1. This document describes the call setup process for a GSM originating call made from a mobile user to a landline subscriber.
2. It involves establishing a radio resource connection between the mobile station and base station, authenticating and ciphering the connection, and setting up the voice channel and call.
3. The key steps are radio channel allocation, call signaling transmission to the mobile switching center, routing the call to the public switched telephone network, alerting and connecting the called party, and releasing the call resources on completion.
The document describes the key components of a GSM network and their functions:
- The BTS handles radio transmissions and defines each cell. The BSC manages radio resources and handles handovers between BTSs. The MSC performs switching between mobile and other networks.
- The HLR is a central database that stores subscriber information. The VLR temporarily stores subscriber data needed by the local MSC. The EIR stores valid device IDs. The AUC authenticates users and protects the network from fraud.
Together, these components enable functions like call setup, location updates, authentication, and mobility as users move between cells in a GSM network.
This document summarizes GSM architecture and call flows, including inter-MSC and intra-MSC call flows. Inter-MSC call flow occurs between two different MSCs, while intra-MSC call flow is between two BSCs within the same MSC. The inter-MSC call flow involves signaling between the BSC, MSC-O, MSC-T, HLR, and RNC to set up and release the call bearers. The intra-MSC call flow involves signaling between the MS-O, BSC-O, MSC/VLR, MGW, HLR, BSC-T, and MS-T to authenticate, set up, and release call bearers within a single MSC
Gsm architecture, gsm network identities, network cases, cell planning, and c...Zorays Solar Pakistan
This document discusses GSM network architecture and components. It describes the key elements like the MSC, HLR, VLR and their functions. It explains cell planning and frequency reuse. It also covers network identities, attaching and roaming processes, call setup, and charging systems like triggered charging for calls and SMS. Compound charging processes for originating calls, voucher refills through IVR are summarized.
The document discusses GPRS network architecture and processes. It describes how a mobile station (MS) attaches to and detaches from the GPRS network by communicating with the SGSN and HLR. It also describes how a temporary block flow (TBF) is established to enable data transfer between the MS and network. Additionally, it outlines how a packet data protocol (PDP) context is activated and deactivated to manage the subscriber's data session.
The document outlines basic call flows for location updates, mobile originating calls (MOC), mobile terminating calls (MTC), and IP calls. It describes the key steps as:
1) Location update involves identity response, authentication between the SIM and MSC, update location requests, and ciphering.
2) For MOC, the mobile station sends a setup message with the dialed number, the MSC sends a send routing information message to the HLR, and the HLR responds with routing instructions allowing the call to be connected.
3) For MTC, the MSC requests a roaming number from the HLR, the HLR provides a number and the MSC pages the mobile station to alert
This document summarizes the steps in a 3G-UMTS originating call. It describes the setup of radio bearers and RANAP signaling in detail. The call involves establishing an RRC connection between the UE and RNC, authentication and security procedures between the UE and core network, setting up the voice radio access bearer, and connecting the call before releasing resources at the end.
It is a handbook of UMTS/LTE/EPC CSFB call flows.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
The document describes the call flow procedures for mobile originating and mobile terminating calls in a GSM network.
For a mobile originating call, the MS requests a dedicated channel and indicates it wants to set up a call. The MSC receives the call setup message and checks for call barring before establishing a link with the BSC. The BSC assigns a traffic channel for the call.
For a mobile terminating call, the call is routed to the GMSC serving the called subscriber's home network. The GMSC queries the HLR for routing information. The HLR provides a roaming number to route the call to the subscriber's current MSC. The MSC pages the subscriber through the BSCs in their
The document describes the key components of a GSM network and their functions:
- The BTS handles radio transmissions and defines each cell. The BSC manages radio resources and handles handovers between BTSs. The MSC performs switching between mobile and other networks.
- The HLR is a central database that stores subscriber information. The VLR temporarily stores subscriber data needed by the local MSC. The EIR stores valid device IDs. The AUC authenticates users and protects the network from fraud.
Together, these components enable functions like call setup, location updates, authentication, and mobility as users move between cells in a GSM network.
This document summarizes GSM architecture and call flows, including inter-MSC and intra-MSC call flows. Inter-MSC call flow occurs between two different MSCs, while intra-MSC call flow is between two BSCs within the same MSC. The inter-MSC call flow involves signaling between the BSC, MSC-O, MSC-T, HLR, and RNC to set up and release the call bearers. The intra-MSC call flow involves signaling between the MS-O, BSC-O, MSC/VLR, MGW, HLR, BSC-T, and MS-T to authenticate, set up, and release call bearers within a single MSC
Gsm architecture, gsm network identities, network cases, cell planning, and c...Zorays Solar Pakistan
This document discusses GSM network architecture and components. It describes the key elements like the MSC, HLR, VLR and their functions. It explains cell planning and frequency reuse. It also covers network identities, attaching and roaming processes, call setup, and charging systems like triggered charging for calls and SMS. Compound charging processes for originating calls, voucher refills through IVR are summarized.
The document discusses GPRS network architecture and processes. It describes how a mobile station (MS) attaches to and detaches from the GPRS network by communicating with the SGSN and HLR. It also describes how a temporary block flow (TBF) is established to enable data transfer between the MS and network. Additionally, it outlines how a packet data protocol (PDP) context is activated and deactivated to manage the subscriber's data session.
