This document outlines objectives and content for a lesson on group decision making. The objectives include differentiating between individual and group decision making, explaining the group decision making process, discussing effective group leaders, and listing advantages and disadvantages of group decisions. The content outline covers defining groups and decisions, comparing individual and group processes, group formation stages, characteristics of effective groups and leaders, and approaches to group decisions like consensus, negotiation and voting. It also addresses conditions that can foster groupthink and how to avoid it.
This presentation is based upon the topic "Group decision making".
Its styles and techniques,advantages & disadvantages,group-size,consensus,process group of decision making
This presentation is based upon the topic "Group decision making".
Its styles and techniques,advantages & disadvantages,group-size,consensus,process group of decision making
Effective Team Decision-Making Process Teams are particularl.docxtoltonkendal
Effective Team Decision-Making Process
Teams are particularly effective in problem solving as they are comprised of people with
complementary skills. These complementary skills allow team members to examine issues from
various angles, as well as see the implications of their decisions from a variety of perspectives.
In this section we will look at a process that can help teams solve problems and make ‘good’
decisions.
In essence, teams make decisions using problem solving techniques. Thus, the process largely
rests on the selection of a course of action following the evaluation of two or more alternatives.
To effectively navigate this path, the following step-by-step approach1 can be used.
1. Recognize the problem. Teams must see and recognize that a problem exists and that a
decision needs to be made to move forward. While on its face this step appears elementary,
many teams do not always recognize that there is an issue that needs to be addressed due to
issues such as group think.
2. Define the problem. In this stage, teams must map out the issue at hand. During this step,
teams should:
o State how, when, and where members became aware of the problem
o Explore different ways of viewing the problem – different ways of viewing the
problem can lead to an improved understanding of the ‘core’ problem
o Challenge any assumptions that are made about the problem to ensure that the team
fully sees the ‘real’ issue at hand.
3. Gather information. Once the problem has been defined, teams need to gather information
relevant to the problem. Why do teams need to perform this step? Two reasons: (1) to verify
that the problem was defined correctly in step 2; and (2) to develop alternative solutions to
the problem at hand.
4. Develop Alternative
Solution
s. While it can be easy for teams to ‘jump on’ and accept the
first solution, teams that are effective in problem solving take the time to explore several
potential solutions to the problem. Some ways to generate alternatives include:
a. Brainstorming. During this process teams are encouraged to come up with as
many ways as possible to solve the problem at hand. While brainstorming can
help generate creative solutions to problems, a few guidelines are needed to help
it work most effectively.
no criticism of any ideas during the brainstorming phase;
all ideas, no matter how silly, get recorded;
get past the sillies - sometimes very creative, and viable, solutions come after
people have made what appear to be ‘silly’ suggestions.
b. Ask Questions. Network with colleagues internal and external to the
organization to get their ideas and suggestions.
c. Explore. Read journals/books, go to networking functions, and attend
conferences etc. that cover similar issues. Also be prepared to go outside of the
healthcare domain. Other industries may have faced similar issues and their
solutions can provide insights for y.
Presentation by Mariska Kappmeier (University of Hamburg): "More Than Words – Establishing Sustainability in Group Discussion", at Forum for Cities in Transition annual conference, Mitrovica, 24-28 May 2010
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
2. Objectives:
1. Differentiate between group and
individual.
2. Explain process of group decision
making.
3. discuss the characteristics of effective
group facilitator or leader.
4. List the advantages and disadvantages
of group decision making.
5. Indicate appropriate situations or
conditions for group decision making.
3. 6. Explain the approaches used for
decision approval (consensus,
negotiation, voting).
7. Give the advantage and
disadvantage of each approaches.
8. Guidelines for leading group meeting.
9. Indicate conditions that foster group
think.
10. Explain how group think be avoided.
4. Out line:
1- Introduction.
2- Definition of decision making.
3- What is the group?
4- Differences between group and
individual decision making .
5- The process of group decision making.
6- Characteristics of effective group
facilitator or leader.
5. 7- The advantages and disadvantages
of group decision making.
8- Appropriate situations or conditions
for group decision making.
9- The approaches used for decision
approval (consensus, negotiation, voting).
10- The advantages and
disadvantages of each approaches.
11- conditions that foster group think.
12- how to avoid group think?
6. introduction
A group comprises two or more people who
perceive themselves as sharing common interests
and who come together to accomplish an
activity through face to face interaction.
People join groups to satisfy security, fulfill social
and esteem needs, enhance their personal status
and careers, sustain friendships, and accomplish
goals.
In organizations , formal groups are deliberately
created to perform specific tasks.
