1. The target MSC sends a paging request to the target mobile station through base stations. 2. If the mobile station responds, it is authenticated and ciphering is enabled for security. 3. Radio resources are assigned and the connection is established between the mobile station and MSC to complete the call setup through the base station.
Exact Outage Performance Analysis of Amplify-and-forward-aware Cooperative NOMATELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, new radio access scheme that combines Amplify-and-Forward (AF) relaying protocol and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system is introduced. In particular, different scenarios for fixed power allocation scheme is investigated. In addition, the outage probability of both weak and strong user is derived and provided in closed-form expressions. Such outage is investigated in high SNR scenario and comparison performance between these NOMA scenarios is introduced. Numerical simulations are offered to clarify the outage performance of the considered scheme if varying several parameters in the existing schemes to verify the derived formulas.
DUAL-CARRIER MODULATION OF COFDM WITH LABELING DIVERSITY TO REDUCE PAPRijwmn
Dual-carrier modulation (DCM) is used to implement a species of tone reservation to reduce the
PAPR of COFDM, wherein the reserved tones convey coded digital data (CDD) a second time. The
same CDD is conveyed by carriers in a lower-frequency sub-band of the COFDM and by carriers in
a higher- frequency sub-band. Each pair of carriers conveying the same CDD are separated by a subband width, enabling receivers better to ameliorate the effects of multipath reception. There is
labeling diversity between the QAM symbol constellations that respectively govern modulation of
carriers in the lower- frequency sub-band and modulation of carriers in the higher-frequency subband, which labeling diversity is designed to reduce PAPR of the COFDM. The labeling diversity also
improves bit-error ratio (BER) for increased-size QAM symbol constellations used to increase CDD
throughput despite the halving of CDD throughput owing to the use of DCM.
Exact Outage Performance Analysis of Amplify-and-forward-aware Cooperative NOMATELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, new radio access scheme that combines Amplify-and-Forward (AF) relaying protocol and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system is introduced. In particular, different scenarios for fixed power allocation scheme is investigated. In addition, the outage probability of both weak and strong user is derived and provided in closed-form expressions. Such outage is investigated in high SNR scenario and comparison performance between these NOMA scenarios is introduced. Numerical simulations are offered to clarify the outage performance of the considered scheme if varying several parameters in the existing schemes to verify the derived formulas.
DUAL-CARRIER MODULATION OF COFDM WITH LABELING DIVERSITY TO REDUCE PAPRijwmn
Dual-carrier modulation (DCM) is used to implement a species of tone reservation to reduce the
PAPR of COFDM, wherein the reserved tones convey coded digital data (CDD) a second time. The
same CDD is conveyed by carriers in a lower-frequency sub-band of the COFDM and by carriers in
a higher- frequency sub-band. Each pair of carriers conveying the same CDD are separated by a subband width, enabling receivers better to ameliorate the effects of multipath reception. There is
labeling diversity between the QAM symbol constellations that respectively govern modulation of
carriers in the lower- frequency sub-band and modulation of carriers in the higher-frequency subband, which labeling diversity is designed to reduce PAPR of the COFDM. The labeling diversity also
improves bit-error ratio (BER) for increased-size QAM symbol constellations used to increase CDD
throughput despite the halving of CDD throughput owing to the use of DCM.
GSM Air Interface, GSM Frequency Band
PPT File (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xGLIMwstH1B7Z8y4kLS72HUG-XMtckvb/view?usp=sharing)
Reference: Eng. Waleed El-Safoury Presentations
The Media Access Control (MAC) data communication protocol sub-layer, also known as the
Medium Access Control, is a sublayer of the Data Link Layer specified in the seven-layer OSI
model (layer 2). The hardware that implements the MAC is referred to as a Medium Access
Controller. The MAC sub-layer acts as an interface between the Logical Link Control (LLC)
sublayer and the network's physical layer. The MAC layer emulates a full-duplex logical
communication channel in a multi-point network. This channel may provide unicast, multicast or
broadcast communication service.
GSM Air Interface, GSM Frequency Band
PPT File (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xGLIMwstH1B7Z8y4kLS72HUG-XMtckvb/view?usp=sharing)
Reference: Eng. Waleed El-Safoury Presentations
The Media Access Control (MAC) data communication protocol sub-layer, also known as the
Medium Access Control, is a sublayer of the Data Link Layer specified in the seven-layer OSI
model (layer 2). The hardware that implements the MAC is referred to as a Medium Access
Controller. The MAC sub-layer acts as an interface between the Logical Link Control (LLC)
sublayer and the network's physical layer. The MAC layer emulates a full-duplex logical
communication channel in a multi-point network. This channel may provide unicast, multicast or
broadcast communication service.