The document outlines basic call flows for location updates, mobile originating calls (MOC), mobile terminating calls (MTC), and IP calls. It describes the key steps as:
1) Location update involves identity response, authentication between the SIM and MSC, update location requests, and ciphering.
2) For MOC, the mobile station sends a setup message with the dialed number, the MSC sends a send routing information message to the HLR, and the HLR responds with routing instructions allowing the call to be connected.
3) For MTC, the MSC requests a roaming number from the HLR, the HLR provides a number and the MSC pages the mobile station to alert
This document summarizes the steps in a 3G-UMTS originating call. It describes the setup of radio bearers and RANAP signaling in detail. The call involves establishing an RRC connection between the UE and RNC, authentication and security procedures between the UE and core network, setting up the voice radio access bearer, and connecting the call before releasing resources at the end.
It is a handbook of UMTS/LTE/EPC CSFB call flows.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
The document describes the call flow procedures for mobile originating and mobile terminating calls in a GSM network.
For a mobile originating call, the MS requests a dedicated channel and indicates it wants to set up a call. The MSC receives the call setup message and checks for call barring before establishing a link with the BSC. The BSC assigns a traffic channel for the call.
For a mobile terminating call, the call is routed to the GMSC serving the called subscriber's home network. The GMSC queries the HLR for routing information. The HLR provides a roaming number to route the call to the subscriber's current MSC. The MSC pages the subscriber through the BSCs in their
The document discusses different types of location updating procedures in mobile networks:
1. Location updating type normal occurs when a mobile subscriber (MS) moves to a new location area and needs to update the network of its new location.
2. IMSI attach is used when the MS powers back on in the same location area it was in when it entered detached mode.
3. Periodic registration is used to avoid unnecessary paging and prevent database failures. The MS registers at periodic intervals set by the network operator, from every 6 minutes to every hour.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA protocols and call flows. It describes the architecture, interfaces and protocols of each generation at the physical, data link and network layers. Key protocols discussed include LAPD, RR, MM, CM, SNDCP, GTP, RLC, MAC, RRC. Call flows for basic call origination, authentication, data transfer and detach procedures are illustrated for each network. The document also introduces HSDPA and HSUPA enhancements to UMTS such as new channels, scheduling functionality and H-ARQ protocol.
This document describes several 2G and 3G layer 3 messages including their purpose and key information elements. For 2G, it summarizes Sys info types 1-6 which broadcast system information to mobile stations in idle and dedicated modes, including things like channel allocation and cell parameters. It also describes messages like Measurement Report, Immediate Assignment, and Handover Command that are used for handover and connection management. For 3G, it lists 21 different message types like Measurement Report and Active Set Update used for mobility management and connection control.
This document outlines the process for mobile originated and terminated calls in 3G networks. It describes the steps for a mobile originating call in 3 parts and a mobile terminated call in 3 parts, including setting up the GTP tunnel for transport. The document breaks down the end-to-end call flows for 3G connections.
The document provides an introduction to 2G/3G and 4G core mobile networks. It discusses key network elements like BTS, BSC, RNC, SGSN, GGSN, eNodeB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It provides an overview of the differences between circuit switching and packet switching. It also summarizes simplified call flows for 2G/3G packet data and 4G, highlighting the core network elements involved and interfaces between them.
• -How the channel concept is used on the radio interface
• -Different burst formats in the radio interface
• -The hierarchical frame structure
• -The content sent in different logical channels
• -The mapping of the logical channels
• -Superframe and Hyperframe
• -MOBILE STATIONS ISDN NUMBER (MSISDN)
• INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI)
• TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI)
• LOCATION AREA IDENTITY (LAI)
• CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI)
• BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE (BSIC)
• PIN management
This documents will help to understand the details procedure of GSM IDLE Mode Behavior. GSM Idle mode behavior starting from PLMN selection, GSM Cell Camp, Cell Selection, Cell Reselection, Location Update, Paging, System Information to Measurements procedures have been captured in this document.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture, including its three main subsystems: the Mobile Station subsystem, the Base Station Subsystem, and the Network Switching Subsystem. It describes the key elements and interfaces within each subsystem, such as the Mobile Station, Base Transceiver Station, Base Station Controller, Mobile Switching Center, Home Location Register, and Visitor Location Register. The interfaces that connect these elements, such as the A, Abis, and Um interfaces, are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of call routing in GSM networks. It discusses key components like the Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) that store subscriber data. It then describes different call routing scenarios like mobile originated calls, mobile terminated calls, and roaming calls. It explains the signaling process and interactions between network elements like the mobile station, base station, MSC, HLR, and other switches. Finally, it briefly discusses the handover process to transfer calls between base stations when a mobile changes location.
The document describes various signaling messages used in different layers and interfaces of the GSM network, including:
1. Radio Resource (RR) messages for channel establishment, ciphering, handover, channel release, paging, and system information on the Um interface.
2. Messages for BTS Management (BTSM) on the Abis interface for radio link management, channel management, and TRX management.
3. Base Station System Application Part (BSSAP) messages on the A interface for resource management between the BSC and MSC.
4. Mobile Application Part (MAP) messages involving mobility services, call handling services, and short message services between entities in the core network.
Introduction of PS Core Network Elements and little bit of EPC/LTE Network. This is introductory slides pack for a 10 class/slides set for detail introduction of 2G/3G and LTE PS Core Network.