7. What is the group
Two or more individuals
interacting who have come
together to achieve a particular
goal.
Two or more interacting
individuals with a stable pattern of
relationship between them who
perceive themselves as a group.
8. Definition of group decision
making:
Group decision making is a type of
participatory process in which
multiple individuals acting
collectively, analyze problems or
situations, consider and evaluate
alternative courses of action, and
select from among the alternatives
a solution
9. The difference between group
and individual decision making
individual decision
making
If the task requires
high-quality
technical
expertise, the
available individual
who is most expert
in that technical
specialty should
perform the task.
group decision
making
If the task requires
group commitment
by consensus التزام
المجموعةبتوافقاالراء , a
group should be
expected to
perform the task.
10. individual
decision making
You are solely
responsible for the
kind of decision
achieved, whether
it is good or bad.
group decision
making
More effective
because it is an
outcome of
collective or
cohesive minds.
But on the other hand
there is greater
opportunity for
conflict.
11. individual decision
making
You can take
immediate action
and fast solution to
a problem or a
situation.
group decision
making
Groups are slow,
but the quality of
the decision is more
important than the
time expended to
take it.
And at the same time
there are more
viewpoints from
which to evaluate
those ideas
critically.
12. individual decision
making
You take full
accountability for
the outcome of
the decision and
its consequences.
You are free from
too much
diversity in a
group which
affect the
decision making.
group decision
making
A group is able to
divide labor among
its members so that,
for example,
members can work
on their own
specialties.
In group discussions,
there is an attraction
toward the majority
and there are
pressures to conform
to the majority.
13. Stages of group formation
1. Forming:
CONFUSION- not certain about
purpose, task and leadership.
The members often depend on a
leader to define purpose, tasks, and
roles.
14. 2. Storming
Conflict and confrontation
(disagreements).
Members develop roles and
relationships.
Conflict, dissatisfaction, and
competition arise on important issues
related to procedures and behavior .
The leader helps the group to
acknowledge the conflict and to
resolve it in a win-win manner.
15. 3. Norming:
The group members define its goals and
rules of behavior.
The group determines what are or are not
acceptable behaviors and attitudes.
The group structure, roles, and relationships
become clearer.
The leader explains standers of
performance and behavior, defines the
group structure, and facilitates relationship
building.
16. 4. Performing:
Group fully functional, devoted to task at
hand.
The group members agree on basic purposes
and activities and carry out the work.
Cooperation and communication improves,
and emotional issues subside.
The leader provides feedback on the quality
and quantity of work, praises achievement,
critiques poor work and takes steps to improve
it .
17. 5. Adjourning:
That occurs when a group dissolves after achieving
its objectives..
6. Reforming:
When some major changes takes
place in the environment or goals
of the group that requires the
group to refocus its activities and
recycle through the four stages.
18. Characteristics of effective group
Goals are clear, shared, and
important.
Diagnosis of group problems is
careful and systematic.
Decisions are made through
consensus .توافق
Participation is broad.
19. Listening is active and
attentive.
Feelings are expressed and are
considered important ‘data’ for
group effectiveness.
20. Conflict is openly expressed and
acknowledged.
Trust is high among members who are
willing to take risks and reveal sensitive
information.
Creativity and growth occur innovation
and experimentation are encouraged.
21. Advantages of group participation in
decision making
1. More information than individual.
2. Groups have a wider range of
knowledge to draw on than does the
individual.
3. Generate a great number of
alternative.
22. 4- Increase acceptance.
5. It may be less time consuming for a
group to gather information and
analyze it.
6. This may be no more expensive than
having a higher-paid manager make
the decision.
7- Understand the decision better.
8- Greater creativity.
23. Disadvantages of group
participation in decision making
1. Group decisions may result from social
pressures.
2. Great pressure towards conformity القبول
3. Hierarchical pressures can reduce the staff
associate’s participation to acceptance to
the manager’s desires.
24. 4. Formal status is likely to inhibit
interaction when the manager has less
expertise than the staff.
5. People easily avoid responsibility.
6. Dis-agreement may lead to conflict.
7. Domination by few members in a
group.
25. 8. Members may become more
interested in winning an argument
than determining the best alternative.
9. Choosing the most acceptable
solution may produce consensus,
which is not necessarily the optimal
alternative and may simply foster the
status quo.
27. Consensus decision-making
is a group decision making process that
seeks not only the agreement of most
participants but also the resolution or
mitigation of minority objections تقليلعدد
.المعارضين
It is when a group of people share
information, ideas and opinions, and
discuss and deliberate openly to
formulate a plan that the entire group
can accept.
28. consensus decision-making
aims to be:
Agreement Seeking: it help
participants reach as much
agreement as possible.
