generation.
3. Doubled haploid lines can also be used, in which haploid cells are induced and then chromosome doubled to instantly produce completely homozygous lines.
This document discusses speed breeding, a technique to accelerate crop breeding cycles. Traditional breeding can take many years to develop new varieties while meeting future food demands poses challenges. Speed breeding uses controlled environmental conditions like extended photoperiod and supplemental lighting to complete multiple generations in a year. Case studies show this approach led wheat and barley to flower in half the time and generated 5 soybean generations per year. Speed breeding holds potential to rapidly develop climate-resilient varieties on a smaller scale while combining with genomics and other innovations.
This document summarizes a seminar on breeding concepts and crop improvement in chickpea. It discusses the floral biology of chickpea, including emasculation and pollination techniques. Breeding objectives for chickpea include increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and quality traits. Key breeding techniques used are mass selection, pure line selection, and hybridization methods like bulk hybridization and pedigree breeding. Varieties developed through these techniques with important traits are mentioned. The document provides information on the present uses of chickpea and production constraints.
This presentation discusses speed breeding techniques that can accelerate plant development for research purposes. Speed breeding uses controlled environments with extended photoperiods to reduce generation times. It allows up to 6 generations per year for some crops like wheat, barley, and chickpeas compared to normal 2-3 generations. Speed breeding has been shown to work in growth chambers, glasshouses, and homemade growth rooms using LED lighting. It reduces time to flowering and maintains seed viability and yields. Speed breeding can help address global food security challenges by accelerating plant breeding and research.
This document discusses the development of inbred lines through repeated self-pollination and selection over multiple generations. It describes how inbred lines are developed from variable source populations in both self- and cross-pollinated crops using methods like pedigree selection. Inbred lines are homozygous genotypes that are then used to produce hybrid varieties which benefit from heterosis or hybrid vigor. The document outlines the procedures for inbred line development and some of the early hybrid varieties released for important crops in India.
This document discusses two methods for producing hybrid rice: two-line and three-line breeding systems. The two-line system uses environmentally sensitive genetic male sterility (EGMS) or chemically induced male sterility (CIMS) to produce hybrid seed. EGMS lines are male sterile under certain temperature or photoperiod conditions. Two-line hybrids have advantages over three-line such as lower production costs and greater genetic diversity of parents. China has had success adopting two-line hybrid rice, which now covers over 2 million hectares. Further research aims to develop more stable EGMS lines and higher-yielding two-line hybrids with stress tolerance and quality traits.
Methods of crop improvement and its application in crosspollinated cropsBiswajit Sahoo
This document provides an overview of population improvement methods for different crop types. It discusses breeding methods for self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, and vegetatively propagated crops. For cross-pollinated crops, which are the focus of population improvement, mass selection and progeny/family selection are described as the main intra-population and inter-population improvement strategies. Mass selection involves selecting superior plants within a population, while progeny selection evaluates the performance of individual plants' offspring. The document also gives examples of varieties developed using these methods.
This document discusses combining ability, which refers to an individual's ability to transmit superior performance to its offspring. There are two types of combining ability: general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). GCA is due to additive genetic effects and relates to an individual's average performance across hybrid combinations. SCA is due to non-additive genetic effects like dominance and epistasis and relates to performance in specific hybrid combinations. The concepts of GCA and SCA were introduced in corn breeding and have been applied to animal breeding as well. Progeny testing is used to examine combining ability.
This document discusses heterosis breeding in rice and wheat. It provides an introduction to hybrid rice technology in India, including the history and development of hybrid rice varieties. Key points covered include:
- Rice is a staple crop for over 70% of the Indian population. Hybrid rice was first developed in China in the 1970s and introduced to India in the late 1980s.
- Different hybrid rice production systems are described, including cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems like three-line hybrids, and genic male sterility systems like photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility.
- Over 70 hybrid rice varieties have been released in India so far by public and private institutions. Popular hybrids
This document provides information on breeding objectives, methods, and varieties for different pulses crops including red gram, blackgram, green gram, and soybean. The key points covered are:
- Breeding objectives include developing short duration, high yielding varieties suitable for different growing conditions, as well as varieties with improved disease/pest resistance, protein content, and other quality traits.