This document provides an overview of UMTS network architecture and components. It describes the key elements of the UMTS Release 99 core network, including the circuit switched and packet switched domains. It also discusses the radio access network (UTRAN) and its components such as the radio network controller (RNC) and Node B. Finally, it summarizes the functions of the mobile switching center (MSC) and media gateway (MGW) in the UMTS network.
Simplified Call Flow Signaling: Registration - The Attach Procedure3G4G
This presentation/video provides an example of the registration procedure. The device or UE needs to let the core network(s) know that it is switched on and active. This procedure is known as registration. The UE can register individually to the CS and PS core networks. Most modern networks allow combined registration (or combined attach) whereby the UE registers only to the PS network and the PS network informs the CS network that the UE is active.
The document describes call flows for circuit switched fallback (CSFB) in an EPS network. It discusses the network architecture involving an MME, MSC Server and SGs interface. It then provides details on attach procedures, SMS over SGs, and mobile originating and terminating call flows. The flows illustrate how a device registered in both the MME and MSC can initiate and receive CS services like calls and SMS when camped on an LTE network via CSFB.
The document summarizes general call flows in WCDMA networks, including:
1. Mobile originated (MO) and mobile terminated (MT) call flows involve cell selection, connection setup, authentication, location management, and setting up/releasing service bearers.
2. Common non-access stratum procedures manage mobility, security, and connection management across different domains.
3. Packet switched data flows include attach, activation and modification of PDP contexts, and location and detach procedures between the UE, UTRAN, SGSN, and GGSN.
This document describes the evolution of 2G and 3G mobile network architectures. It shows:
1) The separation of the control plane and user plane in 3GPP Release 4, with the MSC Server handling signaling and Media Gateways handling transmission.
2) How the MSC Server system provides operational expenditure savings by moving voice and signaling transmission to IP networks and separating equipment for more flexible siting.
3) How the MSC Server system allows investment protection by supporting existing services on GSM, EDGE, 3G and TDM, IP, and ATM transmission networks.
GSM uses frequency division duplexing with carriers separated by 200 kHz. Each carrier is divided into 8 time slots using TDMA. Logical channels like traffic channels and signaling channels are mapped onto these physical time slots. Traffic channels carry user data at either full rate or half rate, while signaling channels include broadcast, common, and dedicated control channels used for functions like synchronization, paging, call setup, and handover.
VoLTE Flows and legacy CS network. Basic call routing to and from CS network using BGCF, MGCF, MGW. ENUM role in routing. IMS Cetralized Services (IMC) and SRVCC scenarios.
This document provides an overview and detailed descriptions of Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) features in an evolved Radio Access Network (eRAN). It describes CSFB procedures for falling back from an LTE network to UTRAN or GERAN networks to support circuit switched services like voice calls. The document includes sections on CSFB architectures, handover decisions and executions, related interfaces, engineering guidelines, parameters and troubleshooting.
This document describes the process of setting up a call from a mobile phone to a landline in a GSM network. It involves establishing a radio resource connection between the mobile and base station, authenticating and ciphering the connection, routing the call through the mobile switching center and public switched telephone network to the called landline, and establishing a voice path. When the mobile user ends the call, the voice path is disconnected and radio resource connection is released to complete call teardown.
This document describes the process of setting up a call from a mobile phone to a landline in a GSM network. It involves establishing a radio resource connection between the mobile and base station, authenticating and ciphering the connection, routing the call through the mobile switching center and public switched telephone network to the called landline, and establishing a voice path. When the mobile user ends the call, the voice path is disconnected and radio resource connection is released to complete call teardown.
The document discusses different types of location updating procedures in mobile networks:
1. Location updating type normal occurs when a mobile subscriber (MS) moves to a new location area and needs to update the network of its new location.
2. IMSI attach is used when the MS powers back on in the same location area it was in when it entered detached mode.
3. Periodic registration is used to avoid unnecessary paging and prevent database failures. The MS registers at periodic intervals set by the network operator, from every 6 minutes to every hour.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA protocols and call flows. It describes the architecture, interfaces and protocols of each generation at the physical, data link and network layers. Key protocols discussed include LAPD, RR, MM, CM, SNDCP, GTP, RLC, MAC, RRC. Call flows for basic call origination, authentication, data transfer and detach procedures are illustrated for each network. The document also introduces HSDPA and HSUPA enhancements to UMTS such as new channels, scheduling functionality and H-ARQ protocol.
This document describes several 2G and 3G layer 3 messages including their purpose and key information elements. For 2G, it summarizes Sys info types 1-6 which broadcast system information to mobile stations in idle and dedicated modes, including things like channel allocation and cell parameters. It also describes messages like Measurement Report, Immediate Assignment, and Handover Command that are used for handover and connection management. For 3G, it lists 21 different message types like Measurement Report and Active Set Update used for mobility management and connection control.
This document outlines the process for mobile originated and terminated calls in 3G networks. It describes the steps for a mobile originating call in 3 parts and a mobile terminated call in 3 parts, including setting up the GTP tunnel for transport. The document breaks down the end-to-end call flows for 3G connections.
The document provides an introduction to 2G/3G and 4G core mobile networks. It discusses key network elements like BTS, BSC, RNC, SGSN, GGSN, eNodeB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It provides an overview of the differences between circuit switching and packet switching. It also summarizes simplified call flows for 2G/3G packet data and 4G, highlighting the core network elements involved and interfaces between them.