ENERGY EFFICIENT SMALL CELL NETWORKS USING DYNAMIC CLUSTERINGIJARIDEA Journal
Abstract— Clustering approach that fuses, past established area based measurements, the impacts of the time-differing BS stack. Grouping empowers intra-bunch coordination among the base stations with the end goal of streamlining the downlink execution by means of load adjusting. Because of between group impedance, the bunches need to rival each other to settle on choices on enhancing the vitality proficiency by means of a dynamic decision of rest and dynamic states.
Keywords— Energy Efficiency, Small Cell Networks.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Distributed contention based mac protocol for cognitive radioIffat Anjum
Introduction
System Model
DC-MAC Design
Network Initialization
DC-MAC Working
Data Transfer on Home Channel
Data Transfer on a Foreign Channel
Performance Analysis
Conclusion
References
Hi.....
Add 4G parameters in tems window||
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmKi0O9dWpQ&t=3s
Training of 2G+3G+4G ON TEMS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2Ly5n4S8Xs
Like subscribe and share
Using the Channel State Information (CSI) at the transmitter is fundamental for the precoder
design in Multi-user Multiple Input Single Output (MU-MISO-OFDM) systems. In Frequency
Division Duplex (FDD) systems, CSI can be just available at the transmitter through a limited
feedback channel [1], where we assume that each user quantizes its channel direction with a
finite number of quantization bits. In this paper, we consider a scalar quantization (SQ) scheme
of the Channel Direction Information (CDI). Although vector quantization (VQ) schemes [2],
[3] still outperform this scalar scheme in terms of quantization error and Sum rate, the former
scheme suffers from an exponential search complexity and high storage requirements at the
receiver for high number of feedback bits.
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Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
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Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
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Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
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Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
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The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
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91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
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📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
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Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
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All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and Sales
Gsm (Part 3)
1. GSM handoffs
Intra-BSS: if old and new BTSs are
attached to same base station
MSC is not involved
Intra-MSC: if old and new BTSs are
attached to different base stations but
within same MSC
Inter-MSC: if MSCs are changed
2. GSM Intra-MSC handoff
1. Mobile station monitors signal quality and
determines handoff is required, sends signal
measurements to serving BSS
2. Serving BSS sends handoff request to MSC with
ranked list of qualified target BSSs
3. MSC determines that best candidate BSS is under
its control
4. MSC reserves a trunk to target BSS
5. Target BSS selects and reserves radio channels for
new connection, sends Ack to MSC
6. MSC notifies serving BSS to begin handoff,
including new radio channel assignment
3. GSM Intra-MSC handoff
7. Serving BSS forwards new radio channel assignment
to mobile station
8. Mobile station retunes to new radio channel, notifies
target BSS on new channel
9. Target BSS notifies MSC that handoff is detected
10. Target BSS and mobile station exchange messages to
synchronize transmission in proper timeslot
11. MSC switches voice connection to target BSS, which
responds when handoff is complete
12. MSC notifies serving BSS to release old radio traffic
channel
4. GSM Inter-MSC handoff
1. MS sends signal measurements to serving BSS
2. Serving BSS sends handoff request to MSC
3. Serving MSC determines that best candidate BSS
is under control of a target MSC and calls target
MSC
4. Target MSC notifies its VLR to assign a TMSI
5. Target VLR returns TMSI
6. Target MSC reserves a trunk to target BSS
7. Target BSS selects and reserves radio channels
for new connection, sends Ack to target MSC
8. Target MSC notifies serving MSC that it is ready
for handoff
5. GSM Inter-MSC handoff
9. Serving MSC notifies serving BSS to begin handoff,
including new radio channel assignment
10. Serving BSS forwards new radio channel assignment
to mobile station
11. Mobile station retunes to new radio channel, notifies
target BSS on new channel
12. Target BSS notifies target MSC that handoff is
detected
13. Target BSS and mobile station synchronize timeslot
14. Voice connection is switched to target BSS, which
responds when handoff is complete
15. Target MSC notifies serving MSC
16. Old network resources are released
6. Geometric Representation
Cells are commonly represented by
hexagons.
Why hexagon?
How about circle?
How about square, or triangle?
8. Channel Reuse
The total number of channels are
divided into K groups.
K is called reuse factor or cluster size.
Each cell is assigned one of the groups.