- Breeding methods used include introduction, pure line selection, hybridization and selection, mutation breeding, and population improvement approaches.
- Examples of improved varieties developed for each crop through the different breeding methods are listed.
The document serves as a reference for the topic of pulse crop breeding. It outlines the goals and approaches for
Marker Assisted Selection in Crop BreedingPawan Chauhan
Marker Assisted Selection is a value addition to conventional methods of Crop Breeding. It has been gaining importance in plant breeding with new generation of plant breeders and to get accurate and fast desired result from plant breeding.
SPEED BREEDING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN CROP IMPROVEMENTRonikaThakur
This document describes speed breeding, a technique that uses controlled growing conditions like extended photoperiod and precise temperature and humidity to rapidly advance plant generations. It allows generating up to 6 wheat generations per year. Case studies show speed breeding reduced time to flowering for several crops by half compared to normal glasshouse conditions. Speed breeding provides opportunities to combine with genomic selection and genome editing to accelerate crop improvement. Challenges include different crop responses and initial investment costs, but it can significantly shorten breeding cycles.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsDev Hingra
The document discusses various breeding methods used in cross-pollinated crops. It describes population improvement methods like mass selection and modified mass selection that aim to increase the frequency of desirable alleles within a population. It also discusses hybrid varieties which are produced by crossing homozygous lines to create heterozygous populations. Additionally, it covers synthetic varieties which are created by either mixing equal amounts of seed from selected parental lines or allowing intercrosses between parental lines. Recurrent selection methods like recurrent selection for specific and general combining ability are also summarized that aim to improve the chances of developing superior inbred lines.
This document discusses asexual reproduction and clonal selection in plants. It defines asexual reproduction as multiplication without fusion of gametes. Clones are genetically identical progeny from a single plant produced through asexual reproduction. Clonal selection is used to improve asexually propagated crops by selecting superior clones over multiple years of testing. While clonal selection maintains desirable traits, it cannot improve genetic makeup without hybridization. Clonal degeneration may occur over time due to mutation or disease. The document provides examples of important clonal varieties developed in several crops through clonal selection.
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
The term balanced tertiary trisomic has three words of which (1) “trisomic” indicates the presence of extra chromosome, (2) “tertiary” indicates that the extra chromosome is a trans-located chromosome, and (3) “balanced” refers to the breeding behaviour of the trisomic.
Ramage defined the BTT as a tertiary trisomic constructed in such a way that the dominant allele of a marker gene, closely linked with the translocation breakpoint of the extra chromosome is carried on the extra chromosome, and the recessive allele is carried on the two normal chromosomes that constitute the diploid complement. The dominant marker gene may be located on the centromere segment or the trans-located segment of the extra chromosome.
Male sterility, types and utilization in hybrid seed productionHirdayesh Anuragi
The document discusses different types of male sterility including cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), genetic male sterility (GMS), and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS). It describes key characteristics of each type of male sterility such as mode of inheritance, environmental sensitivity, and use in hybrid seed production. The document also covers creation of male sterility through mutations, classification of male sterility systems, and applications of male sterility in commercial hybrid seed production.
Quality protein maize biofortification for nutritional securitynirupma_2008
Maize is a versatile crop, used as human food, livestock feed and raw material in industries. Being robust and extremely adaptable in various agro-climatic conditions, it is a favourite crop of farmers throughout the world. For majority of the population, especially rural poor maize constitutes the main bulk of the daily diet. But, the concern lies in the insufficient protein quality and quantity in maize grain leading to malnutrition. Its nutritional value is limited by the low levels of essential amino acids, particularly lysine and tryptophan. In maize endosperm, zein constitutes 50 to 70% of storage protein which is abundant in glutamine, leucine and proline but devoid of the essential amino acids viz., lysine and tryptophan (Prasanna 2001 ; Gibbon and Larkins, 2005; Wu et al., 2010). The discovery of a natural mutation called opaque2 (o2) in 1960’s, caused reduction of zein and increase in non-zein proteins in maize grain doubling the level of lysine (Mertz et al., 1964; Krivanek et al., 2007; Wu et al.,2010). However, the o2 mutation had negative pleiotropic effects that resulted in soft, chalky and dull endosperm, (Babu et al., 2005) leading to decrease in grain den¬sity, increase in susceptibility to attacks by pests and diseases and decrease in productivity. These defects were ameoliarated by the efforts of plant breeders by selecting o2 lines with hard, translucent (vitreous) kernels that retained high lysine content. These modified opaque lines had loci called “modifiers” and such genotypes were called “Quality Protein Maize” (--1,--3,--6, Ortega and Bates, 1983; Villegas et al., 1992; Toro, 2001).