• -How the channel concept is used on the radio interface
• -Different burst formats in the radio interface
• -The hierarchical frame structure
• -The content sent in different logical channels
• -The mapping of the logical channels
• -Superframe and Hyperframe
• -MOBILE STATIONS ISDN NUMBER (MSISDN)
• INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI)
• TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI)
• LOCATION AREA IDENTITY (LAI)
• CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI)
• BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE (BSIC)
• PIN management
This documents will help to understand the details procedure of GSM IDLE Mode Behavior. GSM Idle mode behavior starting from PLMN selection, GSM Cell Camp, Cell Selection, Cell Reselection, Location Update, Paging, System Information to Measurements procedures have been captured in this document.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture, including its three main subsystems: the Mobile Station subsystem, the Base Station Subsystem, and the Network Switching Subsystem. It describes the key elements and interfaces within each subsystem, such as the Mobile Station, Base Transceiver Station, Base Station Controller, Mobile Switching Center, Home Location Register, and Visitor Location Register. The interfaces that connect these elements, such as the A, Abis, and Um interfaces, are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of call routing in GSM networks. It discusses key components like the Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) that store subscriber data. It then describes different call routing scenarios like mobile originated calls, mobile terminated calls, and roaming calls. It explains the signaling process and interactions between network elements like the mobile station, base station, MSC, HLR, and other switches. Finally, it briefly discusses the handover process to transfer calls between base stations when a mobile changes location.
The document describes various signaling messages used in different layers and interfaces of the GSM network, including:
1. Radio Resource (RR) messages for channel establishment, ciphering, handover, channel release, paging, and system information on the Um interface.
2. Messages for BTS Management (BTSM) on the Abis interface for radio link management, channel management, and TRX management.
3. Base Station System Application Part (BSSAP) messages on the A interface for resource management between the BSC and MSC.
4. Mobile Application Part (MAP) messages involving mobility services, call handling services, and short message services between entities in the core network.
Introduction of PS Core Network Elements and little bit of EPC/LTE Network. This is introductory slides pack for a 10 class/slides set for detail introduction of 2G/3G and LTE PS Core Network.
This document provides an overview of UMTS network architecture and components. It describes the key elements of the UMTS Release 99 core network, including the circuit switched and packet switched domains. It also discusses the radio access network (UTRAN) and its components such as the radio network controller (RNC) and Node B. Finally, it summarizes the functions of the mobile switching center (MSC) and media gateway (MGW) in the UMTS network.
Simplified Call Flow Signaling: Registration - The Attach Procedure3G4G
This presentation/video provides an example of the registration procedure. The device or UE needs to let the core network(s) know that it is switched on and active. This procedure is known as registration. The UE can register individually to the CS and PS core networks. Most modern networks allow combined registration (or combined attach) whereby the UE registers only to the PS network and the PS network informs the CS network that the UE is active.
The document describes call flows for circuit switched fallback (CSFB) in an EPS network. It discusses the network architecture involving an MME, MSC Server and SGs interface. It then provides details on attach procedures, SMS over SGs, and mobile originating and terminating call flows. The flows illustrate how a device registered in both the MME and MSC can initiate and receive CS services like calls and SMS when camped on an LTE network via CSFB.
The document summarizes general call flows in WCDMA networks, including:
1. Mobile originated (MO) and mobile terminated (MT) call flows involve cell selection, connection setup, authentication, location management, and setting up/releasing service bearers.
2. Common non-access stratum procedures manage mobility, security, and connection management across different domains.
3. Packet switched data flows include attach, activation and modification of PDP contexts, and location and detach procedures between the UE, UTRAN, SGSN, and GGSN.
This document describes the evolution of 2G and 3G mobile network architectures. It shows:
1) The separation of the control plane and user plane in 3GPP Release 4, with the MSC Server handling signaling and Media Gateways handling transmission.
2) How the MSC Server system provides operational expenditure savings by moving voice and signaling transmission to IP networks and separating equipment for more flexible siting.
3) How the MSC Server system allows investment protection by supporting existing services on GSM, EDGE, 3G and TDM, IP, and ATM transmission networks.
GSM uses frequency division duplexing with carriers separated by 200 kHz. Each carrier is divided into 8 time slots using TDMA. Logical channels like traffic channels and signaling channels are mapped onto these physical time slots. Traffic channels carry user data at either full rate or half rate, while signaling channels include broadcast, common, and dedicated control channels used for functions like synchronization, paging, call setup, and handover.
VoLTE Flows and legacy CS network. Basic call routing to and from CS network using BGCF, MGCF, MGW. ENUM role in routing. IMS Cetralized Services (IMC) and SRVCC scenarios.
This document provides an overview and detailed descriptions of Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) features in an evolved Radio Access Network (eRAN). It describes CSFB procedures for falling back from an LTE network to UTRAN or GERAN networks to support circuit switched services like voice calls. The document includes sections on CSFB architectures, handover decisions and executions, related interfaces, engineering guidelines, parameters and troubleshooting.
This document describes the process of setting up a call from a mobile phone to a landline in a GSM network. It involves establishing a radio resource connection between the mobile and base station, authenticating and ciphering the connection, routing the call through the mobile switching center and public switched telephone network to the called landline, and establishing a voice path. When the mobile user ends the call, the voice path is disconnected and radio resource connection is released to complete call teardown.
This document describes the process of setting up a call from a mobile phone to a landline in a GSM network. It involves establishing a radio resource connection between the mobile and base station, authenticating and ciphering the connection, routing the call through the mobile switching center and public switched telephone network to the called landline, and establishing a voice path. When the mobile user ends the call, the voice path is disconnected and radio resource connection is released to complete call teardown.
This document discusses mobile communications and cellular systems. It describes the basic components like subscribers, base stations, and different communication modes. It then explains the fundamentals of cellular systems including cell structure, base stations, mobile units, and wireless components. Finally, it outlines the process of making and receiving telephone calls through a cellular network including call handoff between base stations.
The document describes the infrastructure and processes that enable cellular communication systems. Key components include:
- Base stations that transmit and receive signals and connect to a base station controller.
- Authentication centers and equipment registers that verify user identities and equipment.
- Home and visitor location registers that track user locations to route calls and support mobility.
- Registration and handoff processes allow users to move between base stations and be reached on their cell phone number anywhere on the network. Location tracking, signaling between registers, and rerouting enable seamless roaming across large areas.
DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION SCHEME TO HANDLE HANDOFF IN WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKcscpconf
The rapid growth in the demand for mobile communications has led to an intense research effort to achieve an efficient use of the scarce spectrum allocated for cellular communications. In this paper, the authors devise a new scheme DCAS (Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme) for call admission control. In this new scheme, the number of guard channel(s) is adjusted automatically based on the average handoff blocking rate measured in the past certain period of time. The handoff blocking rate is controlled under the designated threshold and the new call blocking rate is minimized. The performance evaluation of the DCAS is done through simulation of nodes. The result shows that the DCAS scheme outperforms the Static Channel Allocation Scheme by controlling a hard constraint on the handoff rejection probability. The proposed scheme achieves the optimal performance by maximizing the resource utilization and adapts itself to changing traffic conditions automatically.
The document discusses Beam Division Multiple Access (BDMA) as a new multiple access technique for 5G networks to increase system capacity. BDMA divides antenna beams according to mobile station locations, allocating orthogonal beams to allow multiple access. This significantly increases capacity compared to existing techniques like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and OFDMA. The base station transmits directional beams to mobile stations based on their positions and speeds. Mobile stations sharing beams divide frequency/time resources. BDMA maximizes spatial reuse of resources and solves inter-cell interference and control channel problems. It is proposed as a radio interface for 5G cellular systems.
The document summarizes the GSM inter-BSC intra-MSC handover call flow where a mobile phone moves from the Rockville cell to the Bethesda cell while on a call. The Rockville BSC detects the mobile will have better signal in the Bethesda cell and sends a handover required message to the MSC. The MSC sends a handover request to the Bethesda BSC which allocates a channel. The Bethesda BSC sends a handover command to the mobile via the Rockville BSC. The mobile then tunes to the new channel and completes the handover while the call path is switched to maintain the call.
The document summarizes the GSM inter-BSC intra-MSC handover call flow where a mobile phone moves from the Rockville cell to the Bethesda cell while on a call. The Rockville BSC detects the mobile will have better signal in the Bethesda cell and sends a handover required message to the MSC. The MSC sends a handover request to the Bethesda BSC which allocates a channel. The Bethesda BSC sends a handover command to the mobile via the Rockville BSC. The mobile then tunes to the new channel and completes the handover while the call path is switched to maintain the call.
The document summarizes the GSM inter-BSC intra-MSC handover call flow where a mobile phone moves from the Rockville cell to the Bethesda cell while on a call. The Rockville BSC detects the mobile will have better signal in the Bethesda cell and sends a handover required message to the MSC. The MSC sends a handover request to the Bethesda BSC which allocates a channel. The Bethesda BSC sends a handover command to the mobile via the Rockville BSC. The mobile then tunes to the new channel and completes the handover process while maintaining the active call.
1) Cellular systems divide geographic coverage areas into small cells served by low-powered transmitters rather than using high-powered transmitters, in order to accommodate many users over a large area with limited frequency spectrum.
2) Within each cell there are forward and reverse voice channels for call transmission and forward and reverse control channels for call setup and control signaling that are monitored by mobile devices.
3) To make a call, a mobile searches for the control channel with the strongest signal and monitors it. When a call request is made, the mobile station ID is sent to determine the cell location and an unused voice channel pair is assigned for the call.
This document provides an overview of cellular networks. It discusses key concepts like cells, base stations, frequency reuse, and multiple access methods. It describes how location of mobile devices is managed through location updating and paging. It also covers handoff which allows active calls to continue seamlessly as users move between different cells.
The document discusses key elements of wireless communication systems including base stations, control channels, forward and reverse channels, handoff, mobile stations, and more. It then provides details on how cellular telephone systems work including dividing geographic regions into cells and reusing frequencies/channels at different cell locations to maximize capacity. Key aspects covered include mobile stations communicating with base stations, the mobile switching center coordinating calls between cells, and the use of handoff to allow calls to continue seamlessly when users move between cells.
1. Call routing in GSM involves routing calls from the mobile station (MS) through the base station subsystem (BSS) and mobile switching center (MSC) when originating a call or routing an incoming call to the MS.
2. For outgoing calls, the MS sends the dialed number to the BSS which sends it to the MSC. The MSC checks if the MS is allowed the service and asks the BSS to allocate resources before routing the call through the gateway MSC and local exchange.
