This presentation is about hepatocellular carcinoma. Discussing in detail about neoplasia and neoplasia progression,nomencleature, carcinogens, oncogenic microbes, serum tumor markers, pathogenesis, morphology and clinical features.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. It has a high worldwide incidence, especially in areas where hepatitis B is prevalent like Southeast Asia. Major risk factors for HCC include hepatitis B and C infections, cirrhosis of the liver from any cause, and alcohol abuse. The disease progresses as hepatocytes undergo repeated cycles of cell death and regeneration due to chronic inflammation and cirrhosis, accumulating mutations over time that can lead to cancer. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT scan, and often a biopsy. Staging systems evaluate tumor characteristics, liver function, and physical status to determine prognosis and treatment options. Treatment may include surgical resection, liver transplantation, ablation
Liver cancer diagnostics and Future trendsThet Su Wynn
Liver cancer is usually diagnosed through a combination of tumor marker tests, imaging scans, and biopsy. Serum markers like AFP, AFP-L3, and PIVKA-II provide early screening but lack specificity. Ultrasound, CT, and MRI scans use contrast agents to detect hypervascular lesions during arterial wash-in and wash-out, but are not definitive. Biopsy confirms the diagnosis by examining tissue samples for liver cell abnormalities, fibrosis, and marker expression through histology and IHC staining. Future areas of research include improved non-invasive diagnostic tools using genetic markers like miRNA profiles and tumor-specific genes.
Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death globally. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents about 90% of primary liver cancers. Major risk factors for HCC development include cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, toxins like alcohol and aflatoxins, metabolic conditions, and genetic disorders. Diagnosis involves non-invasive testing of tumor markers like AFP, AFP-L3, DCP, and imaging, or invasive biopsy. Surgical resection offers the best chance of cure for eligible early-stage patients with small tumors, while other treatments include cryosurgery, transplantation, and immunotherapy.
Staging and investigation of hepatobillary caAtulGupta369
This document provides an overview of cancers affecting the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and staging of liver cancer, gallbladder cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, imaging like ultrasound, CT, MRI, and PET scans. Biopsy may be done for unresectable tumors. The document also provides details on noninvasive diagnosis criteria and treatment guidelines for liver cancer put forth by professional associations.
Renal cancer, also known as renal cell carcinoma (RCC), is the 12th most common cancer worldwide and the 4th most common cancer in adult males. Risk factors include hereditary conditions, smoking, obesity, and hypertension. Symptoms can include hematuria, flank mass, flank pain, and paraneoplastic syndromes in metastatic disease. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and labs. Treatment depends on stage - surgery is recommended for localized disease while targeted drugs, immunotherapy, and surgery are options for metastatic renal cancer.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. It has a high worldwide incidence, especially in areas where hepatitis B is prevalent like Southeast Asia. Major risk factors for HCC include hepatitis B and C infections, cirrhosis of the liver from any cause, and alcohol abuse. The disease progresses as hepatocytes undergo repeated cycles of cell death and regeneration due to chronic inflammation and cirrhosis, accumulating mutations over time that can lead to cancer. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT scan, and often a biopsy. Staging systems evaluate tumor characteristics, liver function, and physical status to determine prognosis and treatment options. Treatment may include surgical resection, liver transplantation, ablation
Liver cancer diagnostics and Future trendsThet Su Wynn
Liver cancer is usually diagnosed through a combination of tumor marker tests, imaging scans, and biopsy. Serum markers like AFP, AFP-L3, and PIVKA-II provide early screening but lack specificity. Ultrasound, CT, and MRI scans use contrast agents to detect hypervascular lesions during arterial wash-in and wash-out, but are not definitive. Biopsy confirms the diagnosis by examining tissue samples for liver cell abnormalities, fibrosis, and marker expression through histology and IHC staining. Future areas of research include improved non-invasive diagnostic tools using genetic markers like miRNA profiles and tumor-specific genes.
Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death globally. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents about 90% of primary liver cancers. Major risk factors for HCC development include cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, toxins like alcohol and aflatoxins, metabolic conditions, and genetic disorders. Diagnosis involves non-invasive testing of tumor markers like AFP, AFP-L3, DCP, and imaging, or invasive biopsy. Surgical resection offers the best chance of cure for eligible early-stage patients with small tumors, while other treatments include cryosurgery, transplantation, and immunotherapy.
Staging and investigation of hepatobillary caAtulGupta369
This document provides an overview of cancers affecting the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and staging of liver cancer, gallbladder cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, imaging like ultrasound, CT, MRI, and PET scans. Biopsy may be done for unresectable tumors. The document also provides details on noninvasive diagnosis criteria and treatment guidelines for liver cancer put forth by professional associations.
