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Genetically modified organisms and limitations
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The production of GMOs involves identifying a gene of interest, amplifying it, and inserting it into an organism's genome. Common examples of GMOs include plants engineered for herbicide and pest resistance, golden rice with increased vitamin A, and bacteria used to produce insulin and vaccines. While GMOs may increase yields and benefit farmers, there are also concerns about their impacts on health and the environment as well as ethical issues.
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Genetically modified organisms and limitations
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- 3. What is GMO’s? •Genetically modified organism (GMO) “GMO is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques” Genetic engineering • Also called genetic modification “Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology”
- 4. Specifically, “ Any livingorganism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.”
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- 7. 1. Identification ofthe gene interest. 2. Isolation of the gene of interest. 3. Amplifying gene to produce many copies.
- 8. 4. Associating thegene with an appropriate promoter and poly A sequence 5. Insertion into plasmids. 6. Multiplying the plasmid in bacteria Bacteria
- 9. 6. Transference ofthe construct into the recipient tissue, usually fertilized eggs 7. Integration of gene into recipient genome; 8. Expression of gene in recipient genome 9.Inheritance of gene through further generations.
- 11. Examples Of GMO’s •GeneticallyModified Animals •Genetically Modified Plants •Genetically Modified Bacteria
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- 15. Genetically modified crops •Also called GMCs, GM crops, or biotech crops) • Plants with modified DNA by using genetic engineering techniques • The aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species
- 16. Examples in foodcrops • Crops resistant to certain pests diseases environmental conditions fast spoilage chemical treatments • Crops with improved nutrient profile
- 17. Examples in non-foodcrops • Include crops for production of -pharmaceutical agents -biofuels -other industrially useful goods -for bioremediation.
- 18. Examples Insect resistant cotton– Bt toxin kills the cotton boll worm • transgene = Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Insect resistant corn – Bt toxin kills the European corn borer. • transgene = Bt protein
- 19. Herbicide resistant crops- soybean, corn, canola • transgene = EPSP synthase Virus resistance papaya- resistant to papaya ring spot virus • transgene = virus coat protein
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- 21. Yield • In 2014the largest review yet concluded that GM crops’ effects on farming were positive • Yields increased -9% for herbicide tolerance -25% for insect resistance -GM crops made 69% higher profits • GM crops help farmers in developing countries by increasing yields by 14%
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- 23. Genetically modified bacteria •1st organisms to be modified - due to their simple genetics. • Used for several purposes • important in producing large amounts of human proteins -for use in medicine
- 24. Bacterial synthesized transgenicproducts • Insulin • Hepatitis B vaccine • Tissue plasminogen activator • Human growth hormone • Interferon • bt corn
- 25. Example: In 1978, aversion of the human insulin gene was inserted into the bacterium Escherichia coli to produce synthetic "human" insulin.
- 26. Examples of GMBacteria • E. coli bacteria - to produce clotting factors to treat hemophilia • Streptococcus mutants: if properly colonized in a person's mouth, could reduce the formation of cavities
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- 28. Genetically modified Animals “Atransgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome” •The foreign gene is constructed using recombinant DNA methedology. •Process of GMO animals is slow -tedious -expensive
- 29. Examples of geneticmodified Animals •Transgenic sheep •Transgenic cow •Genetically modified fish •Genetically modified mice •Genetically modified Chicken •Genetically modified Goat •Genetically modified pig
- 30. Dolly sheep •Born 5July 1996 •Roslin institute •Died 14 febrary 2003 •National museum of scotland •First mammal to be cloned from somatic cell •Offspring six lambs
- 31. Transgenic sheep •Tracy isthe first transgenic animal •Produce a recombinant protein in her milk
- 32. Uses of transgenicsheep It is used as a model for studying •Immunology •Human blood clotting factor 8 •Transplantation •Haematology •Drug production in milk •Recombinant DNA
- 33. Genetic modified cow •Transgeniccows carrying two types of cassiene genes •Results in 13% more milk proteine •A bovine growth hormone used in cows to increase milk production
- 34. Transgenic fish • Tilapia •Trout • Catfish ,Zebra fish • Grow 6 times faster than wild fish • Extra copies of growth hormone gene. • To detect pollution in waterways.
- 35. Genetically modified chicken •Featherlesschicken are produced to increase the quantity of meat. •Used to increase quantity of meat and eggs
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- 37. Advantages • Higher yields •Increased muscle bulk (animals) • Prolonged shelf-life • Higher nutritional value
- 39. • Inbuilt resistanceto pests, weeds and disease • More environment friendly • Decrease in food prices (due to lower costs and higher yield)
- 40. • Less environmentalhazards • Decrease costs of growing and farming • Source of more income for farmers • Production of medicines and vaccines (biotechnology)
- 41. Disadvantages • Upsetting theecosystem • Development of super pests • Ethical issues (religious, health) • Interfering the normal DNA system
- 42. • Disappointing cropyields (may be) • Doubt over the environmental benefits • No good or natural taste • Unpredictable results
- 43. • Increasing financialgaps between developed & developing countries • False claim of ending world hunger with GMOs
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- 45. Farmers reported: • Pigsand cows became sterile from GM corn • Workers exposed to BT-cotton developed allergies • Sheep died after grazing in BT-cotton fields
- 46. Scientists reported: • GMpeas generated an allergic-type inflammatory response in mice • Rats fed BT- corn had multiple health problems • Mice fed GM BT- potatoes had intestinal damage
- 47. Are GM foodssafe? • Many people are not sure either the GMO’s are safe to use or not. • A very small proportion of population prefers the use of modified foods.
- 49. Issues • Religious issues –Bannedhuman cloning • Social issues –No to human cloning only for organs –Difference between developed & under- developed countries