3. For incoming calls, the call is first sent to the gateway MSC which signals the home location register (HLR). The HLR provides the visiting location register (VLR) which informs the
GSM is a cellular communication standard developed in Europe in the 1980s. It uses a combination of FDMA and TDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The network consists of mobile stations, base transceiver stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, home location registers and other components. Handoffs between base stations are performed to maintain connectivity as users move between different areas.
Cellular systems allow mobile users to communicate wirelessly using a network of base stations and switches. A mobile station communicates with the nearest base station, which connects to a mobile switching center. The switching center routes calls between mobile stations and the public switched telephone network. Coverage areas are divided into cells served by individual base stations to allow frequency reuse that improves system capacity.
The mobile phone moves from Rockville, Maryland to Vienna, Virginia, crossing two location areas. This triggers a location update procedure where the phone authenticates with the new network in Virginia and is assigned a new temporary ID. Key steps are: 1) The phone detects it has moved to a new location area. 2) It initiates a location update including its old ID. 3) The new network authenticates the phone and updates location records. 4) The phone is assigned a new temporary ID.
1. The target MSC sends a paging request to the target mobile station through base stations. 2. If the mobile station responds, it is authenticated and ciphering is enabled for security. 3. Radio resources are assigned and the connection is established between the mobile station and MSC to complete the call setup through the base station.
Cellular wireless networks use three basic devices: a mobile station, base transceiver, and mobile switching office. The base transceiver includes an antenna and controller. The switching office connects calls between mobile units. Two channel types are available: control channels for call setup/maintenance, and traffic channels that carry voice/data. Cells use low-powered transmitters and each cell has its own antenna and base station. Frequency reuse allows the same frequencies to be used in different cells. As users move between cells, handoffs change their assignment from one base station to another.
05. EEE 439 Communication Systems II - Cellular Communications.pdfjilanur93
The document discusses various topics related to cellular networks including:
- The history of cellular networks from 1G to 5G technologies.
- Components of cellular networks including mobile stations, base stations, switches, and databases for tracking user locations.
- Concepts like cells, frequency reuse, and handoffs which allow cellular networks to efficiently use limited radio spectrum and maintain connectivity as users move.
- Models for radio propagation including free space path loss which predicts signal strength over distance in line-of-sight conditions.
In 3 sentences or less, this summary outlines some of the key technological developments in cellular networks and fundamental concepts that have enabled their widespread adoption and use.
This white paper discusses future technologies for fixed-mobile convergence including LTE and SAE. It defines fixed-mobile convergence as providing consistent services via any fixed or mobile access point. The paper describes the motivation for convergence including mobility and consistent services. It outlines the LTE/SAE introduction and technologies including the evolved packet core and all-IP architecture. Key aspects of LTE such as physical layer channels and protocols are also summarized. The purpose is to support an integrated network through the IP Multimedia Subsystem for high-speed mobile experiences comparable to fixed broadband.
This document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE technology. It discusses the evolution of 3GPP standards and the advancement needed for high data rates, including the use of OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA. It provides a brief introduction to LTE including its radio interface architecture, downlink and uplink transmissions, and cell search procedure. Relevant 3GPP specifications for LTE are also listed.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile network architectures from GSM to LTE and SAE. It introduces LTE and SAE, describing them as the radio access network and core network respectively for 3GPP's Evolved Packet System. It provides an overview of the SAE architecture, which includes the Evolved Packet Core and eUTRAN. The core network provides access to external networks and performs functions like QoS, security and mobility management, while the radio access network handles radio interface functions.
This document proposes a concatenated coding scheme with iterative decoding for a bit-shift channel. Specifically, it considers the serial concatenation of an outer error-correcting code and an inner modulation code, possibly preceded by an accumulator. It searches for optimal encoder mappings from an iterative decoding perspective for the inner code, which has been designed to correct single bit-shift errors and have large average power. This is important for inductively coupled channels, as the receiver gets its power from the received signal and the information should maximize the power transferred.
The document proposes LTE Release 10 and beyond (LTE-Advanced) as a candidate radio interface technology for IMT-Advanced. It provides an overview of 3GPP standardization activities, including LTE Release 8 and the work underway in 3GPP to develop LTE-Advanced to meet IMT-Advanced requirements. Key aspects of LTE-Advanced include utilizing carrier aggregation to support wider bandwidth up to 100MHz and advanced MIMO techniques with up to 8-layer transmission to achieve peak data rates of 1Gbps.
The document summarizes radio frequency aspects of 3GPP Release 10 LTE-Advanced technology. Key points discussed include operating bands and transmission bandwidth configurations up to 100MHz supported by carrier aggregation. Feasibility studies covered aspects like UE and base station transmitter/receiver architectures, power levels and emissions for supporting wider channel bandwidths through multiple component carriers. Radio resource management requirements were also addressed to ensure good mobility performance across networks utilizing LTE-Advanced.
This document discusses enhancements to the physical layer of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10). It describes the downlink and uplink physical layer designs, including orthogonal multiple access schemes, reference signals, control signaling, and data transmission methods. It also covers support for time division duplexing, half-duplex frequency division duplexing, and UE categories defined in 3GPP Release 8. The goal of LTE-Advanced is to further improve the LTE standard to meet the requirements of IMT-Advanced.
