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Networking Cables & Connectors
This document provides an overview of various types of computer networking cables and connectors including twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic, straight-through, and crossover cables. It details their characteristics, uses, and the importance of choosing the right type based on network requirements. The document also highlights the evolution toward better cable performance and the potential shift to wireless networking.
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Networking Cables & Connectors
- 1. NETWORKING CABLES & CONNECTORS ..Different typesof Computer networking cables…. ABSTRACT This is a notes about Cables & Connectors of computer networks. It contain details about the information of different types of cables- twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optical cable, crossover cable , straight through cable, stp/utp cables & about their connectors. Supervised By Pranab Bandhu Nath (Senior Lecturer) CSE Department City University, Dhaka Submitted By Shamima Akther| ID - 1834902616 CSE 317 : Computer Networks
- 2. “CABLES & CONNECTORS” NetworkCabling: Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs. The type of cable choosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol and size. Understanding the characteristics of different types of cable and how they relate to each other aspects of a network is necessary for the development of a successful network. There are three Types of Cables. They are:- Twisted Pair Cable: A twisted-pair caible is a cable made by interwinning two separate insulated wires. There are two twisted pair types: shielded and unsheilded. ❖ STP & UTP: A STP(Sheilded Twisted Pair) Cable has a fine wire mesh surrounding the wires to protect the transmission and a UTP(Unsheilded Twisted Pair) cable does not. Both can transmit data at 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps and 10Gbps & both cables use the same RJ- 45(registered jack) modular connectors. The maximum segment length for both cables is 100 meters or 328 feet & both cables can accommodate a maximum of 1024 nodes in each segment. For STP, It is a special kind of copper telephone wiring used in business installations. An external sheild which functions as a ground is added to the normal twisted pair telephone wires. It provides more noise and EMI resistance than UTP cable. Shielded twisted pair maybe the answer if we want to place the cable in an area with potential interference and risk to the electrical current in the UTP. Shielded cables can also help in expanding the distance between the cables.Shielded Cable is used in older telephone networks and network and data communications to reduce outside interference. On the other hand, UTP cable is the most admired type of network cable in the world. UTP cable is used for both conventional telepphone and computer networking. The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high speed cable. The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices. The tighter the twisting, the higher the supported transmission rate and the greater the cost per foot. The illustration gives an example of how it looks:
- 3. Unshielded Twisted PairConnector: The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector. This is a plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style connector (fig.2). A slot allows The RJ- 45 to be inserted only one way. RJ stands for Registered Jack, implying that the connector follows a standard borrowed from the telephone industry. This standard designates which wire goes with each pin inside the connector. Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by an insulating layer, surrounded by a conductive sheilding. Many also have an insulating outer jacket. The term “coaxial” refers to the inner conductor and the outer sheild sharing a geometric axis. The following image & further details shows these components:-
- 4. ❖ Outer Jacket/Sheath: Theouter jacket of the co-axial cable is also called as Sheath. It protects the cable from physical damage. ❖ Braided Shield: This shield protects signal from external interference and noise. This shield is built from the same metal that is used to build the core. ❖ Insulation: Insulation protects the core. It also keeps the core separate from the braided shield. Since both the core separate from the braided sheild. Since both the core and the braided shield use the metal, without this layer, they will touch each other and create a short-circuit in the wire. ❖ Conductor: The conductor carries electromagnetic signals. Based on conductor a co-axial cable can be categorized into two types:- single-core coaxial cable & multi-core coaxial cable. A single-core coaxial cable uses a single central metal (usually copper) conductor, while a multi-core coaxial cable uses multiple thin strands of metal wires. Coaxial Cable Connectors: The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables in the Bayone-Neill- Concelman (BNC) connector (fig.4). Different types of adapters are available for BNC connectors, including a T-connectors, barrel connector & terminator. Connectors on the cable are the weakest points in any network. To help avoid problems with your network, always use the BNC connectors That crimp, rather screw, onto the cable.
- 5. Fiber-Optic Cable: Afiber optic cable is a network cable that contains strands of glass fibers inside an insulated coating. It removes the problem of electrical obstruction by transmitting light rather than electronic signals. This makes them perfect for certain atmospheres which contain huge amount of electrical interference.They’re designed for long-distance, high-performance data networking, and telecommunicatons. Compared to wired cables, fiber optic cables provide higher bandwidth and transmit data over longer distances. It has become the standard for connecting networks between buildings because of its resistance to lighting and moisture.Fiber optic cables support much of the world’s internet, cable television, and telephone systems. As we know fiber optic cable uses light to send data. Based on how many beams of light are transmitted at a given time, there are two types of fiber optical cable:- SMF & MMF. ❖ SMF (Single-mode fiber) optical cable: This cable carries only single beam of light. This is more reliable and supports much higher bandwidth and longer distances than the MMF cable. This cable uses a laser as the light source and transmits 1300 or 1550 nano-meter wavelengths of light. ❖ MMF (multi-mode fiber) optical cable: This cable carries multiple beams of light. Because of multiple beams, this cable carries much more data than the SMF cable. This cable is used for shorter distances. This cable uses an LED as the light source and transmits 850 to 1300 nano-meter wavelengths of light.
- 6. Universal Serial Bus(USB) Cables: Although these types of cables are typically used to connect external devices to the computer for personal use, there are special adapters that will allow an Ethernet cable to indirectly connect to a USB port and function normally. These tend to be used as temporary setups in network cabling until a more reliable type of cabling, such as STP/UTPs or fiber optics, can be properly installed. As you can see, there is little variety in the different types of network cables that are commonly used. The current trend is trying to re-design these cables to squeeze as much performance and speed out of them as possible. Efforts are being made to kill the world of cables and enter a completely wireless world, but it is difficult to say when this time will come. Straight Through Cable: This type of cable also known as patch cable. A patch cable is an electrical or optical cable used to connect one electronic device to another towards building infrastructure for signal routing. Devices of different types (ex- a switch connected to a computer or a switch connected to a router) are connected with patch cables. Patch cables are usually produced in many different colors so as to be easily distinguishable and most are relatively short, no longer than a few meters. In contrast to on-premises wiring, patch cables are more flexible. For the following cabling straight through cables are used: • Switch to Router. • Switch to PC or server. • Hub to PC or server.
- 7. Crossover Cable: An Ethernetcrossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly. Unlike straight through cable ,crossover cables use two different wiring standards; one end uses the T568A wiring standard & the other end uses the T568B wiring standard. The internal wiring of ethernet crossover cables reverses the transmit and receive signals. It is most often used to connect two devices of the same type: ex- Two computers (via network interface controller) or two switches to each other. For the following cabling crossover cables are used: • Switch to switch. • Switch to hub. • Hub to hub • Router to router. • Router Ethernet port to PC NIC. • PC to PC. Basic Diffences between straight through & cross-over cable: Straight through and crossover cables are wired differently from each other. So, If the order of the wires is the same inside on both ends, then that is a straight through cable. If not then its most likely a crossover cable or was wired wrong. Usually, straight through cables are primarily used for connecting unlike devices. And crossover cables are use for connecting unlike devices alike devices.
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