1) The document discusses different types of antonyms including complementary terms, contrary terms, and converse terms. 2) Antonyms are classified based on their semantic opposition and can differ in degree of intensity. 3) The use of antonyms enables the expression of opposites for contrast and emphasis in language.

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Antonymy

2. Do you still remember…
A lexeme which is
related to other
lexemes is related to
them in sense.
homonymy
synonymy
polysemy sense relations
antonymy
hyponymy

3. Antonymy
1 Types of Antonyms
2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms
3 The Use of Antonyms

4. Some relevant points about antonyms
 Word order of antonymous pairs
(A) (B)
heaven and earth fire and water
man and wife heat and cold
cause and effect right and left
come and go rich and poor
far and near heavy and light
black and white old and new
thick and thin sooner or later

5. Some relevant points about antonyms
 Some pairs seem to be antonyms,
but actually they are synonyms.
loosen --- unloosen
valuable --- invaluable
flammable --- inflammable
shameful --- shameless
heritable --- inheritable
a good scare --- a bad scare
a slim chance --- a fat chance
quite a lot --- quite a few

6. TYPES OF ANTONYMS
Antonymy
oppositeness of meaning
(semantic opposition)
Antonyms
words which are opposite in meaning
e.g. big---small
man---woman

7. TYPES OF ANTONYMS
According to WNDS, there are 6
classes of antonyms:
1) contradictory terms
2) contrary terms
3) relative terms
4) reverse terms
5) contrasted terms
6) incompatibles

8. TYPES OF ANTONYMS
1. Complementaries
2. Contraries
3. Converses

9. TYPES OF ANTONYMS
1. Complementaries
/contradictory terms
---forms of antonyms which truly represent
oppositeness of meaning
e.g. true---false
boy---girl
bent---straight
correct---incorrect
same---different
perfect---imperfect

10. TYPES OF ANTONYMS
Features of complementaries:
a. They are so opposed to each other that
they are mutually exclusive and admit no
possibility between them.
e.g. male---female
dead---alive
b. They are nongradable: they cannot be
use in comparative degrees and do not
allow adverbs of intensity like very to
qualify them.
e.g. single---married

11. TYPES OF ANTONYMS
2. Contraries /gradable antonyms
--- best envisaged in terms of a scale running between
two poles or extremes.
...... beautiful, good-looking, average, plain, ugly
......
e.g. white---black
heavy---light
love---hate
old---young
begin---end

12. TYPES OF ANTONYMS
Features of contraries:
Contraries are gradable, and the
semantic contrast in a contrary pair is
relative; i.e. there are often intermediate
terms between the two opposites.
e.g. hot---cold
*Semantic polarity: they form part of a scale
of values between two poles and can
accommodate a middle ground belonging
neither to one pole nor to the other.
..

13. TYPES OF ANTONYMS
3. Converses
Relational opposites Reverse terms
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14. TYPES OF ANTONYMS
Relational opposites:
This pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal
social relationship that one of them cannot be
used without suggesting the other.
e.g. interviewer--interviewee
husband--wife
boyfriend--girlfriend
trainer---trainee
perdecessor--successor
parent---child
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15. TYPES OF ANTONYMS
Reverse terms:
Reverse terms comprise adjectives and
adverbs signifying a quality and verbs and
nouns signifying an act or state that reverse
or undo the quality, action or state of the
other.
e.g. give---receive
buy---sell
ask---answer
up---down
come---go

16. TYPES OF ANTONYMS
*boy--girl vs boyfriend--girlfriend
? ?
complementaries
relational opposites

17. SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMS
5. Some words
1. Antonyms can have two
are classified 3. Antonyms
different types of
on the basis TEXT differ in antonyms at the
TEXT TEXT
semantic TEXT time, one
same
of semantic being the
opposition. inclusion.
negative and the
other opposite.
4. Contraries are
2. Words which are gradable
polysemantic can antonyms,differing in
degree of intensity,
have more than
so each has its own
one antonym. corresponding
opposite.

18. SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMS
In a language,
there are a great
Words like write, many more
adjectives game, eat, synonyms than
>
money,magazine, antonyms.
verbs hair, bag etc.
>
nouns

19. SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMS
g viv
s tin ac
e io
int er us
dy
bo ture
bo
lec
ok
me
or
so
somebody weather
intelligent in
Dull sunny
so
pa
un
ac d
u te arp
sh

20. SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMS
* Pairs of antonyms are seen as unmarked
and marked terms repectively.
Unmarked Marked
(more specific)
man woman nouns
chicken cock
big small
adjectives
heavy light

21. SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTONYMS
e.g. happy---unhappy---sad
productive---unproductive---destructive
free---unfree---enslaved

22. THE USE OF ANTONYMS
1 2 3
Enabling us to Forming
Defining the express antithesis to
meanings of economically the achieve
opposite of a emphasis by
a given particular putting
word. thought, often for contrasting
the sake of
ideas together.
contrast.

23. THE USE OF ANTONYMS
*Different contexts or collocations also
bring about different antonyms.
e.g. an old man --- a young man
an old house --- a modern/new house
a tall building --- a low building
a tall man --- a short man
fresh bread --- stale bread
fresh air --- stuffy air
fresh flower --- faded flower
fresh look --- tired look

24. THE USE OF ANTONYMS
Some proverbs and sayings are
illustrative examples.
Many great writers are fond of
using antonyms to serve their
stylistic purpose.

25. THE USE OF ANTONYMS
e.g. rain or shine
now or never
thick and thin
weal and woe
high and low
give and take
up and down
ins and outs

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