Rabbits can be susceptible to several respiratory and intestinal diseases. Snuffles is an upper respiratory infection caused by bacteria that can develop into pneumonia if untreated. Symptoms include sneezing and nasal discharge. Antibiotics and ensuring clean housing can aid treatment. Coccidiosis is an intestinal parasite caused by Eimeria that causes diarrhea, especially in young rabbits. Preventing overcrowding and maintaining hygiene helps control spread. Gastric ulcers can result from stress and NSAID use. H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors aid treatment while ensuring fiber intake prevents hairballs. Proper sanitation and limiting stress are important for rabbit health management.
Deworming in animals- An overview of AntheminticsDr Shifa Ul Haq
The presentation covers various aspects of deworming in animals. It includes the symptoms of worm infestation, harms caused by parasites, various groups of anthelmintic drugs and their mode of action and some natural anthelmintic products.
Deworming in animals- An overview of AntheminticsDr Shifa Ul Haq
The presentation covers various aspects of deworming in animals. It includes the symptoms of worm infestation, harms caused by parasites, various groups of anthelmintic drugs and their mode of action and some natural anthelmintic products.
Babesiosis is the diseased state caused by the protozoal (single celled) parasites of the genus Babesia. Infection in a dog may occur by tick transmission, direct transmission via blood transfer from dog bites, blood transfusions, or transplacental transmission.
Mange is among the common illnesses that many dog owners are concerned about. People usually get tensed and do not know how to handle such situations. I present you this Presentation that speaks about Mange, a skin disease caused by tiny parasite mites on dogs. You can refer to this to know what Mange is all about, the types of Mange, the causes, the symptoms and a few easy ways to deal with it. Mange, if left untreated can be fatal. Therefore, timely knowledge and treatment about this disease is important. You can also add your views in the comments below.
For more information about Mange, you can refer to the following links:
http://www.vet-organics.com/types-of-mange-in-dogs/
http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/mange-dogs-canine-scabies
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Whether your dog is a working companion, champion show animal, hunting partner, or just a best friend, the kindest and most responsible thing you can do for him is to provide proper health care.
Knowing about common dog diseases and being aware of appropriate prevention and treatment can better help you provide that care.
Many Diseases Can Be Prevented .Some of the most common and serious dog diseases have been made less common through vaccines: however, these diseases continue to threaten a dog that lacks proper immunization. Puppies many be vaccinated as early as 4-6 weeks depending on each situation and the veterinarian’s advice. Through mother’s milk, puppies receive disease fighting antibodies, which last 6-16 weeks. Vaccinations then take over.
Yearly boosters should be given throughout your dog’s life, including old age when your dog may become more susceptible to some diseases.
Babesiosis is the diseased state caused by the protozoal (single celled) parasites of the genus Babesia. Infection in a dog may occur by tick transmission, direct transmission via blood transfer from dog bites, blood transfusions, or transplacental transmission.
Mange is among the common illnesses that many dog owners are concerned about. People usually get tensed and do not know how to handle such situations. I present you this Presentation that speaks about Mange, a skin disease caused by tiny parasite mites on dogs. You can refer to this to know what Mange is all about, the types of Mange, the causes, the symptoms and a few easy ways to deal with it. Mange, if left untreated can be fatal. Therefore, timely knowledge and treatment about this disease is important. You can also add your views in the comments below.
For more information about Mange, you can refer to the following links:
http://www.vet-organics.com/types-of-mange-in-dogs/
http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/mange-dogs-canine-scabies
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Whether your dog is a working companion, champion show animal, hunting partner, or just a best friend, the kindest and most responsible thing you can do for him is to provide proper health care.
Knowing about common dog diseases and being aware of appropriate prevention and treatment can better help you provide that care.
Many Diseases Can Be Prevented .Some of the most common and serious dog diseases have been made less common through vaccines: however, these diseases continue to threaten a dog that lacks proper immunization. Puppies many be vaccinated as early as 4-6 weeks depending on each situation and the veterinarian’s advice. Through mother’s milk, puppies receive disease fighting antibodies, which last 6-16 weeks. Vaccinations then take over.
Yearly boosters should be given throughout your dog’s life, including old age when your dog may become more susceptible to some diseases.
10 top tips to care for your rabbit, with some very cute photos of my rabbit Tilly thrown in for good measure!
To find out more about rabbit, and all types of pet care, then head over to http://pethooligans.com
Thirty three hadith found A report By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former D.G ,Agricu...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Thirty three hadith found A report By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former D.G ,Agriculture Extension KPK Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar
The relationship between animals and the selection pressures of their environments can be outrageously complex. All creatures on the planet today are the result of millions and millions of years of these interactions—generation after generation of natural selection for traits/genes just a little bit more fit for each population’s unique and changing environment. Yet, for each species and each adaptation, the underlying mechanism is the same:
In response to selection pressure, the frequency of traits and the genes controlling those traits changes in a population over time. That’s evolution.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND CHILD HEALTH DISORDERS IN EASY WAY
Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
youtube channel
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CHANEL PLAYLIST-
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p
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The ppt is on foodborne infection vs foodborne intoxication which is a good topic as mostly people are infected with the infection caused by pathogens present in the food. It includes the prevention methods which we should take for not being infected by these foodborne pathogens. Thank you
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
Health management of rabbits
1. HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF
RABBITS
Vinodh Kumar,O.R
Division of Epidemiology
ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
2. Introduction
• Rabbits are very shy animals
• High prolificacy
• High feed conversion efficiency
• Shorter generation interval
• Suited for rural and urban conditions
• Can bred round the year
4. Snuffles
It is an upper respiratory tract infection if snuffles is not treated
properly leads to pneumonia (lower respiratory tract infection)
Symptoms
• Sneezing is the initial clinical sign in rabbits with respiratory problem.
Animals show clear mucous discharge from the nose, later it may
become creamy in appearance and in severe cases cause crusting on
the nose.
• Wet or matted fur on the inside of front legs caused by continual nose
wiping is of better diagnostic importance.
• Snuffles can develop into pneumonia if the infection spreads to the
lower respiratory tract and lungs.
Causes
• Most often bacteria called Pasteurella multocida but can also be
caused by Staphylococcus spp. These bacteria spread in the air and by
contact with contaminated hands, cages, equipment or other rabbits.
These bacteria are present in the environment and stressed rabbits are
more likely to be affected.
5. Snuffles
Treatment
• Use of antibiotics ( eg. Cefotaxime, Enrofloxacin,
Cefadroxil,Azithromycin, Sulpha drugs etc.,).
• Recovery is rapid in treating early cases but failure occur in delayed
cases
Prevention and control
• Sheds and cages should be kept as clean as possible.
• Good ventilation is required to maintain air quality and reduce
ammonia.
• Regular removal fecal material and urine from the sheds.
• Temperature range should be kept at a minimum (between 18-
24oC) as changes in temperature can trigger stress and out breaks
of snuffles.
6. Pneumonia
Advanced cases of snuffles may lead to pnemonia
Symptoms:
• Laboured breathing, often with mouth open and head thrown back
at late stages.
• Skin eyes and mouth appears blue from lack of oxygen. Pneumonia
is most easily diagnosed after death by checking the lung tissue –
the normally bright pink tissue is purplish and less spongy. There
may be fluid in the chest cavity.
Causes
• Most often Pasteurella multocida but can also be caused by
Staphylococcus spp. These bacteria spread in the air and by contact
with contaminated hands, cages, equipment or other rabbits.
7. Pneumonia
Treatment
• Follow the antibiotic therapy for 5 to 7 days
• Use of anti histamines and anti inflammatory drugs
Prevention and control
• Avoid stress in the rabbits by ensuring good air quality
• Sheds and cages should be kept as clean as possible.
• Good nutrition and fresh clean water is essential.
• Removal of affected animals may control the spread to other
rabbits
• Pneumonia is difficult to treat with antibiotics as by the time
symptoms are observed the infection is likely to be well advanced.
8. Pasteurellosis
Most common bacteria affecting rabbits, Pasteurella multocida can be
spread through the air, on objects, or by direct contact with an infected
rabbit. Most rabbits have the bacteria in their system, and normally their
immune systems keep it in check, but if a rabbit is physically or
emotionally stressed, these opportunistic bacteria may multiply out of
control and serious infections could develop.
Symptoms
• The affected rabbits show nasal discharge, difficult in respiration (jerky
respiration). Severe condition leads to pneumoina.
Treatment
• Nebulized antibiotics may be helpful with rhinitis and pneumonia
• Systemic antibiotic therapy for at least 10 days
Prevention and control
• Avoid ammonia odour in rabbit sheds by removal of faecal and urine
materials
• Good ventilation
• Avoid mixing up of adult and young rabbits
9. Coccidiosis
• The problem less likely to occur in caged rabbits, mainly
seen in intensively managed farms in deep litter system.
• Coccidiosis is caused by different species of protozoan
parasites; Eimeria is one of the important diseases of
rabbits and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality.
• In commercially reared broiler rabbits coccidiosis occurs in
subclinical form leading to growth retardation and altered
feed conversions.
• In India, coccidiosis is a major impediment in rabbit
production and the most common parasitic affecting all age
groups. The disease occurs especially in young rabbits.
10. Coccidiosis
Symptoms:
• Diarrhoea or scouring , sometimes bloody faecal material with
matted dirty fur around the anus. In the early stages the rabbit may
show signs of ill thrift. Rabbits appear lethargic, go off their feed,
scour, become dehydrated and can die within 48 hours if left
untreated. On post mortem the liver may show signs of damage in
the form of white spots. Diagnosis is usually made by oocyst
identification on microscopic examination.
Cause
• A protozoan parasite ( Eimeria) that invades the bile duct or
intestine. The most common form is intestinal coccidiosis which
causes scouring. The less common liver form damages the bile duct
which causes the liver to develop characteristic white spots.
11. Coccidiosis
Treatment
• Coccidiostats or coccidiocidal drugs
Prevention and control
• Coccidiostats can be added to feed at the
pelleting stage at low levels to suppressive
coccidia infection.
• Good cage hygiene can interrupt Eimeria life
cycle.
• Faecal material should be removed daily.
• Regular removal and disposal of faecal material
12. Intestinal Coccidiosis
Intestinal coccidiosis mainly affects young weaned rabbits
six weeks to five months of age. This is attributed to stress,
noise, transportation or immunosupression.
Symptoms
• Rough coat, dullness, decreased appetite, dehydration and
weight loss.
• Rabbits may also develop intussusception, a blockage of the
intestine caused by a telescoping of the bowel on itself.
When weight loss is greater than 20%, convulsions or
paralysis is seen, followed by death within 24 hours.
• The majority of deaths are a result of dehydration and
secondary bacterial infections.
13. Hepatic Coccidiosis
Rabbits infected with E. steidae , the protozoan responsible for hepatic (liver)
coccidiosis, may have mild to severe infections. Mild infections show no symptoms
while moderately infected rabbits will have growth retardation. Severe infections
result in loss of appetite, weakness, diarrhea and possibly constipation in the later
stages of the disease. E steidae inhabits cells of the bile ducts and liver, causing
blockage and severe liver damage.
Clinical Symptoms
• Diarrhea (may be blood-tinged), Weight loss, Jaundice , Rough coat, Lethargy
Diagnosis and Treatment
• The diagnosis of coccidiosis in live rabbits is very difficult to do. Examination of feces
for the presence of oocysts is one method.
• Anti-coccidial treatment is usually only successful for rabbits that have been infected
for less than five or six days.
• If treatment is successful, diarrhea and mortality may still be seen for a few days after
the initiation of treatment. Relapse is regularly observed after one or two weeks.
14. Hepatic Coccidiosis
Prevention
Prevention is the best method in the control of rabbit coccidiosis.
Sanitation and husbandry are the most important aspects in controlling
infection.
• Overcrowding causes unnecessary stress and difficulty in maintaining
hygiene in the rabbitry.
• Avoid mixing litters at weaning
• Wean youngsters as late as possible, unless overcrowding becomes an
issue.
• Anticoccidial medicated feed to weaned and non-lactating/pregnant does
to prevent the development of coccidiosis. Young rabbits (1-3 months)
have a low immunity to coccidiosis and thus are more susceptible to the
disease.
• Routine cleaning two or three times a week will decrease coccidial loads
and is recommended for rabbitries experiencing coccidiosis problems
• Feeder and waterer should be disinfected regularly and remain free of
rabbit feces.
15. Tyzzer's disease
Symptoms
• Loss of appetite, dehydration, loss of energy, staining
of the hindquarters
Causes
• This disease is caused by Clostridium piliforme bacteria
Treatment
• Antibiotic therapy
• Fluid therapy (ORS)
Prevention and Control
• Regular removal of fecal materials
• Good sanitation (1% peracetic acid or 3% bleach )
16. Colibacillosis
Two types of colibacillosis are seen in rabbits, depending on their age.
Rabbits of 1 to 2 weeks old develop a severe yellowish diarrhea that is
often fatal.
Symptoms
• Diarrhoea
• Weight loss
• Poor growth
Causes
• Caused by Escherichiacoli bacteria
Treatment
• Antibiotic therapy
• Fluid therapy (ORS)
Prevention and control
• Providing high-fiber food
• Rabbit cages and other areas of rabbit shed should be thoroughly
sanitized
17. Gastric Ulcers
Usually associated with stress. Sever gastric ulcer causes sudden death.
Symptoms
• There are no specific signs of gastric ulcers in rabbits other than abdominal
• pain. Haunched back, hurdling is also seen as an indication of pain.
Causes
• Usually result of excessive use of NSAIDs (anti inflammatory drugs) . Svere
stress predispose to gastric ulcers. Some bacteria are also associated with
this condition.
Treatment
• Histamine receptor blocker- H2 blocker ( Ranitidine, Cimitidine, Famotidine)
• Proton pump inhibitor to control the gastric acid secretion( Omeprazole)
Prevention and control
• Have good grass hay to increase the intestinal motility
• Slowly introduce new feeds
18. Hair chewing and Hair balls
Rabbits groom themselves almost constantly, so their stomachs often contain hair. If the
hairballs build up in the stomach and causes a blockage (commonly called a hairball).
Symptoms
• Loss of appetite
• Weight lose
• Death within 3 to 4 weeks if not diagnosed and treated
Causes
• Low-fiber diet, Stress, Obesity, Boredomness
Treatment
• Intra venous fluid treatment,
• Anti inflammatory drugs
• Anti-ulcer drugs
• Pineapple juice contains the digestive enzyme bromelain and has been used to treat
early cases of hairballs; an adult rabbit is given fresh or frozen juice directly into the
stomach once or twice a day for 3 days.
Prevention and control
• Providing a high fiber diet,
• Avoiding stress and obesity
• Avoiding Boredomness
19. Acute Bloat and Blockage
Bloat occurs as gas accumulates in large amounts in the gastrointestinal tract. Acute
bloat, however, occurs as a result of a physical obstruction or severe ileus.
Symptoms
• A rabbit with acute bloat from a complete gastrointestinal obstruction can go from
perfectly well to critically ill within an extremely short period of time, and die within
12 to 24 hours of onset of symptoms if there is no successful Intervention
Causes
• True obstructions are usually high in the gut, near the pyloric opening (at the
• bottom of the stomach) or within the first six inches of the small bowel. Blockage may
occur from ingested material such as bedding material; carpet fibers and mats of hair
(hair ball).Tumors, adhesions, abscesses, and a twisted intestine.
Treatment
• 1. Emergency doses of IV fluids, analgesics, and antibiotics.
• 2. Anti bloat agents
• 3. Oral administration of 10 to 20 ml of vegetable oil
Prevention and control
• Have good grass hay to increase the intestinal motility
• Slowly introduce new feeds
• Avoid too much of readily available carbohydrates in feed
20. Enterotoxemia
• Species of Clostridium causes the enteritis
complex in domestic rabbits. The
• “carbohydrate overload” is associated with
this disease.
Symptoms
• Production of enterotoxins leads to diarrhoea
and death
21. Mucoid enteropathy
Symptoms
• Soft jelly like faeces or diarrhoea that soils the fur around the anus. Rabbits can die
very quickly, often before symptoms of scouring are observed. It is usually grower
rabbits from 6-8 weeks of age that are affected.
Causes
• These two diseases are associated with a disruption of gut function that may be
caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli or by a lack of fibre in the diet of the
rabbit. Stress, overcrowding and poor sanitation can increase susceptibility of rabbits
to these diseases.
Treatment
• Antibiotics may be of useful
• Oral rehydration therapy (ORS )
• The most effective treatment is to increase the level of fibre being fed to the
animals. This can be given in the form of lucerne or grass.
Prevention and control
• Feed grower rabbits a diet with adequate fibre levels (>12% - 14%).
• Monitor rabbit health and adjust stocking rate if necessary.
• Good sanitation in the grower shed with cages and equipment regularly cleaned
• Free access to fresh clean drinking water.
22. Ketosis (Pregnancy Toxemia)
Ketosis is a rare disorder that may result in death of does 1 to 2 days before giving birth.
The disease is more common in first-litter does. Hairballs in the stomach often
predispose a rabbit to developing ketosis.
Symptoms
• Loss of appetite, Dullness of eyes, Sluggishness
• Difficulty in breathing and lying down.
• The most significant physical change is fatty deposits in the liver and kidneys (noted
after death has occurred).
Causes
• Obesity and lack of exercise.
Treatment
• Intravenous injection of dextrose (10% or 20 %).
• Oral administration of glycerol
• Oral administration of jaggary
Prevention and control
• Breed does before they become obese
• Provide adequate nutrition during pregnancy
23. Mastitis
It is inflammation of the mammary glands and nipples of rabbits. Usually problem in nursing does.
Symptoms:
• Infected mammary gland usually swells up and there is a hard lump generally around the nipple.
The region can become reddish inflamed and painful, sometimes in more severe cases the
affected area turns blue. Does with mastitis often have increased temperature. If untreated the
infection will become abscessed and hard.
Cause
• Mastitis is an infection of the mammary gland often caused by Staphylococcus aureus but can
also be caused from Pasteurella multocida plus other bacteria. Bacteria can enter the mammary
gland via the teat canal, through injury to the teats or via the blood stream (septicaemia).
Treatment
• Treatment with an effective antibiotic at the early stage of infection can assist the doe to
overcome the infection.
Prevention and control
• Good hygiene is essential for the control of mastitis.
• Cages and equipment should be cleaned prior to kindling. Particular attention should be paid to
keeping cages and nest boxes clean during lactation.
• Topical antibiotic treatment of nipple injuries can reduce the chance of infection through this
route.
• Infection is readily spread though human contact and hands should be disinfected before
handling each lactating doe.
• Kits from infected does are also a source of infection and should not be fostered onto healthy
does.
• Mastitis often reoccurs with subsequent lactations and affected rabbits should be culled.
24. Ringworm
• Ringworm is a fungal infection that is common in
rabbits. Ringworm is generally associated with
poor sanitation, poor nutrition, and other
environmental stressors.
Symptoms
• Affected rabbits develop raised, reddened,
circular sores that are capped with white, bran-
like, flaky material. The sores generally appear
first on the head and then spread to other areas
of the skin.
25. Ringworm
Causes
• The cause is most commonly the fungus Trichophyton
mentagrophytes and occasionally Microsporum canis.
Treatment
• Oral and topical antifungal drugs
Prevention and control
• Because infected rabbits can spread the disease to humans and
other animals, they should be isolated and treated.
• Good sanitary practices (use disposable gloves, followed by
thorough hand and arm washing when handling infected rabbits,
cleaning cages and equipment, or disposing of waste materials)
26. Hock sore
Usually seen in over weight rabbits or rabbits in poorly maintained cages, it is mainly a
management problem.
Symptoms
• Hair loss on the foot pad and hock area is followed by ulcerated sores that often
become infected. Affected rabbits look like they are “walking on eggs” and gingerly
shift their weight from foot to foot. Rabbits may lose body condition and can die from
septicaemia (blood poisoning). Most often the rear hocks become sore but all feet
can be affected in severe cases.
Cause
• This condition is common with rabbits on wire floors. Type of wire, cleanliness and
the condition of the cage floor are important factors associated with hock sore.
Treatment
• Soaking off surface crust and irrigating with a topical solution but the healing process
is slow and the condition often reoccurs.
• Use of antibiotics, anti inflammatory drugs
• Affected rabbits should be provided with a mat to allow them to get off the wire floor.
Prevention
• Mats on wire floors assist in prevention.
• Mats which allow the passage of faeces and urine are the best but care should be
taken to ensure they are kept clean.