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsDev Hingra
This document discusses methods of breeding in cross-pollinated crops. It describes mass selection, progeny selection (ear-to-row method), modified ear-to-row method, and recurrent selection. It also discusses hybrid varieties, synthetic varieties, and the operations involved in producing hybrids and synthetics. The key methods discussed are mass selection, ear-to-row selection, and recurrent selection.
This document summarizes a seminar on breeding concepts and crop improvement in chickpea. It discusses the floral biology of chickpea, including emasculation and pollination techniques. Breeding objectives for chickpea include increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and quality traits. Key breeding techniques used are mass selection, pure line selection, and hybridization methods like bulk hybridization and pedigree breeding. Varieties developed through these techniques with important traits are mentioned. The document provides information on the present uses of chickpea and production constraints.
This presentation discusses speed breeding techniques that can accelerate plant development for research purposes. Speed breeding uses controlled environments with extended photoperiods to reduce generation times. It allows up to 6 generations per year for some crops like wheat, barley, and chickpeas compared to normal 2-3 generations. Speed breeding has been shown to work in growth chambers, glasshouses, and homemade growth rooms using LED lighting. It reduces time to flowering and maintains seed viability and yields. Speed breeding can help address global food security challenges by accelerating plant breeding and research.
This document discusses the development of inbred lines through repeated self-pollination and selection over multiple generations. It describes how inbred lines are developed from variable source populations in both self- and cross-pollinated crops using methods like pedigree selection. Inbred lines are homozygous genotypes that are then used to produce hybrid varieties which benefit from heterosis or hybrid vigor. The document outlines the procedures for inbred line development and some of the early hybrid varieties released for important crops in India.
This document discusses two methods for producing hybrid rice: two-line and three-line breeding systems. The two-line system uses environmentally sensitive genetic male sterility (EGMS) or chemically induced male sterility (CIMS) to produce hybrid seed. EGMS lines are male sterile under certain temperature or photoperiod conditions. Two-line hybrids have advantages over three-line such as lower production costs and greater genetic diversity of parents. China has had success adopting two-line hybrid rice, which now covers over 2 million hectares. Further research aims to develop more stable EGMS lines and higher-yielding two-line hybrids with stress tolerance and quality traits.
Methods of crop improvement and its application in crosspollinated cropsBiswajit Sahoo
This document provides an overview of population improvement methods for different crop types. It discusses breeding methods for self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, and vegetatively propagated crops. For cross-pollinated crops, which are the focus of population improvement, mass selection and progeny/family selection are described as the main intra-population and inter-population improvement strategies. Mass selection involves selecting superior plants within a population, while progeny selection evaluates the performance of individual plants' offspring. The document also gives examples of varieties developed using these methods.
This document discusses combining ability, which refers to an individual's ability to transmit superior performance to its offspring. There are two types of combining ability: general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). GCA is due to additive genetic effects and relates to an individual's average performance across hybrid combinations. SCA is due to non-additive genetic effects like dominance and epistasis and relates to performance in specific hybrid combinations. The concepts of GCA and SCA were introduced in corn breeding and have been applied to animal breeding as well. Progeny testing is used to examine combining ability.
This document discusses heterosis breeding in rice and wheat. It provides an introduction to hybrid rice technology in India, including the history and development of hybrid rice varieties. Key points covered include:
- Rice is a staple crop for over 70% of the Indian population. Hybrid rice was first developed in China in the 1970s and introduced to India in the late 1980s.
- Different hybrid rice production systems are described, including cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems like three-line hybrids, and genic male sterility systems like photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility.
