2.1 Theoretical Basis For Data Communication
What every sophomore EE knows !!! How much data can be put on a wire? What are the limits imposed by a medium?
2.2 Transmission Media
Wires and fibers.
2.3 Wireless Transmission
Radio, microwave, infrared, unguided by a medium.
2.4 The Telephone System
The system invented 100 years ago to carry voice.
2.5 Narrowband ISDN
Mechanisms that can carry voice and data.
The physical layer provides the means to transport the bits that make up a Data Link layer frame across the network media through creating signal that represents each frame.
The three fundamental functions of the physical layer are data encoding, signaling, and the physical components.
Signaling bits on the media using NRZ Signaling, and Manchester Encoding.
Data Transfer can be measured in 3 ways Bandwidth, Throughput and Goodput.
The Physical Connectors: Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable, Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable, Coaxial, Single-mode Fiber Cable, Multi-mode Fiber Cable and different types of wireless media and wireless network devices
2.1 Theoretical Basis For Data Communication
What every sophomore EE knows !!! How much data can be put on a wire? What are the limits imposed by a medium?
2.2 Transmission Media
Wires and fibers.
2.3 Wireless Transmission
Radio, microwave, infrared, unguided by a medium.
2.4 The Telephone System
The system invented 100 years ago to carry voice.
2.5 Narrowband ISDN
Mechanisms that can carry voice and data.
The physical layer provides the means to transport the bits that make up a Data Link layer frame across the network media through creating signal that represents each frame.
The three fundamental functions of the physical layer are data encoding, signaling, and the physical components.
Signaling bits on the media using NRZ Signaling, and Manchester Encoding.
Data Transfer can be measured in 3 ways Bandwidth, Throughput and Goodput.
The Physical Connectors: Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable, Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable, Coaxial, Single-mode Fiber Cable, Multi-mode Fiber Cable and different types of wireless media and wireless network devices
This was made along with a simple research paper in my Network + course. I don't have any negative intention in uploading of this. I only hope it could help in any ways
Ethernet is the traditional technology for connecting wired local area networks (LANs).
this slide describes ethernet its types and other aspects as well as its features
The goal of the carrier today is to offer manageable end-user data services with a measurable QoS (Quality-of-Service) at the minimum cost per bit, using the smallest footprint systems, with the simplest implementation that allows for service-level agreements, operational efficiency, and traffic scalability. This has lead to the emergence of two design principles: the lower the layer at which...
This was made along with a simple research paper in my Network + course. I don't have any negative intention in uploading of this. I only hope it could help in any ways
Ethernet is the traditional technology for connecting wired local area networks (LANs).
this slide describes ethernet its types and other aspects as well as its features
The goal of the carrier today is to offer manageable end-user data services with a measurable QoS (Quality-of-Service) at the minimum cost per bit, using the smallest footprint systems, with the simplest implementation that allows for service-level agreements, operational efficiency, and traffic scalability. This has lead to the emergence of two design principles: the lower the layer at which...
this topic covered guided media including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber optic cable and their working process advantages and applications.
The Presentation describes about the Transmission media and in detail about coaxial cable,Twisted pair, Fiber optics, Power lines and their comparisons
Transmission Media, Guided and unguided transmission mediaadnanqayum
Transmission Media and its types, Guided and unguided transmission media with examples (guided = (i) Twisted pair cable (ii) Coaxial cable (iii) Fiber optical cable, unguided = (i) Radio wave (ii) Microwave (iii) Infra-red wave)
IT Infrastructure and Network Technologies - Finals by Mark John LadoMark John Lado, MIT
Objectives:
1. Explain how the Transmission Mediums in Computer Networks being used.
2. Explain the function of Bounded or Guided Transmission Media.
3. Give meaning about Unbounded or Unguided Transmission Media.
4. Recognize the functions of different Transmission Media like Radio Waves, Micro Waves, Terrestrial Microwave, Satellite Microwave, and Infrared Waves
Data can be stored as long as required (i.e. magnetic disks
rather than computer memory)
– Retrieve information.
• Sharing
– Can be used by multiple users simultaneously
– Unless two people are trying to change the same data at the
same time they should be able to operate independently
• Interrelated
– Link information about different elements to provide a
complete picture
Databases
Properties
3/4/2007 Sanjay Goel, School of Business,
Notation, Regular Expressions in Lexical Specification, Error Handling, Finite Automata State Graphs, Epsilon Moves, Deterministic and Non-Deterministic Automata, Table Implementation of a DFA
Lexical Analysis, Tokens, Patterns, Lexemes, Example pattern, Stages of a Lexical Analyzer, Regular expressions to the lexical analysis, Implementation of Lexical Analyzer, Lexical analyzer: use as generator.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. A communication channel that is used to carry the data from the transmitter
to the receiver through the electromagnetic signals. The main function of this is
to carry the data in the bits form through the Local Area Network (LAN).
