Clinical epidemiology investigates and controls the distribution and determinants of disease. It seeks to answer clinical questions and guide clinical decisions using evidence. Clinical epidemiology uses epidemiological methods to make predictions about individual patients by studying outcomes in similar patients groups. It aims to develop valid conclusions and avoid bias or chance influencing clinical observations and interpretations. Key elements include expressing probabilities for individual patients based on past groups, accounting for systematic errors and chance in observations, and relying on scientifically sound principles.
This is a simple and general presentation about the health research which is prepared to present within staffs of Naulo Ghumti Nepal especially for EIHS staffs, objective if this presentation is to orient staffs about research.
in this slide you will learn about
what is screening
types and uses of screening
difference between screening and diagnostic tests
criteria of screening
and
evaluation of screening tests
This slideshow provides a brief introduction to the concepts of epidemiology, the key historical figures and events that played a role in the evolution of epidemiology and finally an overview of key epidemiological study designs.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
EBM is the practice of integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available clinical evidence from systematic research to maximize the quality and quantity of life for individual patients.
This is a simple and general presentation about the health research which is prepared to present within staffs of Naulo Ghumti Nepal especially for EIHS staffs, objective if this presentation is to orient staffs about research.
in this slide you will learn about
what is screening
types and uses of screening
difference between screening and diagnostic tests
criteria of screening
and
evaluation of screening tests
This slideshow provides a brief introduction to the concepts of epidemiology, the key historical figures and events that played a role in the evolution of epidemiology and finally an overview of key epidemiological study designs.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
EBM is the practice of integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available clinical evidence from systematic research to maximize the quality and quantity of life for individual patients.
Evidence based decision making in periodonticsHardi Gandhi
INTRODUCTION TO EVIDENCE BASED DENTISTRY
EVIDENCE BASED PERIODONTOLOGY
NEED, PRINCIPLES, GOALS AND ADVANTAGES OF EBDM
SKILLS NEEDED FOR EBDM
ASSESING THE EVIDENCE
INCORPORATING INTO THE PRACTICE
Epidemiology is a basic discipline essential to both clinical and community medicines. It also helps to develop the way of thinking about health and disease.
“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population and the application of the study to control of health problems.”
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. Introduction
• Clinical epidemiology is a subfield of epidemiology specifically focused
on issues relevant to clinical medicine.
• The term was first introduced by John R. Paul in his presidential
address to the American Society for Clinical Investigation in 1938.
• Clinical epidemiology can be defined as the investigation and control
of the distribution and determinants of disease (Stephenson &
Babiker, 2000).
• J. M. Last - Oxymoron
3. Introduction
• The term clinical epidemiology is derived from its two parent
disciplines: clinical medicine and epidemiology.
• “Clinical“ - because it seeks to answer clinical questions and to guide
clinical decision making with the best available evidence.
• “Epidemiologic“ - because many of the methods used to answer
these questions have been developed by epidemiologists and
because the care of individual patients is seen in the context of the
larger population of which the patient is a member.
4. • It is the study of the determinants and effects of clinical decisions.
• It is the science of making predictions about individual patients by counting
clinical events in similar patients, using strong scientific methods for
studies of groups of patients to ensure that the predictions are accurate.
• Used as an aid to clinical decision making.
• Lead to valid conclusions by avoiding being misled by systematic error
(bias) and chance.
5. Purpose
• To develop and apply methods of clinical observation that will lead to
valid conclusions by avoiding being misled by systematic error and
chance.
• To foster methods of clinical observation and interpretation that lead
to valid conclusions.
6. ELEMENTS OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
• In most clinical situations the diagnosis, prognosis, and results of treatment
are uncertain for individual patients and, therefore', must be expressed as
probabilities.
• Probability for an individual patient is best estimated by referring to past
experience with groups of similar patients.
• Because clinical observations are made on people who are free to do as
they please and by clinicians with variable skills and biases, the observations
may be affected by systematic errors that can cause misleading conclusions.
• All observations, including clinical ones, are also influenced by the play of
chance.
• To avoid being mislead, clinicians should rely on observations that are based
on sound scientific principles, including ways to reduce bias and estimate the
role of chance.
8. Methods of clinical epidemiology
• Formulate question (hypothesis).
• Choose study design.
• Choose study population and sample.
• Collect and analyze data.
• Interpret results.