LTE was developed to meet increasing demands for mobile data by offering significantly higher data rates, lower latency, and improved system capacity compared to HSPA. It transitions to a simplified all-IP architecture. Key LTE technologies include flexible bandwidths up to 20 MHz, OFDMA, MIMO, and channel-dependent scheduling. LTE is expected to provide peak data rates of over 300 Mbps downlink and 75 Mbps uplink for high-end devices.
Mobile broadband growth has led to increased traffic, subscriptions, and revenue for many mobile operators globally. This growth is challenging existing mobile networks and driving operators to evolve their networks to LTE, which can provide significantly higher capacity to support ongoing growth in demand. The mobile industry is largely converging on LTE as the next generation mobile standard, with over 100 operators committed or exploring deployment. LTE promises benefits like lower costs per bit and higher speeds to better meet consumer and business needs in a mobile world.
The document provides an overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and System Architecture Evolution (SAE). It discusses the motivation for LTE to evolve UMTS towards a packet-only system with higher data rates. The workplan for LTE included feasibility studies from 2004-2006 and standardization work beginning in 2007. Key requirements for LTE included improved peak data rates, latency, spectral efficiency, and reduced infrastructure costs. The LTE air interface uses OFDMA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink with adaptive modulation up to 64-QAM. Multiple antenna techniques including beamforming, spatial multiplexing, and diversity are supported.
The document proposes LTE Release 10 and beyond (LTE-Advanced) as a candidate radio interface technology for IMT-Advanced. It provides an overview of 3GPP standardization activities, including LTE Release 8 which focused on improving spectral efficiency and reducing latency. LTE-Advanced is being studied to further evolve LTE to meet ITU-R requirements for IMT-Advanced and future needs, with a feasibility study currently ongoing in 3GPP.
This document discusses estimating the performance of concatenated coding schemes. It introduces the Information Processing Characteristic (IPC) which can be used to lower bound the performance of any concatenated coding scheme. The IPC is obtained through asymptotic analysis using EXIT charts or the Approximate Message Passing Convergence Analyzer (AMCA). This provides a lower bound on the IPC that can be achieved with infinite interleaving and iterations. Estimates for realistic schemes with a limited number of iterations are also possible. The IPC can then be used to estimate the resulting bit error ratio.
This document summarizes the key technologies that enable LTE-Advanced, which is an enhancement of LTE to meet the requirements for IMT-Advanced. LTE-Advanced introduces carrier aggregation to support transmission bandwidths up to 100MHz by aggregating multiple LTE carriers. It also enhances multiple antenna technologies to support up to 8 antennas in the downlink and 4 antennas in the uplink. Other technologies introduced include coordinated multipoint transmission and reception, enhanced uplink transmission schemes, and the use of intelligent relay nodes.
This document provides an overview of the book "Understanding UMTS Radio Network Modelling, Planning and Automated Optimisation". It discusses radio network modelling and planning for UMTS/3G cellular networks. The book contains chapters on propagation modelling, theoretical models, planning fundamentals, network design aspects, compatibility of UMTS systems, and specialised network design topics. It aims to help readers understand the theory and practice of UMTS radio network modelling, planning and optimization.
This document provides a summary of key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring performance in UMTS terrestrial radio access networks (UTRAN). It begins with the basics of performance measurement, including what KPIs are, how performance data is captured and filtered in UTRAN, and definitions from 3GPP. It then describes selected KPIs to measure aspects like block error rate, radio link quality, throughput, handover success rates, call setup rates, and more. The document aims to provide a practical guide for understanding and using KPIs to evaluate UTRAN network performance.
The document is a preface and table of contents for a book about UMTS networks and radio access technology. It introduces the growth of mobile communications and the requirements for 3G systems, including new services and radio access aspects. It also briefly discusses enhancing technologies for 3G like smart antennas, multi-user detection, software defined radio, and integration challenges. The preface and contents set up the topics to be covered in the book at a high level.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the book "HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for Mobile Communications". The book is edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala of Nokia Networks, Finland. It covers the standardization of HSDPA and HSUPA in 3GPP, the key technologies and principles of HSDPA and HSUPA including new physical channels and protocols, radio resource management, performance metrics such as bit rates and capacity, and applications over HSPA such as voice-over-IP.
This document is the third edition of the book "WCDMA for UMTS" which provides an overview of the WCDMA radio access technology for third generation mobile communications. It was edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala of Nokia and covers topics such as the standardization process, network architecture, protocols, and services supported by UMTS networks using WCDMA. The book serves as a technical reference for 3G cellular communication standards and their implementation.
WiMAX is a wireless technology that provides broadband connections over long distances. It allows high-speed wireless data, voice and video connectivity. The technology uses various standards and frequency bands to provide broadband access up to 30 miles. Products supporting WiMAX standards are expanding and include chips, modules, customer premise equipment and base stations. Many companies are developing WiMAX network infrastructure and devices to deliver wireless internet access using this technology.
2. GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call)
Cell Mobile Network Fixed Network EventStudio System Designer 4.0
Mobile Station Base Stations NSS PSTN
User Mobile BSS MSC VLR PSTN 13-Sep-08 21:38 (Page 2)
RR UA The BSS replies with Unnumbered
TCH, SAPI = 0 Acknowledge (UA) to complete the
LAPm setup handshake
SCCP CONNECTION REQUEST + MM CM SERVICE REQUEST The BSS receives the CM Service
SS7 Request message from the mobile and
forms a "BSSMAP COMPLETE LAYER 3
INFORMATION". The BSS then piggy
backs the message on the SCCP
connection request message.