- Over 70 hybrid rice varieties have been released in India so far by public and private institutions. Popular hybrids
This document provides information on breeding objectives, methods, and varieties for different pulses crops including red gram, blackgram, green gram, and soybean. The key points covered are:
- Breeding objectives include developing short duration, high yielding varieties suitable for different growing conditions, as well as varieties with improved disease/pest resistance, protein content, and other quality traits.
- Breeding methods used include introduction, pure line selection, hybridization and selection, mutation breeding, and population improvement approaches.
- Examples of improved varieties developed for each crop through the different breeding methods are listed.
The document serves as a reference for the topic of pulse crop breeding. It outlines the goals and approaches for
Marker Assisted Selection in Crop BreedingPawan Chauhan
Marker Assisted Selection is a value addition to conventional methods of Crop Breeding. It has been gaining importance in plant breeding with new generation of plant breeders and to get accurate and fast desired result from plant breeding.
SPEED BREEDING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN CROP IMPROVEMENTRonikaThakur
This document describes speed breeding, a technique that uses controlled growing conditions like extended photoperiod and precise temperature and humidity to rapidly advance plant generations. It allows generating up to 6 wheat generations per year. Case studies show speed breeding reduced time to flowering for several crops by half compared to normal glasshouse conditions. Speed breeding provides opportunities to combine with genomic selection and genome editing to accelerate crop improvement. Challenges include different crop responses and initial investment costs, but it can significantly shorten breeding cycles.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsDev Hingra
The document discusses various breeding methods used in cross-pollinated crops. It describes population improvement methods like mass selection and modified mass selection that aim to increase the frequency of desirable alleles within a population. It also discusses hybrid varieties which are produced by crossing homozygous lines to create heterozygous populations. Additionally, it covers synthetic varieties which are created by either mixing equal amounts of seed from selected parental lines or allowing intercrosses between parental lines. Recurrent selection methods like recurrent selection for specific and general combining ability are also summarized that aim to improve the chances of developing superior inbred lines.
This document discusses asexual reproduction and clonal selection in plants. It defines asexual reproduction as multiplication without fusion of gametes. Clones are genetically identical progeny from a single plant produced through asexual reproduction. Clonal selection is used to improve asexually propagated crops by selecting superior clones over multiple years of testing. While clonal selection maintains desirable traits, it cannot improve genetic makeup without hybridization. Clonal degeneration may occur over time due to mutation or disease. The document provides examples of important clonal varieties developed in several crops through clonal selection.
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
The term balanced tertiary trisomic has three words of which (1) “trisomic” indicates the presence of extra chromosome, (2) “tertiary” indicates that the extra chromosome is a trans-located chromosome, and (3) “balanced” refers to the breeding behaviour of the trisomic.
Ramage defined the BTT as a tertiary trisomic constructed in such a way that the dominant allele of a marker gene, closely linked with the translocation breakpoint of the extra chromosome is carried on the extra chromosome, and the recessive allele is carried on the two normal chromosomes that constitute the diploid complement. The dominant marker gene may be located on the centromere segment or the trans-located segment of the extra chromosome.
Male sterility, types and utilization in hybrid seed productionHirdayesh Anuragi
The document discusses different types of male sterility including cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), genetic male sterility (GMS), and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS). It describes key characteristics of each type of male sterility such as mode of inheritance, environmental sensitivity, and use in hybrid seed production. The document also covers creation of male sterility through mutations, classification of male sterility systems, and applications of male sterility in commercial hybrid seed production.