Collaborative: Participants contribute
to a shared proposal and shape it into
a decision that meets the concerns of
all group members as much as
possible.
29. Cooperative: Participants in an
effective consensus process should
strive to reach the best possible
decision for the group and all of its
members, rather than competing for
personal preferences.
Egalitarian:متساوىAll members should
be afforded, as much as possible,
equal input into the process. All
members have the opportunity to
present, and amend تحسينproposals.
30. Inclusive: As many stakeholders as
possible should be involved in the
consensus decision-making
process.
Participatory: The consensus
process should actively ask the
input and participation of all
decision-makers.
31. NEGOTIATION
Definition: Negotiation is a problem-
solving process in which two or more
people voluntarily discuss their
differences and attempt to reach a joint
decision on their common concerns.
Negotiation requires participants to
identify issues about which they differ,
educate each other about their needs
and interests.
32. Most common reasons for choosing to
negotiate
• Gain recognition of either issues or parties;
• Test the strength of other parties;
• Obtain information about issues, interests
and positions of other parties;
• Educate all sides about a particular view of
an issue or concern;
• Ventilate emotions about issues or people;
33. • Change perceptions;
• Mobilize public support;
• Buy time;
• Bring about a desired change in a relationship;
• Develop new procedures for handling problems;
• Make substantive gains;
• Solve a problem.
34. voting
Definition:
Voting is a method for a group
such as a meeting or an electorate
to make a decision or express an
opinion—often following discussions,
debates, or election campaigns. It is
often found in democracies and
republics جمهوريات
35. Reasons for voting
In a representative government, voting
commonly implies election: a way for an
electorate to select among candidates
for office.
In politics voting is the method by which
the electorate of a democracy appoints
representatives in its government.
36. Guide lines for leading group
meetings
Begin and end on time.
Create a warm, accepting, and non
threatening climate.
Arrange seating to minimize differences in
power, maximize involvement, and allow
visualization of all meeting activities( e.g.
U-shaped)
Use interesting and varied visuals and other
aids.
37. Clarify all terms and concepts.
Foster cooperation in the group.
Establish goals and key objectives.
Keep the group focused.
Focus the discussion on one topic at
time.
Facilitate thoughtful problem solving.
Allocate time for all problem solving
steps.
Promote involvement.
38. Facilitate integration of material and
ideas.
Facilitate evaluation of the quality of
the discussion.
Elicit the expression of uncooperative
opinions.
Summarize discussion.
Finalize the plan of action for
implementing decisions.
Arrange for follow-up.
39. Conditions that foster group think:
1- High group cohesiveness. Usually
cohesiveness leads to the free
expression of ideas; however, in
groupthink circumstances, the
opposite occurs.
2-The members have an authoritarian-
style leader who tends to argue for
"pet" proposals. Thus, we would not
expect
40. groupthink to occur in groups that
have a tradition of democratic
leadership.
3- The group is often isolated from
the "real world"; that is, the group is
not forced to deal with what is
happening "out there" beyond the
group.
41. Cont…….,
4-the group does not have a definite
procedure, or method, for decision
making.
5-The members of the group come from
similar backgrounds and have similar
viewpoints.
6-The group is in a complex decision-
making situation that causes a significant
amount of arousal in each member, and
the members feel that finding an
alternative better than the leader's pet
42. How group think be avoided:
Group members can take several steps to lower the
possibility for groupthink. During the Cuban Missile Crisis,
President Kennedy apparently took the following
measures that undoubtedly worked to his advantage:
1. The president assigned the role of "critical evaluator" to
each member of his group. The norm of the "critical
evaluator" was to be responsible for questioning all facts
and assumptions that group members voiced. They were
also to question the leader's opinions. Kennedy also
assigned to his brother Robert the special role of "devil's
advocate." In this role, Robert Kennedy took the lead in
questioning other group member's claims.
43. Cont……..,
2. The president refused to state which
course of action he preferred until late in
the decision-making process.
3- He consulted with informed people
outside the group. He also invited them to
meetings. The outside people added
information and challenged the group's
ideas.
44. Cont……,
4. He divided the group into subgroups. Each
subgroup made preliminary decisions
concerning the same issue. The larger group
would then reconvene to compare these
preliminary decisions and hammer out the
differences among the various options.
5- Kennedy set aside time to rehash earlier
decisions. He wanted a chance to consider any
new objections to the decisions that the group
members might have.
45. Cont……,
6. He had the group search for signs
warning the members of problems that
the chosen course of action might be
having, after the administration had
begun to implement the plan. Thus, he
could reconsider the course of action
even after the group had made the
decision to implement