LEG: Skip Authentication Procedure
Check subscriber authentication MSC checks if the subscriber has been
authenticated. In this case, the
subscriber has already been
authenticated, so the authentication
procedure is skipped.
Enable Ciphering
BSSMAP CIPHER MODE COMMAND Since the subscriber has been
successfully authenticated, the MSC
initiates ciphering of the data being sent
on the channel. The channel is ciphered
so as so protect the call from
eavesdropping.
Expect ciphered data from the mobile Ciphering on the radio link is enabled in
three steps. As a first step, the BSS
starts expecting ciphered data from the
mobile but continues to send data in
clear. Since the mobile has not been
informed about the ciphering, all data
received from the mobile will be in error.
RR CIPHERING MODE COMMAND The BSS sends the CIPHERING MODE
mode = CLEAR COMMAND to the mobile. The mobile
will be able to receive this message as
the transmission from the BSS is still in
clear.
Enable ciphering for received and transmitted As a second step, the Mobile receives
data the message and enables ciphering in
transmit and receive directions. This
action will result in all BSS data being
received in error. (The BSS is still
transmitting data in clear.)
RR CIPHERING MODE COMPLETE Ciphering has already been enabled, so
mode = CIPHERED this message is transmitted with
ciphering. The BSS will receive this
message as it is already expecting
ciphered data in the receive direction.
Enable ciphering of data transmitted to the The third and final step in the ciphering
mobile handshake. The BSS enables the
ciphering in transmit direction. From this
point on ciphering is enabled in both
directions.
BSSMAP CIPHER MODE COMPLETE BSS replies back to the MSC, indicating
that ciphering has been successfully
enabled.
RR Connection Establishment Completed
At this point a connection has been setup between the Mobile and the MSC. From this point onward, the BSS is just acting as a conduit for
transporting the signaling messages between the Mobile and the MSC.
Call Setup
CC SETUP The Mobile sends the setup message to
Dialed Digits establish a voice call. The message
contains the dialed digits and other
information needed for call
3. GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call)
Cell Mobile Network Fixed Network EventStudio System Designer 4.0
Mobile Station Base Stations NSS PSTN
User Mobile BSS MSC VLR PSTN 13-Sep-08 21:38 (Page 3)
establishment.
CC CALL PROCEEDING The mobile is informed that the call
setup is in progress.
Connecting... At this point, the mobile phone displays
a message on the screen to indicate that
call setup is being attempted.
Mode Modify
allocate The MSC allocates a voice circuit on one
Voice circuit towards BSS the digital trunks between the MSC and
the BSS.
BSSMAP ASSIGNMENT REQUEST MSC informs the BSS about the
Voice circuit allocated voice circuit. The call is also
switched from signaling to voice.
RR CHANNEL MODE MODIFY The BSS notifies the Mobile about the
changeover to voice mode.
RR CHANNEL MODE MODIFY ACKNOWLEDGE Mobile acknowledges.
BSSMAP ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE The BSS responds back to the MSC.
ISUP INITIAL ADDRESS MESSAGE The MSC routes the call and sends the
SS7, Dialed Digits call towards the called subscriber
ISUP ADDRESS COMPLETE MESSAGE The PSTN indicates to the MSC that it
SS7 has received all the digits and the called
subscriber is being rung.
CC ALERTING The MSC informs the mobile that the
called subscriber is being alerted via a
ring
Alerting Tone
ISUP ANSWER The called subscriber answers the call.
SS7
CC CONNECT The MSC informs the mobile that the call
has been answered.
CC CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE Acknowledge the recipt of CC CONNECT.
Connected Display that the call has been connected.
Conversation
Speech The call has entered the conversation
phase. The speech path has been setup
between the mobile subscriber and the
land-line subscriber.
Call Release
LEG: Mobile initiates call release
End Button The mobile subscriber hits End to clear
the call.
CC DISCONNECT The mobile sends the disconnect
message to the MSC.
ISUP RELEASE The MSC initiates release on the PSTN
SS7 side.
Disconnect Voice Path The MSC disconnects the voice path and
also releases the voice circuit between
the BSS and the MSC.
free
Voice circuit towards BSS
CC RELEASE The MSC informs the Mobile that it has
initiated call release
4. GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call)
Cell Mobile Network Fixed Network EventStudio System Designer 4.0
Mobile Station Base Stations NSS PSTN
User Mobile BSS MSC VLR PSTN 13-Sep-08 21:38 (Page 4)
ISUP RELEASED The MSC informs the PSTN that the call
SS7 release has been completed.
ISUP RELEASE COMPLETE The PSTN informs that call release has
SS7 been completed at its end.
CC RELEASE COMPLETE Mobile indicates that the call has been
released.
RR Connection Release
BSSMAP CLEAR COMMAND Call release has been completed, now
the RR connection is released by the
MSC.
RR CHANNEL RELEASE The BSS initiates RR release with the
mobile.
BSSMAP CLEAR COMPLETE The BSS informs the the MSC that the
RR connection has been released.
RR DISC The mobile sends a disconnect message
to release the LAPm connection.
RR UA The BSS replies with an Unnumbered
Acknowledge message.
free The BSS releases the TCH channel.
TCH
Call Released Indication Mobile goes back to the default display
to indicate that call has been completely
released.