Quality protein maize biofortification for nutritional securitynirupma_2008
Maize is a versatile crop, used as human food, livestock feed and raw material in industries. Being robust and extremely adaptable in various agro-climatic conditions, it is a favourite crop of farmers throughout the world. For majority of the population, especially rural poor maize constitutes the main bulk of the daily diet. But, the concern lies in the insufficient protein quality and quantity in maize grain leading to malnutrition. Its nutritional value is limited by the low levels of essential amino acids, particularly lysine and tryptophan. In maize endosperm, zein constitutes 50 to 70% of storage protein which is abundant in glutamine, leucine and proline but devoid of the essential amino acids viz., lysine and tryptophan (Prasanna 2001 ; Gibbon and Larkins, 2005; Wu et al., 2010). The discovery of a natural mutation called opaque2 (o2) in 1960’s, caused reduction of zein and increase in non-zein proteins in maize grain doubling the level of lysine (Mertz et al., 1964; Krivanek et al., 2007; Wu et al.,2010). However, the o2 mutation had negative pleiotropic effects that resulted in soft, chalky and dull endosperm, (Babu et al., 2005) leading to decrease in grain den¬sity, increase in susceptibility to attacks by pests and diseases and decrease in productivity. These defects were ameoliarated by the efforts of plant breeders by selecting o2 lines with hard, translucent (vitreous) kernels that retained high lysine content. These modified opaque lines had loci called “modifiers” and such genotypes were called “Quality Protein Maize” (--1,--3,--6, Ortega and Bates, 1983; Villegas et al., 1992; Toro, 2001).
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsDev Hingra
This document discusses methods of breeding in cross-pollinated crops. It describes mass selection, progeny selection (ear-to-row method), modified ear-to-row method, and recurrent selection. It also discusses hybrid varieties, synthetic varieties, and the operations involved in producing hybrids and synthetics. The key methods discussed are mass selection, ear-to-row selection, and recurrent selection.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on biofortification. It discusses how over 3 billion people worldwide suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. Biofortification is introduced as a method of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value by increasing mineral and vitamin concentrations. Examples of biofortified crops are given, such as golden rice which has been genetically modified to produce vitamin A. The document also summarizes conventional breeding methods used to develop quality protein maize with higher lysine and tryptophan content. It concludes with information on recent biofortification efforts in India.
Molecular Breeding for Development of Biofortified Maize Hybrids in IndiaCIMMYT
The document discusses molecular breeding efforts in India to develop biofortified maize hybrids. It notes that over 2 billion people worldwide are malnourished. Maize is an important crop but often lacks nutrients like iron, zinc, and vitamins A, E. The program aims to introgress genes like opaque2, opaque16, and crtRB1 to increase lysine, tryptophan, and provitamin A. It has released new hybrids with these traits like Pusa HM4 Improved. It also discusses efforts to enrich for vitamin E and reduce phytate to enhance mineral availability through genes like lpa1. The long-term goal is to develop multi-trait hybrids addressing several deficiencies
Molecular breeding for quality protein maizeRavi Nagda
- Quality Protein Maize (QPM) is a variety of maize that contains higher amounts of lysine and tryptophan with lower amounts of leucine in the endosperm compared to normal maize.
- Two scientists from CIMMYT led the development of QPM over three decades to produce maize with a hard kernel, good taste, and disease/insect resistance.
- QPM research and development spread from Mexico to Central/South America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. India released several QPM hybrids using parental lines developed from CIMMYT QPM inbreds.
Impact and use of biofortified maize in southern China CIMMYT
This document summarizes research on biofortified maize varieties in southern China. It discusses issues like iron, zinc, and vitamin A deficiencies in the region. It then describes breeding efforts to develop high-oil, quality protein, and provitamin A (ProVA) biofortified maize varieties. Two successful varieties developed are Yunrui 8, a high-oil variety, and Yunrui 1, a quality protein variety. Both varieties have good yields, disease resistance, and nutritional quality. They have been widely adopted by farmers, increasing production and improving nutrition. The document also discusses molecular breeding efforts to develop ProVA maize through marker-assisted selection of genes controlling carotenoid levels. This has
This document discusses single cell protein (SCP) as an alternative protein source. It provides information on the protein content and amino acid composition of various microorganisms used for SCP production, including yeasts, fungi, bacteria and algae. Key microorganisms discussed are spirulina, chlorella, and various yeasts and fungal species. The document also covers the history of SCP, advantages over conventional proteins, factors impacting usefulness for human consumption, production methods, and substrates used.
This document discusses breeding crops for improved quality traits like protein and oil content. It covers topics like:
- Quality traits can be morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, or biological.
- Protein efficiency ratio and biological value are measures of protein quality in foods.
- Breeding maize with higher lysine and tryptophan content led to the development of Quality Protein Maize varieties.
- A case study describes using in vitro mutagenesis and selection with hydroxyproline to develop peanut varieties with over 55% oil content in kernels.
- Breeding objectives for sunflower include seed yield, oil content, and modifying oil quality traits like fatty acid composition.
This document provides an overview of maize crop improvement. It discusses that maize is the most widely grown cereal crop globally, accounting for a significant portion of global calories and proteins. It then covers maize genetics and taxonomy, major forms used for food, and biotic and abiotic stresses affecting maize crops. The document also summarizes approaches to maize crop improvement through genetic engineering, marker-assisted breeding, and development of drought tolerant and nutritionally enriched varieties. Case studies demonstrate successful application of these approaches.
Quality protein maize (QPM) combining the enhanced levels of
lysine and tryptophan with high grain yield and desirable agronomic traits could
reduce food insecurity and malnutrition in West and Central Africa. Twenty-two
varieties of QPM and two local checks were evaluated for agronomic
characteristics and nutritional qualities in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria
for two years (2009 and 2010). Though crude protein levels are good indicators of
quality, amino acid composition analyses, especially lysine and tryptophan that
would provide a final proof are in progress. The genotypes comprised five open
pollinated varieties (OPVs), nine inbred lines, eight hybrids and two local varieties.
Differences among the varieties were significant (P<0.01)><0.05) for days to tasselling. Most of the QPM inbred lines (CML
437, CML 490 CML 178) and hybrids (Dada-ba, ART98-SW5-OB, ART98-SW4-
OB and TZPB-OB) have superior performance for grain yield, other yield
attributes and nutritional qualities compared with the OPVs and local checks.
These inbreds could be potential sources of favorable alleles useful for future
maize breeding, while the hybrids could be evaluated in different environments of
Nigeria for comparative advantages in different environments and quality of the
grains to be released to farmers.
A rice waxy mutant (M6) was generated from the japonica rice cultivar Kitaake through gamma irradiation. M6 had milky opaque kernels and lower seed size than the wild type. Sequence analysis found a 23 bp duplication in the GBSSI gene of M6, generating a stop codon and no GBSSI protein. Starch isolated from M6 lacked amylose but had similar amylopectin structure as wild type. M6 starch exhibited altered properties including higher crystallinity and different thermal and pasting properties compared to wild type starch.
This document discusses a trial conducted by Sumul Dairy in Surat, India to evaluate the effects of feeding hydroponically grown maize to growing heifers. In the trial, 20 heifers were fed a conventional diet while another 20 were supplemented with hydroponic maize. The hydroponic feeding resulted in higher reproductive efficiency, daily weight gain, and lower cost of weight gain. It also reduced water and land usage compared to conventional fodder production. The hydroponic system improved the nutritional quality of the feed and allowed consistent supply with less labor.
B4FA 2012 Ghana: Maize Breeding in Ghana - Manfred Ewoolb4fa
Presentation by Manfred Ewool, CSIR Crop Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Accra, Ghana - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
1. HarvestPlus has made progress in breeding staple crops like rice, wheat and beans with higher iron and zinc levels through genetic variation.
2. They have established genetic variation, baseline levels, and target levels for increasing micronutrients in crops.
3. Further research is still needed to evaluate the retention of micronutrients during processing, bioavailability to the human body, and efficacy trials to measure impact on nutrition and health.
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
This document discusses precision feeding in dairy cattle. It defines precision feeding as meeting nutrient requirements with maximum precision to ensure efficient and safe production while minimizing environmental pollution. Precision feeding involves phase feeding, with different dietary formulations for early, mid, and late lactation. Key aspects of precision feeding discussed include improving nitrogen use efficiency, reducing methane emissions, and using additives to maintain rumen health and increase nutrient utilization.
Winning solutions for climate-smart dairy animal nutrition in IndiaILRI
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Credit seminar
on
High Quality Protein Maize
Seminar In-charge - Dr. P.K. Moitra
Major advisor - Dr. S.K. Bilaiya
Presented by – Kratika Alawe
Enrolment No. – 170116004
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetic
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidhyalaya, Jabalpur
2. Maize
Name of Crop: Maize
Botanical Name: Zea mays L.
