My name is Liban Said Ali I'm a student of M.sc genetics and Plant Breeding from integral university

1. Credit seminar
on
Quality protein Maize( Zea mays L.)
Course GPB 591
2023-2024
Advisor
Dr.Mala Kumari
Presenter
Liban Said ALI
M.Sc.(Agri)
INTEGRAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY(IIST) INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW
DEPARTEMENT OF PLANT BREEDING AND
GENNETICS

2. Introduction
 Maize(zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop in
world agricultural economy for both man and feed for
animals its also known as miracle crop it has very has highly
yield potential and there is no such crop which has such
immense potentiality that’s why it is called queen of cereals
 Maize is the third major cereals crop in the world after wheat
and rice and is used for both livestock feed and human
consumption.

3. Maize
 Name of crop: Maize
 Botanical name :zea mays L.
 Family: poaceae
 Chromosome No: 2n=20
 Center of origin: central America(mexico)
 Mode of pollination: Cross pollination
 Out crossing percentages: 95%

4. Intro.
 India is the 6th largest producer of maize in the world
 Maize contributes 15% of the world protein and 19% of the
calories derived from food crop
 The crop is also an important component of livestock feed
especiaaly in developed contries where 78% of total maize
production is used for livestock..

5. Quality protein maize
 Quality Protein Maize It is an improved variety of maize
which contains higher amount of lysine and tryptophan
with lower amount of leucine and isoleucine in the
endosperm than those contained in normal maize.

6. Why there is a needed of HQPM
 Malnutrition is a persistent problem in Africa especially in
rural areas where poor people depend on stable food
and have limited access to diverse diet
 Several hundred million people rely on maize as their
principal daily food for weaning babies and for feeding
livestock unfortunately maize has two significant flaws it
lacks the full range of amino acid namely lysine and
tryptophan needed to produce proteins and has its
niacin(Vitamin B3) bound indigestible complex.

7. Nutritional superiority of QPM over
normal maize

8. Genetic system involves in the
development of HQPM
Recessive homozygous allele of
the o2 gene
Modifier for kernel hardness
Amino acid modifiers

9. Recessive homozygous alles of the o2 gene
 The o2 allele in homozygous condition reduces
production of Alpha-zeins and triggers increase in the of
lysine and tryptophan
 Involved in the synthesis of the enzyme that is
associated with free lysine degradation, reduction in this
enzyme leads to a corresponding increase in free lysine
in the endosperm

10. Modifiers for kernel hardness
 Increased level of the gamma-zein is likely to contribute
to the recovery of hard endosperm o2 modified (QPM)
grains have double the amount of gamma-zein in the
endosperm compared to the o2 mutants.
 Two genes responsible for the grain hardness, mapped
to the long arm of chromosome 7 and one of them is
located near the gamma- zein gene 'gzr 1'.
 Increased amount of granule-bound starch synthase I
reflected in the form of a change in starch structure,
which was manifested as shorter amylopectin branches
and increased swelling of starch granules. CM105 wild-
type CM105 opaque 2

11. Amino acid Modifiers
 It enhances the relative level of lysine and tryptophan
content in grain endosperm.
 Three genes associated with lysine level have been
mapped to locations on chromosome 2, 4 and 7.
 Apart from this, several major o2 modifier-QTLs located on
chromosomes 1, 7 and 9 have been recently mapped

12. History of HQPM development.
 QPM development dates back to the 1920s when a
natural spontaneous mutation of maize with soft and
opaque grains was discovered in a maize field in
Connecticut, USA. The salient events of this discovery
(Prasanna et al., 2001; Vasal,(2000) are summarized as
follows:

13.  Kernels of the mutant maize were delivered to the
Connecticut Experiment Station and the mutant was
eventually named opaque2 (o2) but received little further
attention.
 In 1961, researchers at Purdue University, USA,
discovered that maize homozygous for the opaque2
(o202) recessive mutant allele had substantially higher
levels of lysine and tryptophan in the endosperm,
compared to CM with the dominant 02 allele (0202 or
0202).

14.  Breeding programs worldwide started converting
conventional maize to o2 versions through a direct
backcross approach. However, serious negative
secondary (pleiotropic) effects of the mutation were soon
discovered which severely limited the practical use of the
mutation in the field.

15. Further CYMMIT developed two
method for HQPM development
By
molecular
method
By
conventio
nal
method

16. conventional breeding
 During the 1980s, CIMMYT took initiatives to convert a
number of non-QPM genotypes to QPM genotypes, they
followed a 'modified backcrossing-cum-recurrent selection'.
 During the conversion process, they also emphasized
grain yield, kernel modification, reduced ear rot incidence
and other agronomic traits.
 In a short span of 5-6 years, CIMMYT could convert many
normal germplasm into QPM, which were as good as their
non-QPM counterparts for grain yield and other agronomic
traits.

17.  Two scientists of CIMMYT, Mexico, Dr. S.K.Vasal
(India)and Dr. Evangelina Villegas( mexico), for a period
of three decades led to development of Quality Protein
Maize (QPM) with hard kernel, good taste and other
consumer favoring characteristics.
 QPM research and development spread from Mexico to
Central and South America, Africa, Europe and Asia.
Awarded 2000 "World food prize“ for path breaking
research.

18. Cont..
 1970 - India is one of the first few countries to focus on o2
maize and released three 02 composites, namely Shakti,
Rattan and Protina
 1997- modified superior 02 composite "Shakti I'.
 Later, India released eight QPM hybrids, seven of which
were developed from the QPM inbreds of CIMMYT as
parental lines and are of full season maturity.(HQPM1,
HQPMS ‚HQPM 7 Vivek QPM 9)

19. Development of QPM hybrid through marker assisted
selection
 In order to shorten the period required for development of
QPM hybrids through the conventional method of
backcrossing, marker- assisted selection (MAS) can be
used.
 Few molecular markers were already known within the o2
gene and these makers were capable of detecting the o2
gene even in hetero- zygous state.
 To convert normal maize hybrid into QPM hybrid, a
promising hybrid, viz. Vivek Maize Hybrid 9 (developed by
Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan,
Almora) was selected for converting into QPM.

20.  These hybrid was released for commercial cultivation in
himalayan’ andhara pradhesh’ tamil nadu’ karnataka and
maharashta by the central seed sub-committee on crop
standard and notification in the year 2000.

21. QPM cultivars released for commercial cultivation in
India

22. Protein content in grain(%) and tryptophan content
In protein.

23. Conclusion
 For a country like India, with diverse agro climatic and soil
situations, need to develop a number of QPM hybrids of different
maturity groups, viz. early, medium and late (full season).
 However, the major constraints in adoption of the QPM hybrids
in these areas are the non-availability of hybrid seeds and lack of
incentives like premium price for the QPM over normal maize
grains.
 There is also a need to create awareness among the consumers
and industry for its use in food and feed.
 We are developing a linkage between the seed producers,
farmers and the industry to bring about the much needed synergy
in development and utilization of QPM that will help in reducing
protein malnutrition

24. Thank you for your
Attention