In data communication, it works like a physical path between the sender &
the receiver. For instance, in a copper cable network the bits in the form of
electrical signals whereas in a fiber network, the bits are available in the form
of light pulses.
The quality, as well as characteristics of data transmission, can be
determined from the characteristics of medium & signal. The properties of
different transmission media are delay, bandwidth, maintenance, cost, and easy
installation.
INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
4. GUIDED MEDIA
It is defined as the physical medium through which the
signals are transmitted. It is also known as Bounded
media.
In guided media, transmitted data travels through
cabling system that has a fixed path. For example, copper
wires, fibre optic wires, etc.
5. TWISTED PAIR
Twisted pair is a physical media made up of a pair of
cables twisted with each other. A twisted pair cable is
cheap as compared to other transmission media.
Installation of the twisted pair cable is easy, and it is a
lightweight cable. The frequency range for twisted pair
cable is from 0 to 3.5KHz.
A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires
arranged in a regular spiral pattern. The degree of
reduction in noise interference is determined by the
number of turns per foot. Increasing the number of turns
per foot decreases noise interference.
7. An unshielded twisted pair is widely used in telecommunication.
Following are the categories of the unshielded twisted pair cable:
o Category 1: Category 1 is used for telephone lines that have low-
speed data.
o Category 2: It can support upto 4Mbps.
o Category 3: It can support upto 16Mbps.
o Category 4: It can support upto 20Mbps. Therefore, it can be used
for long-distance communication.
o Category 5: It can support upto 200Mbps.
UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR
8. ADVANTAGES OF UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR:
o It is cheap.
o Installation of the unshielded twisted pair is easy.
o It can be used for high-speed LAN.
DISADVANTAGE OF UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR :
o This cable can only be used for shorter distances because
of attenuation.
9. A shielded twisted pair is a cable that contains the mesh
surrounding the wire that allows the higher transmission rate.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR:
o The cost of the shielded twisted pair cable is not very high and not
very low.
o An installation of STP is easy.
o It has higher capacity as compared to unshielded twisted pair cable.
o It has a higher attenuation.
o It is shielded that provides the higher data transmission rate.
Disadvantages
o It is more expensive as compared to UTP and coaxial cable.
o It has a higher attenuation rate.
SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR
10. oCoaxial cable is very commonly used transmission media, for example,
TV wire is usually a coaxial cable.
oThe name of the cable is coaxial as it contains two conductors parallel
to each other.
oIt has a higher frequency as compared to Twisted pair cable.
oThe inner conductor of the coaxial cable is made up of copper, and the
outer conductor is made up of copper mesh. The middle core is made up
of non-conductive cover that separates the inner conductor from the
outer conductor.
oThe middle core is responsible for the data transferring whereas
the copper mesh prevents from the EMI(Electromagnetic
interference).
COAXIAL CABLE
11. 1.Baseband transmission: It is defined as the process of
transmitting a single signal at high speed.
2.Broadband transmission: It is defined as the process of
transmitting multiple signals simultaneously.
COAXIAL CABLE
12. ADVANTAGES OF COAXIAL CABLE
o The data can be transmitted at high speed.
o It has better shielding as compared to twisted pair
cable.
o It provides higher bandwidth.
DISADVANTAGES OF COAXIAL CABLE:
o It is more expensive as compared to twisted pair
cable.
o If any fault occurs in the cable causes the failure in
the entire network.
13. o Fibre optic cable is a cable that uses electrical signals for
communication.
o Fibre optic is a cable that holds the optical fibres coated in plastic that
are used to send the data by pulses of light.
o The plastic coating protects the optical fibres from heat, cold,
electromagnetic interference from other types of wiring.
o Fibre optics provide faster data transmission than copper wires.
FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
Diagrammatic representation of fibre optic cable
14. Core: The optical fibre consists of a narrow strand of glass or plastic known as a
core. A core is a light transmission area of the fibre. The more the area of the core, the
more light will be transmitted into the fibre.
Cladding: The concentric layer of glass is known as cladding. The main
functionality of the cladding is to provide the lower refractive index at the core
interface as to cause the reflection within the core so that the light waves are
transmitted through the fibre.
oJacket: The protective coating consisting of plastic is known as a jacket. The main
purpose of a jacket is to preserve the fibre strength, absorb shock and extra fibre
protection.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
15. Greater Bandwidth: The fibre optic cable provides more bandwidth as
compared copper. Therefore, the fibre optic carries more data as compared to
copper cable.
Faster speed: Fibre optic cable carries the data in the form of light. This
allows the fibre optic cable to carry the signals at a higher speed.
Longer distances: The fibre optic cable carries the data at a longer distance
as compared to copper cable.
Better reliability: The fibre optic cable is more reliable than the copper
cable as it is immune to any temperature changes while it can cause obstruct in
the connectivity of copper cable.
Thinner and Sturdier: Fibre optic cable is thinner and lighter in weight so
it can withstand more pull pressure than copper cable.
FOLLOWING ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTIC
CABLE OVER COPPER: