There are two main types of groups - formal and informal. Formal groups are consciously created to serve organizational objectives and can be command groups, task groups, or functional groups. Informal groups develop naturally among people based on personal relationships or interests like friendship or shared interests. Group development theories include Tuckman's model which outlines five stages - forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. During forming, members share information and get to know tasks. Storming involves competing for status and tension as conflicts emerge. Norming occurs as conflicts are resolved and roles are clarified, leading to the highly effective performing stage. Finally, adjourning involves preparing for the group's end.

1. Types of Group

2. Ice Breaker

3. General Types
O Psychological( interdependence) vs. Social
( integrated system of interrelated
psychological groups)
O Primary ( small size, face to face interaction)
vs. Secondary ( large size , identification with
values & beliefs rather than actual
interactions)
O Membership ( actually belong) vs. Reference
( one in which they would like to belong)

4. TYPES OF GROUPS
Most individuals belong to various types of
groups. These different groups can be broadly
classified in two types.
{1} FORMAL GROUPS: these groups are consciously
created to serve an organizational objective. The crew
of an airline flight is an example of a formal group.
•manager and the other marketing staff.
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5. TYPES OF GROUPS
{1} FORMAL GROUPS: Formal groups can be
further divided into different types.
•[a] Command group: It is a group determine by
the connection between individual who are a
formal part of the organization.
•(e.g.),the marketing department comprising of the
general manager and the other marketing staff.
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6. TYPES OF GROUPS
{1} FORMAL GROUPS: Formal groups can be
further divided into different types.
O [b] Task group: A task group is created by the
management to accomplish certain organizational
goals. It is specifically created to solve the
problem or perform a defined task.
O People who work together to achieve a common
tasks. Brought together to accomplish a narrow
range of goals with a specified time period.
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7. TYPES OF GROUPS
{1} FORMAL GROUPS: Formal groups can be
further divided into different types.
O (c) Functional group: created by organization to
accomplish specific goals within an unspecified
time frame.
O Remain in existence after achievement of current
goals & objectives..
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8.
[2] INFORMAL GROUPS: Informal groups are groups
that develop naturally among people, without any
direction from the organization within they operate.
They are formed spontaneously and are based on
personal relationships or specific interests.
The different types of informal groups are:
[a] Interest groups: Interest groups consist of person
who share common interests. They may be job related
interest, or such as sports, national politics or religion.

9. TYPES OF GROUPS
[2] INFORMAL GROUPS:
Informal groups are groups that develop
naturally among people, without any direction
from the organization within they operate.
They are formed spontaneously and are based
on personal relationships or specific interests.
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10. TYPES OF GROUPS
[2] INFORMAL GROUPS:
The different types of informal groups are:
[a] Interest groups:
Interest groups consist of person who share
common interests.
They may be job related interest, or such as
sports, national politics or religion.
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11. TYPES OF GROUPS
[2] INFORMAL GROUPS:
The different types of informal groups are:
[b] Friendship groups:
consist of individual who come together because
they share one or more common characteristics.
they consist of people with natural affinities for
one another.
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12. TYPES OF GROUPS
[2] INFORMAL GROUPS:
The different types of informal groups are:
( c). Reference Groups
people use to evaluate themselves, with the
purpose of social validation and social
comparison
they have a strong influence on members’
behavior
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13. Functions of the Group

14. O A). Formal organization functions – basic
attainment by the organization. They complete the
work, creates ideas and embraces all activities for
which they are accountable.
O B). Psychological Personal Functions -
Facilitates psychological functioning, satisfaction of
needs, outlet for affiliation and helps in getting
stability & enhancing the achievements.
O C). Mixed or Multiple Functions - fulfillment of
psychological roles and effective attainment of
organizational goals

15. GROUP Development

16. George Homans Theory
O Groups develop based on activities,
interactions and sentiments. When they
share common activities, they will have
more interaction and will develop more
attitudes ( positive or negative) toward
each other.
O MAJOR element is INTERACTION

17. Theories of Group Development
O Social Exchange Theory (Homans)–
individual form relationships based on the
implicit expectation of mutually beneficial
exchanges based on trust and felt
obligation.
O Perceived positive exchange is essential if
individuals are to be attracted to & affiliate
with the group.

18. Theories of Group Development
O Henri Tajfel (Tie fel) Social Identity
Theory – individuals get a sense of
identity and self- esteem based upon their
membership in salient groups.
O May be demographically based, culturally
based, or organizationally based..
O Motivated by a sense of belonging and
self – worth

19. Social Identity Theory
O Step 1 : to
understand &
identify ( Black /
white, Christian/
Muslim,)
O Step 2 : we adopt
the identity of the
group we categorize
ourselves belonging
to which is
emotionally
significant
O Step 3 : we
compare ourselves
with other groups
(cause of
prejudice, rivals
compete)

20. Bruce Tuckman’s (1960)
STAGES OF GROUP
DEVELOPMENT
Every group passes through different stages in its
life cycle.
According to a popular model, every group
passes through five distinct stages of group
development.

21. Bruce Tuckman’s (1960)
STAGES OF GROUP
DEVELOPMENT
(1) Forming: In the forming stages the members
share personal information and try to know more
about the tasks to be performed. Goals are not yet
established, leadership not determined ( not to be
rushed since trust & openness must be developed).

22. STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
O (2) Storming: the members compete for positions of
status and control. This is a period of high emotionality
and tension among group members. The storming
stage is completed when the intra group conflicts are
resolved and the group’s leadership is accepted.
O Likely to see the highest level of disagreement &
conflict.
O Struggle for power, but positive experience if members
achieve cohesiveness through resolution.
O Group will disband if not able to resolve conflict, or
continue to exist ineffectively and never advance..

23. STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
O (4) Performing: This stage is sometimes called as total
integration. During this stage, the group members work
effectively and efficiently towards achieving the group
objectives.
O Group matures and attains cohesion.. Accepts one
another and conflict is resolved through group discussion.
Members make decisions through a rational process that
is focused on relevant goals rather than emotional issues.

24. STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
O (5) Adjourning: In this stage the group
prepares for disbandment. The group’s
focus is now on wrapping up activities
rather than achieving high task
performance.

25. Exchange of background personal
information, uncertainty, tentative communication
Dissatisfaction, disagreement, challenges to
leader and procedures, cliques form
Cohesiveness, agreement on procedures , standards,
and roles, improved communication
Focus on the work of the group, task
completion, decision making, cooperation
Departures, withdrawal,
decreased dependence, regret
Tuckman’s
theory of group
development

26. Quiz