• Nail trimming is also advisable
• Rabbits with reoccurring hocksore should be culled.
27. Abscesses
Abscesses, localized collections of pus, are common in rabbits and
difficult to treat successfully.
Symptoms
• Rabbit abscesses are most often found on the head and limbs, but
may also occur elsewhere, including on internal organs. They
frequently extend to underlying tissues and bone, and if this
happens the prognosis is more guarded. Signs of abscesses are
variable. Visible swelling in external body surfaces.
Causes
• Bacterial, viral agents may cause the condition.
Treatment
• Apply iodine ointments to ripen the abscess
• Opening and draining of abscesses (after maturation)
• Minimum of two weeks of antibiotic therapy
• Local application of antibiotic cream
28. Ear Mites
Rabbit ears may become infested with ear mites, Psoroptes cuniculi.
Symptoms
• Excessive head shaking/scratching and crusted exudates in the ears are usually the
first sign. Crusting may extend to the face, dewlap, neck and other body parts.
• Sometimes bad infestations extend to the ear canal and lead to secondary
bacterial infections that cause otitis media, head tilt, and other signs of
neurological disease.
Causes
• The mite Psoroptes cuniculi causes the condition, sometime with mixed bacterial
infection. Infestations will be worse where the environmental conditions include
low temperature and high humidity.
Treatment
• Antiparasitical drugs such as ivermectin or Doramectin.
• Cleaning of ear by hydrogen peroxide
• Antibiotic treatment
• Anti inflammatory and anti histamines
29. Encephalitozoonosis
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an intracellular protozoan parasite spread primarily through spores in
the urine of affected animals. It is of zoonotic importance.
Symptoms
• The symptoms are not clear in this condition. Head tilt may be a routine disease clinical sign.
Granulomas are localized areas of inflammation where the infection is being fought, and are
most common in the brain, kidneys, heart, and spinal cord. Digestive and urinary tract
disturbances may also be noticed.
• Symptoms that may occur include:
• Head tilt, Rolling, Head nodding, Stargazing (head slightly twisted up, eyes staring upwards),
Nystagmus (uncontrolled movement of eyes), Cataracts,Paralysis/paresis, especially of the hind
legs, Incontinence, Ataxia (incoordination, weakness), Behavioural changes, especially mental
impairment
Causes
• The poor hygiene in rabbit shed predisposes this condition. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an
intracellular protozoan parasite is the causative agent.
Treatment
• Antiparasitical drugs to eradicate the parasite
• Sulpha drugs may also be given
• Using deworming drugs like albendazole, fenbendazole, oxibendazole, thiabendazole etc
30. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
The presence of sludgy urine and uroliths will predispose the rabbits.
Infectious agents also cause the condition.
Symptoms
• Pain in the abdomen is noticed, difficult in urination, blood in urine,
change of colour of urine and abnormal-smelling of urine
Causes
• Many infectious agents cause this condition. The presence of urinary
stones, poor water intake may also lead to urinary tract infections.But
these infections are often asymptomatic, and therefore very dangerous.
Treatment
• Use of antibiotics for 5 to 10 days
• Anti inflammatory drugs
Prevention and control
• Good rabbit shed hygiene
• Providing palatable drinking water containing less dissolved salts
31. Hypothermia
• Hypothermia, loss of heat, is a sign of a very serious condition needing prompt
attention to avoid the rabbit’s death. If the rabbit is hypothermic, the rectal
temperature will be below 100˚F (37.7˚C). This may be encountered in rabbits
recovering from anesthesia, rabbits suffering any pain, rabbits that have acute
bloat, Gastro intestinal hypomotility, mycotoxicosis, or are in shock.
Symptoms
• Initially shivering will be there in severe conditions loss of consciousness, finally
coma and death.
Treatment
• Administration of intra venous fluids with body temperature.
• Covering the rabbits with blankets
Prevention and control
• In winter using rabbit shed heaters.
• Avoiding winter winds in to rabbit shed.
• By providing proper thermal bedding material
32. Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia, or heat stress, is as deadly as hypothermia. Rabbits do not sweat and cannot pant.