Family: Poaceae
Chromosome No.: 2n = 20
Center of Origin: Central America (Mexico)
Mode of pollination : Cross pollination
Out crossing percentage: 95%
3. Introduction
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop in
world agricultural economy for both man and feed for
animals . It is also known as miracle crop , it has very high
yield potential and there is no such crop which has such
immense potentiality , that’s why it is called queen of
cereals.
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third major cereal crop in the
world after wheat and rice and is used for both livestock
feed and human consumption
4. India position 6th in the production of maize
Maize contributes15% of the world’s protein and19% of the
calories derived from food crops
The crop is also an important component of livestock feed,
especially in developed nations where 78% of total maize
production is used for livestock feed
5. High quality protein maize
• High quality protein maize (HQPM), it is an improved variety
of maize which is higher in lysine and tryptophan and lower
in leucin and isoleucin in an endosperm than those
contained in normal maize
6. Why there is a need of HQPM ?
• Malnutrition is a persistent problem in Africa, especially in
rural areas where poor people depend on staple foods and
have limited access to a diverse diet
• Several hundred million people rely on maize as their
principal daily food, for weaning babies, and for feeding
livestock. Unfortunately maize (corn) has two significant
flaws; it lacks the full range of amino acid
namely lysine and tryptophan, needed to produce proteins,
and has its niacin (vitamin B3) bound in an indigestible
complex
7. Nutritional superiority of QPM over
normal maize
Content Normal Maize QPM
Lysine 160-180 256-300
Tryptophan 30-40 60-100
Leucine 827 507
Isoleucine 206 193
True protein digestibility 82 92
Biological value 45 80
9. Genetic system involves in the
development of HQPM
Recessive
homozygo
-us allele
of the o2
gene
Modifiers
for kernel
hardness
Amino
acid
modifiers
10. Recessive homozygous allele of the o2
gene
• The o2 allele in homozygous condition reduces production of
alpha- zeins and triggers increase in the level of lysine and
tryptophan.
• Involved in the synthesis of the enzyme that is associated
with free lysine degradation. Reduction in this enzyme leads
to a corresponding increase in free lysine in the endosperm
11. Modifiers for kernel hardness
• Increased level of the gamma-zein is likely to contribute to
the recovery of hard endosperm o2 modified (QPM) grains
have double the amount of gamma-zein in the endosperm
compared to the o2 mutants.
• Two genes responsible for the grain hardness, mapped to
the long arm of chromosome 7 and one of them is located
near the gamma- zein gene ‘gzr 1’.
• Increased amount of granule-bound starch synthase I
reflected in the form of a change in starch structure, which
was manifested as shorter amylopectin branches and
increased swelling of starch granules. CM105 wild-type
CM105 opaque 2
12.
13.
14. Amino acid modifiers
• It enhances the relative level of lysine and tryptophan
content in grain endosperm.
• Three genes associated with lysine level have been mapped
to locations on chromosome 2, 4 and 7.
• Apart from this, several major o2 modifier-QTLs located on
chromosomes 1, 7 and 9 have been recently mapped
15. QPM development dates back to the 1920s when a natural
spontaneous mutation of maize with soft and opaque grains
was discovered in a maize field in Connecticut, USA. The
salient events of this discovery (Prasanna et al., 2001; Vasal,
2000) are summarized as follows:
History of HQPM development
16. Kernels of the mutant maize were delivered to the
Connecticut Experiment Station and the mutant was
eventually named opaque2 (o2) but received little further
attention.
In 1961, researchers at Purdue University, USA, discovered
that maize homozygous for the opaque2 (o2o2) recessive
mutant allele had substantially higher levels of lysine and
tryptophan in the endosperm, compared to CM with the
dominant O2 allele (O2O2 or O2o2).
17. Breeding programs worldwide started converting
conventional maize to o2 versions through a direct backcross
approach. However, serious negative secondary (pleiotropic)
effects of the mutation were soon discovered which severely
limited the practical use of the mutation in the field.
18. O2 utilisation in breeding
programme
Pleiotropic effect of this gene
Resulted
Soft
endosper
m
Damaged
kernel
Susceptibi
lity to
pest and
fungus
Reduced
yield 25%
Inferior
to food
processin
g
20. Conventional breeding
• During the 1980s, CIMMYT took initiatives to convert a
number of non-QPM genotypes to QPM genotypes, they
followed a ‘modified backcrossing-cum-recurrent selection.’