Renal cancer, also known as renal cell carcinoma (RCC), is the 12th most common cancer worldwide and the 4th most common cancer in adult males. Risk factors include hereditary conditions, smoking, obesity, and hypertension. Symptoms can include hematuria, flank mass, flank pain, and paraneoplastic syndromes in metastatic disease. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and labs. Treatment depends on stage - surgery is recommended for localized disease while targeted drugs, immunotherapy, and surgery are options for metastatic renal cancer.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Its incidence varies significantly between regions, from low rates in the United States and Africa to very high rates in parts of Asia. Major risk factors include chronic hepatitis B and C infections. Clinical features can include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and sometimes liver biopsy. High-risk groups are screened regularly through alpha-fetoprotein testing and ultrasound. Treatment options depend on the stage but may include surgical resection, ablation, chemotherapy, and transplantation.
Molecular localization of epstein barr virus and rb tumor suppressor gene exp...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the Rb tumor suppressor gene in prostate tissues. Seventy-two tissue samples, including 40 from prostate cancer and 20 from benign prostatic hyperplasia, were tested for EBV and Rb expression. EBV was detected in 47.5% of cancer samples but only 10% of benign samples, and not in healthy controls. Rb expression was also detected in 47.5% of cancer samples and 10% of benign samples. The high rate of co-expression of EBV and Rb in cancer tissues suggests these factors may play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis.
This document discusses gastric cancer, including its incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, staging, and treatment approaches. Some key points include:
- Gastric cancer has a poor prognosis with only 20% 5-year survival. Early diagnosis is key.
- Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, low socioeconomic status, and diets high in salt/preserved foods.
- Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Staging evaluates tumor invasion and metastasis using CT, PET, and laparoscopy.
- Surgery offering total or subtotal gastrectomy is the only curative option, while chemotherapy and radiation are palliative.
The document provides information about oncology nursing including objectives, cancer pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention, screening, detection methods, grading and staging of cancer, common cancer types, and nursing interventions. Key points include identifying risk factors from a patient's history, formulating nursing diagnoses, utilizing interventions to maintain health, providing spiritual care, and displaying caring behavior in the delivery of cancer nursing care.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that spreads locally and metastasizes throughout the body, with over 100 types of cancer that can develop. The four most common cancers are breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer, which together account for around half of all new cancer cases diagnosed in the United States each year. The document discusses the causes of cancer from genetic mutations and carcinogens like tobacco, as well as types of treatment including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and efforts toward prevention through lifestyle changes and cancer screening.
This document discusses newer tumor markers that can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment. It describes various types of biochemical entities that serve as tumor markers, including nucleic acids, proteins, sugars, lipids, and whole tumor cells. Specific examples of tumor markers are discussed, such as enzymes, hormones, oncofetal antigens, tumor-associated proteins, carbohydrate antigens, and genetic markers. The ideal properties of tumor markers and their clinical applications are also summarized.
1) Liver carcinoma, specifically hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a primary tumor of the liver that usually arises in a cirrhotic liver.
2) The main risk factors for HCC are chronic hepatitis B and C infections, which can lead to cirrhosis. Other risk factors include alcoholism and aflatoxin exposure.
3) HCC is often asymptomatic in early stages but can present with abdominal pain or a palpable mass. Diagnosis involves imaging like ultrasound or CT along with blood markers like alpha-fetoprotein.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread through the body. There are many types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body. Risk factors include tobacco use, certain infections, radiation, diet, and aging. Cancer is detected through symptoms, screening tests, or biopsy of suspicious tissue. Treatment options include radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery. The eyes and surrounding structures can occasionally be affected by cancers originating elsewhere in the body.
This document discusses hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. It provides background on genetics versus genomics and compares genetic testing of single genes versus multiple genes simultaneously. Lynch syndrome, also called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, is summarized, including the importance of microsatellite instability testing and immunohistochemistry to identify mismatch repair gene mutations. Screening recommendations for Lynch syndrome, such as annual colonoscopy, are discussed to reduce cancer risk.
This document discusses B cell lymphoma and its classification. It notes that lymphomas are malignant disorders derived from lymphoid cells that can be B cell or T cell in origin, with the majority being of B cell origin. B cell lymphomas are divided into Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a distinct malignant disease that is predominantly of B cell origin and has a variable disease course but improved prognosis with modern treatments. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are more often clinically disseminated at diagnosis and can be of B cell or T cell origin.
This document discusses principles of oncology including cell number control, growth disorders, cancer classification, tumor spread and metastasis, stages of cancer, and an overview of carcinogenesis. It defines key terms like neoplasia, benign and malignant tumors, dysplasia, carcinoma and sarcoma. It also summarizes the hallmarks of cancer including self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, unlimited replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and genetic instability.
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in western countries. Early detection through screening can prevent over 50% of deaths, but screening rates remain low. Current noninvasive screening methods like fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) have limitations in sensitivity and specificity. Blood markers like CEA, LASA, and CA19-9 are not adequate screening tools. Stool markers show more promise, like immunochemical FOBT, colonocytes, and stool DNA testing which can detect mutations. While promising, stool DNA testing needs more research on cost effectiveness and patient acceptance before being recommended for general screening. Overall, no single marker is sufficient for screening and early detection remains a challenge.
This document discusses tumor staging and biomarkers for oral cancer. It introduces the TNM staging system and its components for assessing tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis. It also addresses limitations of staging and types of biomarkers that can be used, including commonly used ones like CD44, interleukin levels, and tissue polypeptide antigen. Biomarkers can help with screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment response for oral cancer.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, making up 30-40% of cases. DLBCL is an aggressive or intermediate-grade lymphoma characterized by large malignant B cells. Risk factors include family history of lymphoma, autoimmune disease, HIV/HCV infection, and high body mass index. Treatment involves chemotherapy such as R-CHOP along with radiation or stem cell transplant depending on risk factors and age. Prognosis depends on factors like stage and the international prognostic index, with 5-year survival rates around 46% on average.
Kidney transplant recipients have a 2-3x higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population due to factors related to CKD, immunosuppression, and viral infections. Specific cancers like non-Hodgkin lymphoma, skin cancers, and cancers of the kidney and urinary tract are more common. Immunosuppression drugs like calcineurin inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors can influence cancer risk. Screening for cancers in kidney transplant patients requires individualization based on life expectancy and risks. Managing cancer often involves modifying immunosuppression to balance cancer treatment and risk of organ rejection.
The document discusses post-transplant malignancies in solid organ transplant recipients. It notes that recipients have a 3-5 fold higher risk of cancer than the general population due to prolonged immunosuppression. The most common post-transplant malignancies are non-melanoma skin cancer, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), and Kaposi's sarcoma. PTLD is often associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection and occurs more frequently after transplants of certain organs. Treatment involves reducing immunosuppression when possible and additional therapies depending on the malignancy type and individual case.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia and tumor characteristics and classification. It defines neoplasia as new abnormal cell growth that can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors remain localized, while malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites. Tumors are classified based on tissue of origin, degree of differentiation, growth patterns, and whether they are benign or malignant. Malignant tumors are generally less differentiated, grow and spread more rapidly, and invade locally and metastasize, making them more difficult to treat. The document also discusses cellular adaptations, causes of cancer, tumor properties, grading, staging, and nomenclature used in tumor classification.
This presentation provides an overview of cancer and therapeutics. It discusses key areas that will be covered, including cell and molecular biology of cancer development, genetic pathways, cancer diagnosis and pathology, principles of cancer chemotherapy, drug discovery and delivery, and the future of cancer research. Recent papers and discussions are also mentioned.
This document discusses tumors and cancers that are more common in HIV/AIDS patients. It states that those with HIV/AIDS have a higher risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cervical cancer. It provides details on the symptoms, risk factors, and treatments for these types of cancers associated with HIV/AIDS. The survival rates for Kaposi sarcoma and outcomes for non-Hodgkin lymphoma have improved with newer HIV treatments.
Liver Tumors and Hepatocellular carcinoma supported by Hepatoblastoma. Most of the text are from Robbins Pathological basis of disease 9E, Goljan Review of pathology.
This document discusses the classification and treatment of liver tumors. It outlines four main categories of liver tumors: primary solid benign tumors, primary solid malignant neoplasms, cystic neoplasms, and metastatic tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma and focal nodular hyperplasia are described as two of the most common primary benign and malignant liver tumors respectively. Surgical resection or liver transplantation are identified as the primary treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma when the liver function and extent of disease are suitable.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Its incidence varies significantly between regions, from low rates in the United States and Africa to very high rates in parts of Asia. Major risk factors include chronic hepatitis B and C infections. Clinical features can include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and sometimes liver biopsy. High-risk groups are screened regularly through alpha-fetoprotein testing and ultrasound. Treatment options depend on the stage but may include surgical resection, ablation, chemotherapy, and transplantation.
Molecular localization of epstein barr virus and rb tumor suppressor gene exp...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the Rb tumor suppressor gene in prostate tissues. Seventy-two tissue samples, including 40 from prostate cancer and 20 from benign prostatic hyperplasia, were tested for EBV and Rb expression. EBV was detected in 47.5% of cancer samples but only 10% of benign samples, and not in healthy controls. Rb expression was also detected in 47.5% of cancer samples and 10% of benign samples. The high rate of co-expression of EBV and Rb in cancer tissues suggests these factors may play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis.
This document discusses gastric cancer, including its incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, staging, and treatment approaches. Some key points include:
- Gastric cancer has a poor prognosis with only 20% 5-year survival. Early diagnosis is key.
- Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, low socioeconomic status, and diets high in salt/preserved foods.
- Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Staging evaluates tumor invasion and metastasis using CT, PET, and laparoscopy.
- Surgery offering total or subtotal gastrectomy is the only curative option, while chemotherapy and radiation are palliative.
The document provides information about oncology nursing including objectives, cancer pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention, screening, detection methods, grading and staging of cancer, common cancer types, and nursing interventions. Key points include identifying risk factors from a patient's history, formulating nursing diagnoses, utilizing interventions to maintain health, providing spiritual care, and displaying caring behavior in the delivery of cancer nursing care.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that spreads locally and metastasizes throughout the body, with over 100 types of cancer that can develop. The four most common cancers are breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer, which together account for around half of all new cancer cases diagnosed in the United States each year. The document discusses the causes of cancer from genetic mutations and carcinogens like tobacco, as well as types of treatment including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and efforts toward prevention through lifestyle changes and cancer screening.
This document discusses newer tumor markers that can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment. It describes various types of biochemical entities that serve as tumor markers, including nucleic acids, proteins, sugars, lipids, and whole tumor cells. Specific examples of tumor markers are discussed, such as enzymes, hormones, oncofetal antigens, tumor-associated proteins, carbohydrate antigens, and genetic markers. The ideal properties of tumor markers and their clinical applications are also summarized.
1) Liver carcinoma, specifically hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a primary tumor of the liver that usually arises in a cirrhotic liver.
2) The main risk factors for HCC are chronic hepatitis B and C infections, which can lead to cirrhosis. Other risk factors include alcoholism and aflatoxin exposure.
3) HCC is often asymptomatic in early stages but can present with abdominal pain or a palpable mass. Diagnosis involves imaging like ultrasound or CT along with blood markers like alpha-fetoprotein.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread through the body. There are many types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body. Risk factors include tobacco use, certain infections, radiation, diet, and aging. Cancer is detected through symptoms, screening tests, or biopsy of suspicious tissue. Treatment options include radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery. The eyes and surrounding structures can occasionally be affected by cancers originating elsewhere in the body.
This document discusses hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. It provides background on genetics versus genomics and compares genetic testing of single genes versus multiple genes simultaneously. Lynch syndrome, also called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, is summarized, including the importance of microsatellite instability testing and immunohistochemistry to identify mismatch repair gene mutations. Screening recommendations for Lynch syndrome, such as annual colonoscopy, are discussed to reduce cancer risk.
This document discusses B cell lymphoma and its classification. It notes that lymphomas are malignant disorders derived from lymphoid cells that can be B cell or T cell in origin, with the majority being of B cell origin. B cell lymphomas are divided into Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a distinct malignant disease that is predominantly of B cell origin and has a variable disease course but improved prognosis with modern treatments. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are more often clinically disseminated at diagnosis and can be of B cell or T cell origin.
This document discusses principles of oncology including cell number control, growth disorders, cancer classification, tumor spread and metastasis, stages of cancer, and an overview of carcinogenesis. It defines key terms like neoplasia, benign and malignant tumors, dysplasia, carcinoma and sarcoma. It also summarizes the hallmarks of cancer including self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, unlimited replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and genetic instability.
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in western countries. Early detection through screening can prevent over 50% of deaths, but screening rates remain low. Current noninvasive screening methods like fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) have limitations in sensitivity and specificity. Blood markers like CEA, LASA, and CA19-9 are not adequate screening tools. Stool markers show more promise, like immunochemical FOBT, colonocytes, and stool DNA testing which can detect mutations. While promising, stool DNA testing needs more research on cost effectiveness and patient acceptance before being recommended for general screening. Overall, no single marker is sufficient for screening and early detection remains a challenge.
This document discusses tumor staging and biomarkers for oral cancer. It introduces the TNM staging system and its components for assessing tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis. It also addresses limitations of staging and types of biomarkers that can be used, including commonly used ones like CD44, interleukin levels, and tissue polypeptide antigen. Biomarkers can help with screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment response for oral cancer.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, making up 30-40% of cases. DLBCL is an aggressive or intermediate-grade lymphoma characterized by large malignant B cells. Risk factors include family history of lymphoma, autoimmune disease, HIV/HCV infection, and high body mass index. Treatment involves chemotherapy such as R-CHOP along with radiation or stem cell transplant depending on risk factors and age. Prognosis depends on factors like stage and the international prognostic index, with 5-year survival rates around 46% on average.