The same group can be reused by two
different cells provided that they are
sufficiently far apart.
11. Coordinate System
Use (i,j) to denote a
particular cell.
Example:
Cell A is
represented by
(2,1).
12. Distance Formula
D = 3(i + ij + j ) R
2 2
= 3K R
R
where
D
K = i + ij + j
2 2
Reuse factor
13. Air Interface: MS to BTS
Uplink/Downlink of 25MHz
890 -915 MHz for Up link
935 - 960 MHz for Down link
Combination of frequency division and time
division multiplexing
FDMA
124 channels of 200 kHz
TDMA
Burst
Modulation used
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
14. Number of channels in GSM
Freq. Carrier: 200 kHz
TDMA: 8 time slots per freq carrier
No. of carriers = 25 MHz / 200 kHz = 125
Max no. of user channels = 125 * 8 = 1000
Considering guard bands = 124 * 8 = 992
channels
15. Frequency Reusage
If a mobile company got the bandwidth of
12MHz with the guardband of 5 KHz and the
seperation band of 10 KHz
How many channels will be available for
communication in the above scenario ?
How many channels will be available if we have a
cluster of K = 19 in a BSC of 380 cells?
How many channels will be available if we reuse
frequency at level one?
16. Outgoing call setup
User keys in the number and presses send
Mobile transmits request on uplink signaling channel
If network can process the call, BS sends a channel
allocation message
Network proceeds to setup the connection
Network activity:
MSC determines current location of target mobile
using HLR, VLR and by communicating with other
MSCs
Source MSC initiates a call setup message to MSC
covering target area
17. Incoming call setup
Target MSC initiates a paging message
BSs forward the paging message on
downlink channel in coverage area
If mobile is on (monitoring the signaling
channel), it responds to BS
BS sends a channel allocation message and
informs MSC
Network activity:
Network completes the two halves of the
connection
18. LAI
Location Area Identifier of an LA of a PLMN (A
Public Land Mobile Network is a generic name for all mobile wireless networks
that use land based radio transmitters or base stations.)
Based on international ISDN numbering plan
Country Code (CC): 2,3+ decimal digits
Mobile Network Code (MNC): 2,3 decimal digits
Location Area Code (LAC) : maximum 5 decimal digits,
or maximum twice 8 bits, coded in hexadecimal
Is broadcast regularly by the BTS on broadcast
channel
19. Cell Identifier (CI)
Within LA, individual cells are uniquely
identified with Cell Identifier (CI).
It is maximum 2*8 bits
LAI + CI = Global Cell Identity
20. Cellular Concept
Base stations (BS): implement space division
multiplex
Each BS covers a certain transmission area (cell)
Each BS is allocated a portion of the total number
of channels available
Cluster: group of nearby BSs that together use all
available channels
Mobile stations communicate only via the base
station, using FDMA, TDMA, CDMA…
21. Example: Incoming Call Setup
MS ↓ BSS/MSC ------ Paging request (PCH)
MS ↑ BSS/MSC ------ Channel request (RACH)
MS ↓ BSS/MSC ------ Immediate Assignment (AGCH)
MS ↑ BSS/MSC ------ Paging Response (SDCCH)
MS ↓ BSS/MSC ------ Authentication Request (SDCCH)
MS ↑ BSS/MSC ------ Authentication Response (SDCCH)
MS ↓ BSS/MSC ------ Cipher Mode Command (SDCCH)
MS ↑ BSS/MSC ------ Cipher Mode Compl. (SDCCH)
MS ↓ BSS/MSC ------ Setup (SDCCH)
MS ↑ BSS/MSC ------ Call Confirmation (SDCCH)
MS ↓ BSS/MSC ------ Assignment Command (SDCCH)
MS ↑ BSS/MSC ------ Assignment Compl. (FACCH)
MS ↑ BSS/MSC ------ Alert (FACCH)
MS ↑ BSS/MSC ------ Connect (FACCH)
MS ↓ BSS/MSC ------ Connect Acknowledge (FACCH)
MS BSS/MSC ------ Data (TCH)
Editor's Notes
The figure shows an example of incoming call connection setup at the air interface how the various logical channels are used in principle. The MS is called via the PCH and requests a signaling channel on the RACH. It gets SDCCH through an IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT message on the AGCH. Then follow authentication, start of ciphering, and start of setup over the SDCCH. An ASSIGNMENT COMMAND message gives the traffic channel to the MS, which acknowledges its receipt on the FACCH of the traffic channel. The FACCH is also used to continue the connection setup.