1) Data transfer instructions move data without changing it between memory and registers, between registers, and between registers and input/output devices. Common instructions include load, store, move, input, and output. 2) Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data to provide computational capabilities. These include arithmetic instructions like add and subtract, logical and bitwise instructions like AND and OR, and shift instructions. 3) Program control instructions alter program flow, like branches, jumps, calls, and returns. They use status bits set by operations to determine conditional branches. Subroutines use call and return instructions to branch to and from the main program.

1. Data Transfer and Manipulation
ARCHANA R,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN DEPARTMENTOF CS
SACWC.

2. Data Transfer and Manipulation
Most computer instructions can be
classified into three categories:
2)Data transfer,
2)Data manipulation,
3)Program control instructions

3. Data Transfer Instruction
Data transfer instructions move data from
one place in the computer to another
without changing the data content
The most common transfers are between
memory and processor
registers,between processor registers
and input or output,and between the
processor registers themselves.

4. NAME Mnemonic
Load LD
Store ST
Move MOV
Exchange
XC
H
Input IN
Output
OU
T
Push PUSH
pop POP
Typical Data Transfer Instruction :
» Load : transfer from memory to a processor register,
usually an AC (memory read)
» Store : transfer from a processor register into memory
(memory write)
» Move : transfer from one register to another register
» Exchange : swap information between two registers or
a register and a memory word
» Input/Output : transfer data among processor
registers and input/output device
» Push/Pop : transfer data between processor
registers and a memory stack

5. Data Manipulation Instruction
Data Manipulation Instructions perform
operations on data and provide the
computational capabilities for the
computer.
It is divided into three basic types:
1) Arithmetic,
2) Logical and bit manipulation,
3)Shift Instruction

6. Arithmetic Insructions
NAME
Mnemoni
c
Increment INC
Decrement DEC
Add ADD
Subtract
SU
B
Multiply MUL
Divide
DI
V
Add with carry ADDC
Subtract with
SUB
B
borrow
Negate (2’s NEG

7. Logical and bit manipulation
Insructions
NAME Mnemonic
Clear CLR
Complement COM
AND AND
OR
O
R
Exclusive-or XOR
Clear carry
CLR
C
Set carry SETC
complement carry
COM
C
Enable interrupt EI
Disable interrupt
D
I

8. Shift Instructions
NAME
Mnemoni
c Logical shift right
SHR
Logical shift left SHL
Arithmetic shift SHRA
right
Arithmetic shift SHLA
left
Rotate right ROR
Rotate left ROL
Rotate right RORC
through carry
Rotate left ROLC
through carry

9. Program control
Program control instructions specify conditions for
altering the content of the program counter , while data
transfer and manipulation instructions specify condtions
for data-processing operations.
NAME Mnemonic
Branch BR
Jump JMP
Skip SKP
Call
CAL
L
Return RET
Compare(by subtraction) CMP
Test(by ANDing) TST

10. Status Bit Conditions
• It is convinentto supplement the ALU
circuit in the CPU with a status register
where status bit condition can be stored
for further analysis.
• Status bits are also called condition code
bit or flag bit.
• The four status bits are symbolized by
C,S,Z and V.
• The bits are set or cleared as a result
of an operation performed in the ALU

11. 4-bit status register

12. Conditional Branch Instructions

13. Subroutine Call and Return
It is a self-contained sequence of
instructions that performs a given
computational task.
During the execution of a program,a
subroutine may call when it is called, a
branch is executed to the beginning of the
subroutine to start executing its set of
instructions. After the subroutine has
been executed,a branch is made back to
the main program.

14. A subroutine call is implemented with
the following microoperations:
CALL:
SP← SP-1: Decrement stack point
M[SP] ←PC : Push content of PC onto
the stack
PC←Effective Address : Transfer control
to the subroutine
RETURN:
PC ← M[SP] : Pop stack and transfer to PC
SP ← SP+1 : Increment stack pointer

15. Program Interrupt
» Transfer program control from a currently
running program to another service
program
as a result of an external or internal
generated request
» Control returns to the original program
after the service program is executed

16. Types of Interrupts
1)External Interrupts
» come from I/O device, from a timing device,
from a circuit
monitoring the power supply, or from any other
external source
2)Internal Interrupts or TRAP
» caused by register overflow, attempt to divide by
zero,
an invalid operation code, stack overflow, and
protection violation
3)Software Interrupts
» initiated by executing an instruction (INT or RST)
» used by the programmer to initiate an
interrupt procedure at any desired point in
the program

17. THANK YOU