Kidney transplant recipients have a 2-3x higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population due to factors related to CKD, immunosuppression, and viral infections. Specific cancers like non-Hodgkin lymphoma, skin cancers, and cancers of the kidney and urinary tract are more common. Immunosuppression drugs like calcineurin inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors can influence cancer risk. Screening for cancers in kidney transplant patients requires individualization based on life expectancy and risks. Managing cancer often involves modifying immunosuppression to balance cancer treatment and risk of organ rejection.
The document discusses post-transplant malignancies in solid organ transplant recipients. It notes that recipients have a 3-5 fold higher risk of cancer than the general population due to prolonged immunosuppression. The most common post-transplant malignancies are non-melanoma skin cancer, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), and Kaposi's sarcoma. PTLD is often associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection and occurs more frequently after transplants of certain organs. Treatment involves reducing immunosuppression when possible and additional therapies depending on the malignancy type and individual case.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia and tumor characteristics and classification. It defines neoplasia as new abnormal cell growth that can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors remain localized, while malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites. Tumors are classified based on tissue of origin, degree of differentiation, growth patterns, and whether they are benign or malignant. Malignant tumors are generally less differentiated, grow and spread more rapidly, and invade locally and metastasize, making them more difficult to treat. The document also discusses cellular adaptations, causes of cancer, tumor properties, grading, staging, and nomenclature used in tumor classification.
This presentation provides an overview of cancer and therapeutics. It discusses key areas that will be covered, including cell and molecular biology of cancer development, genetic pathways, cancer diagnosis and pathology, principles of cancer chemotherapy, drug discovery and delivery, and the future of cancer research. Recent papers and discussions are also mentioned.
This document discusses tumors and cancers that are more common in HIV/AIDS patients. It states that those with HIV/AIDS have a higher risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cervical cancer. It provides details on the symptoms, risk factors, and treatments for these types of cancers associated with HIV/AIDS. The survival rates for Kaposi sarcoma and outcomes for non-Hodgkin lymphoma have improved with newer HIV treatments.
Liver Tumors and Hepatocellular carcinoma supported by Hepatoblastoma. Most of the text are from Robbins Pathological basis of disease 9E, Goljan Review of pathology.
This document discusses the classification and treatment of liver tumors. It outlines four main categories of liver tumors: primary solid benign tumors, primary solid malignant neoplasms, cystic neoplasms, and metastatic tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma and focal nodular hyperplasia are described as two of the most common primary benign and malignant liver tumors respectively. Surgical resection or liver transplantation are identified as the primary treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma when the liver function and extent of disease are suitable.
1. The document discusses various types of pancreatic cysts including pseudocysts, congenital cysts, and neoplastic cystic tumors.
2. It outlines benign cystic neoplasms like serous cystadenomas and malignant mucinous cystic neoplasms.
3. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is discussed as the fourth leading cause of cancer death which often has KRAS and p16 mutations and a desmoplastic response.
This document summarizes liver diseases including α1-antitrypsin deficiency, a genetic disorder causing liver and lung disease. It also describes intrahepatic biliary tract diseases like primary and secondary biliary cirrhosis. Benign liver tumors like hemangiomas and adenomas are outlined as well as primary malignant tumors such as hepatoblastoma and angiosarcoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma is discussed in depth, including risk factors, morphology, clinical features, and prognosis. Metastatic liver tumors from other primary cancers are also noted.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver cancer with a high mortality rate.
Other name: hepatoma
HCC often develops in patients with chronic liver disease
This document summarizes different types of liver lesions, both benign and malignant. It categorizes lesions based on their cell of origin (hepatocellular, cholangiocellular, mesenchymal, etc.) and provides information on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis for common lesion types such as hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatic adenoma, and cystic lesions of the liver. It compares features of different lesions to aid in distinguishing between them.
This document discusses gallbladder tumors and cancer. It covers the epidemiology, etiology, pathology, clinical presentation, and radiologic investigation of gallbladder cancer. The key points are:
- Gallbladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Surgical removal is the only potentially curative treatment but long-term survival is limited due to late diagnosis and early spread.
- Risk factors include chronic gallbladder inflammation from conditions like cholelithiasis. Tumors often invade locally into the liver and spread via lymph nodes and blood vessels at an early stage.
- Clinical presentation can include right upper quadrant pain, weight loss, jaundice, or an incidental finding after ch
1. Carcinoma of the prostate is the second most common cancer in males. It typically occurs in men over 50 and prevalence increases with age.
2. Pathogenesis involves progression from premalignant prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive adenocarcinoma through genetic and epigenetic changes.
3. Diagnosis is made through digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen levels, and transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy. Treatment involves surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy such as androgen deprivation.
