This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology. This allows genes from one species to be artificially inserted into an unrelated species.
The document then reviews fundamental genetics concepts like DNA, genes, genotypes and phenotypes. It explains that genes determine traits and are made of DNA sequences. Genetic engineering methods like gene guns and microinjection are used to insert foreign genes into organisms.
The brief history outlines milestones like the discovery of DNA and the first genetically engineered animal. Both benefits and criticisms of GMOs are discussed. While GMO crops with pesticide traits raise concerns, the document argues that well-tested GMO
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms (GEOs). It explains that GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology, which combines DNA from different sources into a new set of genes. This modified DNA is then transferred to an organism. The document outlines some potential advantages of GMOs, such as preventing disease and reducing CO2 levels, but also notes disadvantages like unknown environmental impacts and moral issues regarding manipulating nature.
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques such as selective breeding, recombinant DNA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and transgenic organisms. Recombinant DNA allows combining DNA from different organisms and was first used in the 1970s with bacteria. Genetically modified plants and animals are created through insertion of foreign DNA and have applications such as producing human proteins and increasing disease resistance. PCR and gel electrophoresis are techniques used to analyze and identify DNA.
This document summarizes the history and development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It discusses how the first GMO animal and plants were created in the 1970s and 1980s. It outlines some of the major commercially grown GMO crops and their objectives like insect or herbicide resistance. The document also discusses the development of Bt cotton in India and potential pros and cons of GMOs like increased yields but also human health and environmental concerns.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document lists many potential advantages and disadvantages of GMOs. Some advantages mentioned include increased crop yields, reduced use of pesticides, development of drought-resistant crops, and potential health benefits. Some disadvantages include possible environmental and health risks, the rise of resistant pests and weeds, and ethical concerns regarding genetic modification of organisms. The document discusses the debate around GMOs and concludes that while risks exist, consumer fears may be exaggerated, and the choice regarding GMOs should be left to informed consumers.
Genetic engineering involves manipulating an organism's genes to create desired traits. Scientists use genetic engineering to study gene functions by removing genes and observing the effects. With genome mapping, scientists can alter genes in other organisms to produce beneficial products for humans, such as more nutritious and pest-resistant crops. However, long term effects of genetically engineered foods on human health are still unknown. Genetic engineering also allows designing human embryos by selecting specific genes and characteristics, but this raises ethical concerns.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This summary will discuss some key points about GMOs. GMOs have been engineered for agriculture to create crops that are resistant to herbicides, pests, and diseases in order to increase yields. They have also been engineered for scientific research and to create new colors and varieties of plants. While GMOs have potential benefits, there are also concerns about their safety and environmental impacts. Proper testing, regulation, and labeling are important to address these issues surrounding the use of GMO technology.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. Common types of GMOs include food crops like soybeans, corn, and canola, as well as some medicines produced through genetic engineering. The document then provides a brief history of GMO development, including the creation of the first GMO in 1973 and the commercialization of genetically engineered foods in the 1990s. It discusses both perceived benefits of GMOs, such as increased crop yields and disease resistance, as well as concerns about their environmental and health impacts. In conclusion, the document notes that the debate around GMOs centers on whether the risks outweigh the benefits.
This document discusses genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining genetic engineering as the process of transferring genetic material from one organism to another. The resulting organism is called a transgenic or GMO. The first step to creating a GMO is to choose a gene or genes from an organism and insert them into a transfer vector. GMO stands for genetically modified organism. The document then discusses the uses of GMOs in pharmaceuticals, agriculture and industry. It outlines some benefits of GMOs like insect resistant and herbicide tolerant crops that can increase yields, as well as potential risks like allergic reactions and lack of research on long term effects. Finally, it addresses some common myths about GMOs.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms (GEOs). It explains that GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology, which combines DNA from different sources into a new set of genes. This modified DNA is then transferred to an organism. The document outlines some potential advantages of GMOs, such as preventing disease and reducing CO2 levels, but also notes disadvantages like unknown environmental impacts and moral issues regarding manipulating nature.
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques such as selective breeding, recombinant DNA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and transgenic organisms. Recombinant DNA allows combining DNA from different organisms and was first used in the 1970s with bacteria. Genetically modified plants and animals are created through insertion of foreign DNA and have applications such as producing human proteins and increasing disease resistance. PCR and gel electrophoresis are techniques used to analyze and identify DNA.
This document summarizes the history and development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It discusses how the first GMO animal and plants were created in the 1970s and 1980s. It outlines some of the major commercially grown GMO crops and their objectives like insect or herbicide resistance. The document also discusses the development of Bt cotton in India and potential pros and cons of GMOs like increased yields but also human health and environmental concerns.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document lists many potential advantages and disadvantages of GMOs. Some advantages mentioned include increased crop yields, reduced use of pesticides, development of drought-resistant crops, and potential health benefits. Some disadvantages include possible environmental and health risks, the rise of resistant pests and weeds, and ethical concerns regarding genetic modification of organisms. The document discusses the debate around GMOs and concludes that while risks exist, consumer fears may be exaggerated, and the choice regarding GMOs should be left to informed consumers.
