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Plant Genetic Improvement
- 1. Plant Genetic Improvement Kevin M. Folta Professor and Chairman Horticultural Sciences Department kfolta.blogspot.com @kevinfolta kevinfolta@gmail.com
- 2. What Plant Genetic Improvement Is More varieties Grow better under given conditions Improved yields Safer products Improved nutrtion
- 3. What Plant Genetic Improvement Is People Think Improved yields
- 4. Plant Genetic Improvement Breseghello and Coelho, J Ag Food Chem 2013
- 5. Methods of Plant Genetic Improvement What are the major ways we genetically improve varieties? Major methods Some common examples Strengths / limitations How do they compare to each other? The future of plant genetic improvement How to talk to the public about genetic improvement methods
- 6. Dispelling the Naturalistic Fallacy– This is Nothing New! Remind audiences that genetic improvement of food is a continuum. Almost none of the plants we regularly consume originated in North America. Almost all were brought here by humans. None of the food you eat is like its “natural” form GM technology is simply the most precise version of an age-old practice of breeding and selection.
- 7. Humans have always manipulated crop genetics
- 9. Inbreeding Decreases useful production traits Lower heterozygousity
- 10. Non-specific crosses Combining the desirable traits from two genetic backgrounds into one. Problem: Linkage drag Requires many backcosses to “clean up” genetics Can require a long time No regulatory issues X = IRRI Images
- 11. Non-specific crosses Backcrossing removes undesirable genes/alleles.
- 12. Wide genetic crosses Integrating traits from wild relatives into elite varieties Problem: Linkage drag Solution (+/-) marker-assisted breeding
- 13. Marker-Assisted Breeding Association between the likelihood of inheriting a trait and a certain sequence of DNA - + + + + + + - + + + + + - - + Mara Elyana Plant5 Plant2 Plant4 Plant16 Plant8 Plant14 Plant1 Plant3 Plant9 Plant6 Plant12 Plant11 Plant13 Plant7 Plant17 Plant18 Plant19 Water
- 14. Marker-Assisted Breeding Association between the likelihood of inheriting a trait and a certain sequence of DNA Radiance DeutschEvern Floridabelle Treasure Festival LF9 Albion Camarosa WinterStar Montreal Earlibrite MiezeSchindler SweetCharlie WinterDawn Camino Dover 612501 612498 612495 612323 612320 551736 612499 236579
- 15. Wide genetic crosses North America Chile
- 16. Crossing the Impossible Bridging Crosses- when the desired cross is not possible, finding a sexually-compatible plant, creating the interspecific hybrid, and then crossing the progeny to the other parental genotype. Embryo Rescue Fertilization takes place, but embryo is not viable for normal germination. If given the proper conditions, the embryo can germinate and mature into a plant.
- 17. Hybrids between inbreds B73 Mo17 Iowa Sate Univ photo Produce plants from inbreeding that are highly homozygous Cross two inbreds together and get tremendous heterozygousity
- 19. Polyploids Increased numbers of genomes in a cell Can be natural or induced Examples: Beans, potato, strawberry, wheat, brassicas, many others
- 20. Polyploids Increased numbers of genomes in a cell Seedlessness Wheat breeding
- 21. Mutation Breeding All genetic variation begins with mutation Mutations can be induced with ionizing radiation or chemicals May require backcrossing High lycopene Seedlessness
- 22. Regeneration from single cells Plant cells can “re-program”
- 23. Somatic Fusions
- 24. Transgenics What people usually think of as “GMO” Addition of a gene, or small number of genes
- 25. Transgenics Can add traits from across species (like the Bt gene for insect resistance) Can suppress traits or viruses using RNAi (as in the papaya and potato)
- 26. GM Crops Available Now 9 potato
- 27. Keep it Simple– What are the Three Main Traits? Virus Resistance Insect Resistance Herbicide Resistance (how the traits work lecture online – (google “ UF biotechnology literacy day”)
- 28. Strengths Limitations Virus resistance Works great, no foreign material Has cut insecticide use by 10-70% Saves time, labor, fuel. Allows conservation tillage Can spread to nonGM populations Pockets of developing resistance Resistant weeds are a problem in areas. Insect resistance Herbicide resistance Distill Into Digestible Units - Keep it simple. Discuss strengths and limitations (don’t create false equivalence)
- 29. Transgenic Traits May be Stacked into a Single Background
- 30. Cisgenics/Intragenics Transfer of specific genes from the same species Cis-genic = as-is Intra-genic = all ‘native’ sequence with some re- arrangement
- 31. Cisgenics/Intragenics Apple Scab Traditional breeding introduced resistance gene from M. floribunda over 50 years. Same sequence added by Dutch researchers in <5.
- 32. Gene Editing CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short pallindromic repeats) Targeted, few collateral effects Allows production of custom mutations Reasonably fast and efficient No foreign genes present
- 33. Gene Editing CRISPR/Cas9 -- a bacterial system that can be used to change DNA sequences, with no ‘genetic engineering’ sequences left behind.
- 34. Gene Editing Horn Gene Horn Gene NO HORNS!!! Good beef Bad milkHORNS!!! Bad beef Great milk
- 35. Gene Editing Horn Gene Horn Gene NO HORNS!!! Good beef Bad milkHORNS!!! Bad beef Great milk Cross…. Mix of bad beef, bad milk production
- 36. Gene Editing Horn Gene Horn Gene NO HORNS!!! Good beef Bad milkHORNS!!! Bad beef Great milk Horn Gene NO HORNS!!! Bad beef Good milk
- 37. Gene Editing Still strong opposition from activist NGOs Some countries have taken stands on the issue Stands to generate rapid improvement of crop plants, especially where traditional breeding is long (trees)
- 38. GE vs. Traditional Breeding Wide crosses exchange hundreds or thousands of genes and gene variants; GE moves only one/few. Traditional breeding frequently uses plants that could never normally cross, GE uses genes from self or any other organism GE can monitor the effect of a specific change; breeding seeks to judge the effect on plant productivity and does not address possible effects on individual genes.
- 39. Talking to public audiences Plant genetic improvement techniques are safe. All methods involve some small risk– but all are about the same risk as traditional breeding. Techniques that breed in traits can take a long time Directed changes are more precise and more rapidly available, but frequently require regulatory hurdles
- 40. Farmers The Needy Environment Consumers Talking to public audiences We need to celebrate that we have the safest and most abundant food supply in human history- and expand plant genetic improvement techniques to serve the farmer, the needy, the environment and the consumer.