1. Carcinoma of the prostate is the second most common cancer in males. It typically occurs in men over 50 and prevalence increases with age.
2. Pathogenesis involves premalignant prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia progressing to adenocarcinoma through genetic and epigenetic changes.
3. Diagnosis is made through digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen levels, and biopsy. Treatment involves surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone deprivation therapy.
This document discusses renal parenchymal neoplasms, specifically renal cell carcinoma. Some key points:
- Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 70% of primary malignant renal tumors and occurs most commonly in the 6th-7th decades of life, with a male to female ratio of 2:1.
- Risk factors for RCC include smoking, obesity, acquired cystic kidney disease, and certain hereditary conditions like Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.
- RCC is often asymptomatic until late stages but can present with hematuria, flank pain, or a palpable renal mass. Metastases most commonly occur in the lungs.
- Clear cell R
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. It is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer death. The main risk factors are hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholism, and cirrhosis. HCC often develops from chronic liver inflammation and regeneration caused by these conditions. Patients may present with non-specific symptoms like abdominal pain, weight loss, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsy. Prognosis is generally poor, with most patients dying within 2 years from cancer progression or liver failure.
This document discusses ovarian tumors, specifically germ cell tumors. It provides information on the classification, histopathology, immunoprofile, and other characteristics of various types of ovarian germ cell tumors including dysgerminoma, yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, immature teratoma, and mature cystic teratoma. It also mentions other rare subtypes such as struma ovarii. The document aims to provide pathology residents with comprehensive information on diagnosing and classifying these tumor types.
Colon cancer is the second most common cancer and most common gastrointestinal malignancy. It typically presents between ages 45-65. The predominant type is adenocarcinoma. Risk factors include family history, inflammatory bowel disease, and diet low in fruits and vegetables. Treatment involves surgical resection of the primary tumor with or without chemotherapy depending on staging. Palliative options are considered for metastatic or unresectable disease.
This document discusses primary liver tumors, including benign and malignant types. It provides detailed information on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver malignancy. HCC is often associated with liver cirrhosis and viral hepatitis. Diagnosis involves imaging and blood markers. Surgical resection or liver transplantation offer the best chance of survival for eligible patients with early-stage HCC within Milan criteria. Other local and systemic therapies are options for patients who cannot undergo surgery.
1. Benign renal tumors are the majority of renal masses found, often incidentally. They include renal cysts, angiomyolipomas, oncocytomas, and papillary adenomas.
2. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2-3% of adult cancers. Risk factors include tobacco, obesity, hypertension, and family history. The most common subtypes are clear cell and papillary RCC.
3. Certain hereditary syndromes increase RCC risk, like von Hippel-Lindau disease, hereditary papillary RCC, and Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Genetic mutations contribute to tumor development in these conditions.
LIVER pathology. tumor and tumorlike conditionsPsycheGayodan2
Nodular regenerative hyperplasia features the transformation of liver parenchyma into non-neoplastic nodules without fibrous septa, and is an important cause of noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Focal nodular hyperplasia presents as a well-demarcated nodular lesion with a central fibrous scar and is more common in young females. Hepatocellular adenomas are rare true adenomas that can hemorrhage and have subtypes defined by mutations. Regenerative and dysplastic nodules can develop in cirrhotic livers, with high grade dysplastic nodules being precursors to hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common
- HCC displays a high degree of molecular and histological heterogeneity. Morphological subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma are strongly associated with tumour subclasses and gene mutations. Development of a morpho-molecular classification could improve precision medicine for patients with this highly aggressive malignancy. Although unlike lung or colorectal cancer, increasing knowledge of HCC subtypes has not yet resulted in biomarker discovery and improved clinical care. Integrative pathological and molecular studies are needed to define a consensus HCC morpho-molecular classification that could guide ongoing therapeutic trials.
The document discusses evaluation and management of liver lesions. It describes common benign and malignant solid and cystic liver lesions. For solid lesions, it recommends following an algorithm including history, exam, labs, imaging like CT/MRI, and potentially biopsy to determine if the lesion is benign or malignant. For cystic lesions, it recommends monitoring asymptomatic simple cysts with ultrasound but surgically treating symptomatic or complicated cysts.
- Nephroblastoma, also known as Wilms tumor, is the most common renal malignancy in children under 5 years old.
- It accounts for 5-6% of all childhood cancers worldwide. Risk factors include genetic syndromes like WAGR or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
- Treatment involves surgical resection of the tumor followed by chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy. With a multidisciplinary approach, the 5-year survival rate is around 90%. Intensive follow-up is important after treatment to monitor for recurrence or late effects.