• During the conversion process, they also emphasized grain
yield, kernel modification, reduced ear rot incidence and
other agronomic traits.
• In a short span of 5–6 years, CIMMYT could convert many
normal germplasm into QPM, which were as good as their
non-QPM counterparts for grain yield and other agronomic
traits.
21.
22. • Two scientists of CIMMYT, Mexico,
Dr. S. K. Vasal and Dr. Evangelina
Villegas, for a period of three
decades led to development of
Quality Protein Maize (QPM) with
hard kernel, good taste and other
consumer favouring characteristics.
• QPM research and development
spread from Mexico to Central and
South America, Africa, Europe and
Asia. Awarded 2000 “World food
prize” for path breaking research.
23. • 1970 -India is one of the first few countries to focus on o2
maize and released three o2 composites, namely Shakti,
Rattan and Protina.
• 1997- modified superior o2 composite ‘Shakti 1’.
• Later, India released eight QPM hybrids, seven of which were
developed from the QPM inbreds of CIMMYT as parental
lines and are of full season maturity.(HQPM1, HQPM5
,HQPM 7, Vivek QPM 9).
• Breakthrough achievement in development of “Miracle
Maize”
24. Development of QPM hybrid through
marker assisted selection
• In order to shorten the period required for development of
QPM hybrids through the conventional method of
backcrossing, marker assisted selection (MAS) can be used.
• Few molecular markers were already known within the o2
gene and these makers were capable of detecting the o2
gene even in heterozygous state.
26. • To convert normal maize hybrid into QPM hybrid, a
promising hybrid, viz. Vivek Maize Hybrid 9 (developed by
Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan,
Almora) was selected for converting into QPM.
• The hybrid was released for commercial cultivation in
Himalayan states, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
and Maharashtra by the Central Seed Sub-committee on
Crop Standard and Notification in the year 2000.
29. Name Pedigree Year of
release
Maturity
group
Center’s
name
Shakti Composite 1970 Full season AICRP
Rattan Composite 1970 Full season AICRP
Protina Composite 1970 Full season AICRP
Shakti -1 Composite 1997 Full season DMR
Shaktiman -1 (CML 142 x CML 150) x CML 186 2001 Full season Dholi
Shaktiman - 2 CML 176 x CML 186 2004 Full season Dholi
HQPM -1 HKI 193-1 x HKI 163 2005 Full season Uchani
Shaktiman - 3 CML 161 x CML 163 2006 Full season Dholi
Shaktiman - 4 CML 161 x CML 169 2006 Full season Dholi
HQPM -3 HKI 163 x HKI 161 2007 Full season Uchani
HQPM -7 HKI 193-1 x HKI 161 2008 Full season Uchani
Vivek QPM 9 VQL 1 x VQL 2 2008 Extra early Almora
HQPM -4 HKI-193-2 X HKI-161 2010 Late Uchani
Pratap QPM
Hybrid-1 (EHQ-
16)
DMRQPM-106 (CLQ RCYQ-40) X
HKI-193-1
2013 Medium Udaipur
31. Name Protein content in grain
(%)
Tryptophan content in
protein (%)
Shaktiman – 1 9.6 1.0
Shaktiman -2 9.3 1.0
HQPM -1 9.3 0.9
Shaktiman -3 9.6 0.7
Shaktiman -4 9.9 0.9
HQPM -5 9.8 0.7
HQPM-7 9.4 0.7
Vivek QPM -9 8.4 0.8
32. Conclusion
• For a country like India, with diverse agro climatic and soil
situations, need to develop a number of QPM hybrids of
different maturity groups, viz. early, medium and late (full
season).
• However, the major constraints in adoption of the QPM
hybrids in these areas are the non-availability of hybrid seeds
and lack of incentives like premium price for the QPM over
normal maize grains.
• There is also a need to create awareness among the
consumers and industry for its use in food and feed.
• We are developing a linkage between the seed producers,
farmers and the industry to bring about the much needed
synergy in development and utilization of QPM that will help
in reducing protein malnutrition.