Symptoms
• Rabbits will be lethargic initially followed by convulsions and death, Laboured breathing
(dyspnoea), Disorientation, Weakness, Seizures, Prostration, Anorexia, Fluid in lungs, Rectal
temperature over 105˚F (40.5˚C), Cyanosis, Unconsciousness
Causes
• Heat stroke can occur to a rabbit if the weather becomes unexpectedly hot or if a rabbit is
confined in a cage near a window or heat source he cannot move away from.
Treatment
• Immediately remove the rabbits from the high environmental temperature and cool the body by
pouring cold water.
• Intravenous fluid therapy
Prevention and control
• Provide cool and ventilated cages
• If the ambient temperature rises this high, rabbits must be to cooled
• In hot weather provide the rabbit lots of cool water—try placing ice cubes in a dish of water.
Frozen water-filled juice cartons can be wrapped in towels and placed next to the rabbit.
• Fans with damp towels hung in front of rabbits can help cool the air and relieve the rabbit’s
stress.
33. Shock
Sometimes hypothermia and hyperthermia may lead to shock.
Symptoms
• Greyish or bright pink mucous membranes (easiest to observe in gums and
eyes)
• Low body temperature
• Weak pulse
• Loss of consciousness
Causes
• There are three kinds of shock: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and distributive.
Unless the progression of shock is stopped, the rabbit will die.
Treatment
• Intravenous fluid therapy
• Antibiotic therapy
Prevention and control
• The prevention and control measure in hypothermia and hyperthermia has
to be followed.
34. Cancer (Neoplastic Disease)
The growth of tumors (neoplasms) is not uncommon in rabbits, although
abscesses are a more likely cause of unidentified masses in a companion
rabbit. uterine cancer is extremely common in adult female breeding
rabbits
Symptoms
• Unusual feeding behaviour , lose of appetite; and eventually become
emaciated (Loss of body weight)
• Rabbit will be lethargic, have diarrhea, respiratory difficulties, and limb
paresis (weakness);
Causes
• Neoplasms may be benign or malignant and may occur in rabbits of any
age,
• although older rabbits have a higher incidence. Exposure of rabbits to
cancer causing agents.
Treatment
• In general, cancer is very difficult to treat in rabbits, both because it is often
multifocal and because the rabbit may show no sign of the disease until it is
well-developed. Anti cancer drug may be tried.
35. Hair ball ( trichobezzaors)
Presence of hair/fur of rabbits in their gastro intestinal tract.
Symptoms
• Reduced appetite or complete loss of appetite
• Diarrhoea or constipation
• Pain in abdomen
Causes
• Boredom of rabbits, deficiency of minerals and vitamins causes the
rabbits to eat or chew their own hair.
Treatment
• Oral administration of digestive enzymes to digest the hair ball
Prevention and control
• Feeding adequate vitamins and miners in the feed.
• Avoiding boredom in rabbits
36. Ulcerative Pododermatitis ( Sore
Hock)
Sore hocks are highly likely to occur in over weight
rabbit (obese) because of changes in how the
weight is distributed on their feet and also
because of urine dribble and burn.
Treatment
• Use topical and systemic antibiotics
Prevention and control
• Managing proper weight in breeding rabbits
• Good cage floor and bedding material
37. Quarantine
• The sick animals should be separated from health rabbits and kept in isolation. During
the isolation the rabbits should be examined thoroughly and treatment should be
given. Quarantine of newly purchased rabbits is possibly the most important
procedure that every rabbitries should follow. Usually a period of 2 months of
quarantine has to be followed before introducing/mixing with other rabbits in an
existing rabbit stock.
• The workers or personnel who handle, treat, or clean quarantine animals should not
go into non-quarantine areas until they have taken bath and changed clothes.
Healthiest animals in quarantine should be handled, fed, and cleaned before less
healthy animals (“clean to dirty” procedure).
• Animals with similar conditions/symptoms should be housed adjacent or together
and away from other animals to prevent transmission of disease.
• As fecal parasites are among the most transmissible. Fecal samples should be
analyzed at least one time while rabbits are in quarantine.
• Any rabbits which appear to be in worsening condition should be kept separate to be
examined
• Any rabbit who dies while in quarantine should be given a full post mortem
examination (necropsy)
• No rabbit should leave quarantine and be admitted to a known healthy population
until he is disease-free for at least 30 days, or 60 days post purchase, whichever is
greater.