Folate deficiency anaemia: folate is essential for the development and synthesis of red blood cells the synthesis of nucleic acids,
and amino acids. The ethologies include Reduced Dietary Intake,
Compromised Absorption, impaired metabolism CO2H CO.H, Increased Utilisation. the pathophysiological mechanism based on tetrahydrofolate giving synthesis of catecholamine, purine, and pyrimidine. Symptoms of Anemia
Pallor, shortness of breath, fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, mild jaundice, mouth ulcers, Diarrhea, Neurological symptoms less common, Confusion, Fatigue, Irritability, Cognitive Decline.
In pregnancy, Increased Utilization of Folate in Pregnancy can lead to folate deficiency
• Daily required folate appears to be m,0g04cwhereas folate fortification only provides around 160mcg
• Folate seems to be required for proper neural tube closure, which occurs at approximately 2weeksofgestation
• Folate deficiency can lead to Neural Tube Defects (NTD)
• recommended that all women of reproductive age take a folic acid supplement.
diagnosis is based on laboratory tests which include complete blood count, methylmalonic acid and homocysteine. treatment is usually supplements like folic acid and vitamin b12 in appropriate dosages to treat the deficiency and maintain the normal level. Dietary options include Dark Green Leafy Vegetables: Broccoli, Spinach, Romaine Lettuce, and Kale.
This ppt briefly describes reading an ECG and abnormalities of the conduction system, such as the degrees of heart block, and both left and right bundle branch block. Along with some cases for further reference and discussion of the case.
to read the ECG, we start by checking the rhythm, rate, axis, P wave, PR interval, Q wave, QRS complex, QT interval, ST segment, and T wave.
This slide is about grape seed extract and their structures, along with the extraction methods of grape seed oils. explains about the uses and side effects.Their antioxidant property.
This document provides information about gastroscopy and colonoscopy procedures. It describes what each procedure involves, how to prepare, what happens during, and reasons for having them. A gastroscopy examines the esophagus, stomach and duodenum using an endoscope to investigate symptoms like heartburn or bleeding, and can treat issues like polyps. Preparation involves not eating for 6 hours prior. A colonoscopy examines the entire large bowel using a colonoscope to search for cancer, polyps or other abnormalities. Common reasons are investigating symptoms or screening. Preparation requires dietary changes and laxative solution intake. Both procedures involve being sedated while the scope is inserted and gentle examination of the organs.
This presentation mainly focuses on explanation about acid fast staining, their principle, reagents and procedure. And also about acid fast organisms. And a detailed explanation about the importance of Ziehl-neelson stain and errors occured during the procedure.
The document summarizes the key secondary lymphoid organs and tissues - lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and their roles in the immune system. Lymph nodes filter lymph and initiate immune responses. The spleen filters blood and mounts immune responses. MALT includes structures like the tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix that sample antigens in mucosa. Together these secondary lymphoid organs help the immune system recognize and respond to pathogens.
This slides explain about the philosophy of science. Philosophy and natural science.
logical positivism and logical empiricicism.
epistemology. Empiricism. induction.
This slide explains about the life cyle of mosquito. And about its feeding. And explains about mousquito transmitted diseases.
Mainly about malaria, dengue, west nile fever, zikavirus, and chikungunya. And abot prevention from mosquito transmitted diseases.
This presentation explains about indoor airquality. And about the cause of indoor airpollution. And about its impact on human health. And interventions to reduce the burden of disease. And about pheumonia. About ischaemic heart disease. About chronic obstruction pulmonary disease. And about stroke and lung cancer.
This slide explains abot listeriosis and their effect on human body. And also about the History, Types - both invasive and non-invasive, Pathogenisis, Diagnosis, Clinical manifestation,Treatment and Control methods.
This slide explains about chambers,circulation and anatomy of heart. And also about the diseases of heart and blood vessels. gives explanation about diagnosis of the cardiovascular diseases, with both surgical and pharmacological treatment.
This slide explains about the type of Chromatographic Technique, mainly about HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) with its uses and medical application, Normal–phase chromatography, Reversed-phase chromatography (RPC), Size-exclusion chromatography, and Ion-exchange chromatography.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
10. PATHOGENESIS
➤ Three major etiologic associations have been established:
infection with HBV or HCV, alcoholic cirrhosis, and aflatoxin
exposure.
➤ Many variables, including age, gender, chemicals, viruses,
hormones, alcohol, and nutrition, interact in the development of
HCC( tyrosinemia).
➤ In most cases, tumor develops from small-cell, high-grade
dysplastic nodules in cirrhotic livers.
➤ The tumors may arise from both mature hepatocytes and
progenitor cells.
➤ An important criterion is nodule vascularization, visualized by
imaging, which is almost always a clear indication of malignancy.
14. ➤ An almost universal feature of hepatocellular carcinoma is the
presence of structural and numeric chromosomal
abnormalities indicative of genomic instability.
➤ The precise origin of genomic instability in this tumor is
not known, but several factors seem to be most important:
Inflammation and regeneration
Acquired mutations in specific oncogenes
Acquired defects in DNA repair
➤ Neither HBV nor HCV contains oncogenes.
➤ The HBV-X gene may have some oncogenic potential.
➤ The tumorigenic capacity of these viruses probably relates
primarily to their capacity to cause chronic inflammation and
increased cell turnover.
15. Most common 1° malignant
tumor of
liver in adults.
contrast CT/MRI
16. MORPHOLOGY
➤ HCC may appear grossly as
A unifocal
A multifocal tumor
A diffusely infiltrative
➤ Particularly in the later two patterns, it may be difficult to
radiologically distinguish regenerative cirrhotic nodules from
neoplasms of similar size.
➤ Discrete tumor masses usually are yellow- white, punctuated
sometimes by bile staining and areas of hemorrhage or necrosis.
➤ HCC has a strong propensity for vascular invasion.
19. ➤ On histologic examination, HCCs range from well-
differentiated lesions that reproduce hepatocytes arranged in
cords, trabeculae or glandular patterns, to poorly
differentiated lesions, often composed of large, multinucleate
anaplastic giant cells.
➤ In the better-differentiated variants, globules of bile may be
found within the cytoplasm of cells and in pseudocanaliculi
between cells.
➤ Acidophilic hyaline inclusions within the cytoplasm may be
present, resembling Mallory bodies. There is little stroma in
most hepatocellular carcinomas, explaining their soft
consistency.
20. ➤ Extensive intrahepatic
metastases are characteristic,
and occasionally snakelike
masses of tumor invade the
portal vein (with occlusion of
the portal circulation) or
inferior venacava, extending
even into the right side of the
heart.
21. ➤ A distinctive clinicopathologic variant of HCC is the
fibrolamellar carcinoma. It occurs in young male and female
adults (20 to 40 years of age) with equal incidence and has no
association with cirrhosis or other risk factors.
➤ It usually consists of a single tumor with fibrous bands
coursing through it, superficially resembling focal nodular
hyperplasia.
➤ The fibrolamellar variant has a better prognosis than that of
the other, more common variants.
22. CLINICAL FEATURES
➤ Although HCC may manifest with silent hepatomegaly, it is more
often encountered in persons with symptomatic cirrhosis of the liver.
➤ In these persons,
1. a rapid increase in liver size,
2. sudden worsening of ascites, or the appearance of bloody ascites,
3. fever, and
4. pain call attention to the development of a tumor.
➤ There are no good serologic screening tests for hepatocellular
carcinoma.
➤ The most commonly used marker is serum alpha-fetoprotein level,
but it rises only with advanced tumors and only in 50% of patients.
23. ➤ Furthermore, false-positive results are obtained in yolk-sac
tumors, and many non-neoplastic conditions such as
cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, normal pregnancy, and massive
liver necrosis.
➤ Hence the test is neither specific nor sensitive. Radiologic
screening of patients with cirrhosis at 6-month intervals, looking for
dysplastic nodules or early, small hepatocellular carcinomas, is the
current clinical frontier.
24. ➤ The overall prognosis with advanced HCC is grim.
➤ Resection or ablation may be curative for a single small lesion (most
often those with the uncommon fibrolamellar variant), but does not
prevent de novo emergence of new HCCs in a chronically diseased liver.
➤ Transplantation can be curative,
➤ Median survival is 7 months.
➤ Treatment with sorafenib - a broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase
inhibitor,
➤ In some countries such as Taiwan, HBV immunization programs have
lowered the incidence of HCC substantially, proving that preventive
measures can alleviate the terrible toll taken by this disease in endemic
regions.
27. SURVIVAL RATE
➤ HCC is typically diagnosed late in its course, with a median
survival following diagnosis of approximately 6 to 20
months. In the United States, 2 years survival is less than
50% and 5-year survival is only 10%.
28. BIBLIOGRAPHY
➤ International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia:
Pathologic diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatology 49:658, 2009. [A good example of how change comes to
medicine, individual efforts combining, over years, to achieve a new
consensus.]
➤ Robbins Basic Pathology, NINTH EDITION, Vinay Kumar,
MBBS, MD, FRCPath, Abul K. Abbas, MBBS, Jon C. Aster, MD,
PhD. (637-639)
➤ First Aid For The USMLE Step 1, 2020, 30th Anniversary edition,
MATTHEW SOCHAT,MD, SARAH SCHIMANSKY, MB BCh
BAO, KIMBERLY KALLIANOS, MD, VIKAS BHUSHAN, MD,
VAISHNAVI VAIDYANATHAN, MD, JORDAN ABRAMS
➤