Genetic engineering involves manipulating an organism's genes to create desired traits. Scientists use genetic engineering to study gene functions by removing genes and observing the effects. With genome mapping, scientists can alter genes in other organisms to produce beneficial products for humans, such as more nutritious and pest-resistant crops. However, long term effects of genetically engineered foods on human health are still unknown. Genetic engineering also allows designing human embryos by selecting specific genes and characteristics, but this raises ethical concerns.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This summary will discuss some key points about GMOs. GMOs have been engineered for agriculture to create crops that are resistant to herbicides, pests, and diseases in order to increase yields. They have also been engineered for scientific research and to create new colors and varieties of plants. While GMOs have potential benefits, there are also concerns about their safety and environmental impacts. Proper testing, regulation, and labeling are important to address these issues surrounding the use of GMO technology.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. Common types of GMOs include food crops like soybeans, corn, and canola, as well as some medicines produced through genetic engineering. The document then provides a brief history of GMO development, including the creation of the first GMO in 1973 and the commercialization of genetically engineered foods in the 1990s. It discusses both perceived benefits of GMOs, such as increased crop yields and disease resistance, as well as concerns about their environmental and health impacts. In conclusion, the document notes that the debate around GMOs centers on whether the risks outweigh the benefits.
This document discusses genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining genetic engineering as the process of transferring genetic material from one organism to another. The resulting organism is called a transgenic or GMO. The first step to creating a GMO is to choose a gene or genes from an organism and insert them into a transfer vector. GMO stands for genetically modified organism. The document then discusses the uses of GMOs in pharmaceuticals, agriculture and industry. It outlines some benefits of GMOs like insect resistant and herbicide tolerant crops that can increase yields, as well as potential risks like allergic reactions and lack of research on long term effects. Finally, it addresses some common myths about GMOs.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This technology is used to address issues like food shortages caused by overpopulation. GMOs are designed to increase crop yields and make plants resistant to pests and environmental stressors in order to boost food security. Examples of genetically modified crops include pesticide-resistant rape plants, golden rice enriched with vitamin A, and long-lasting tomatoes that have increased shelf life. While GMOs aim to benefit farmers and consumers, their safety and environmental impacts remain debated topics.
A gene is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity that is responsible for an organism's physical and inheritable characteristics. Genetic engineering involves manipulating or altering the structure of genes to create desired traits in an organism. If genetic material from another species is added, the resulting organism is called transgenic. Genetic engineering can also remove genetic material, creating a knock out organism.
This document discusses the history and process of genetic engineering. It begins by defining genetic engineering as any process that changes genetic material to produce new substances or functions. It then provides background on the discovery of DNA and genes in the 1950s. The document goes on to explain that genetic engineering involves combining DNA from different organisms to create recombinant DNA that can function in a host cell. It describes key techniques and tools used in genetic engineering like vectors, host cells, and enzymes. The document summarizes several important applications of genetic engineering like producing insulin, growth hormones, and treating diseases. It also discusses approaches for gene therapy and the first gene therapy treatment. Finally, the document outlines both potential benefits and ethical concerns of genetic engineering.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Common GMOs include crop plants and microbes. The genetic material is typically transferred between different species, which would not occur naturally. This allows for precise and fast introduction of traits compared to traditional breeding methods. While GMOs hold promise for increasing crop yields and producing medicines, there are also health and environmental safety concerns that require further research.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document discusses the debate around GMOs between proponents and opponents. Proponents claim GMOs increase yields and reduce pesticide use, while opponents argue that GMOs can be toxic, increase chemical inputs, and damage the environment and biodiversity. The document questions whether sufficient human trials were conducted on GMOs before being introduced into the food supply and whether GMO corn regulated as an insecticide poses health risks to consumers. It concludes by polling whether Belizean authorities should permit GMO cultivation.
Benefits and harms of genetic modification (sharath reddy and hrachya hakobian)mlsd
This document discusses the potential benefits and harms of genetic modification. Some benefits include making crops more resistant to disease and drought, increasing crop yields, and providing more nutrients. However, there are also some potential harmful effects, such as harming the food web through cross-pollination, reducing pesticide resistance over time, and possible human health risks like increased antibiotic resistance or allergies. The document also examines some proposed solutions to these issues and ethical concerns around the extent of human genetic engineering of other species and ecosystems.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), from animals to plants and microorganisms.
Genetic engineering involves deliberately manipulating an organism's genes to produce a desired trait. It is done by transferring genes between organisms, such as inserting a gene from one species into a plasmid and introducing that plasmid into a host cell. Genetically modified foods have been produced since the 1990s and include soybeans, corn, canola, and tomatoes. While GM foods aim to create crops with advantages like pest resistance and increased yields, some argue they pose environmental and health risks.
Genetic engineering involves manipulating DNA to modify or add traits to organisms. Key techniques include isolating genes and inserting them into other species using tools like plasmids, biolistics, and transformation. This allows transferring traits between widely different species. Early applications included bacteria producing human insulin and chymosin for cheesemaking. Now many crops are engineered for traits like pest resistance and herbicide tolerance. Genetic engineering holds promise but also risks that require ethical guidelines to ensure its safe and responsible use.
Genetic engineers can alter the DNA of living organisms through techniques like selective breeding, recombinant DNA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and gel electrophoresis. Selective breeding has been used for thousands of years, while recombinant DNA was first used in the 1970s to combine DNA from different organisms. Genetically modified crops and animals can have benefits like increased disease resistance, higher yields, and the ability to produce human proteins, but they are also controversial. DNA analysis techniques like PCR and gel electrophoresis allow the unique identification of individuals for uses such as criminal investigations.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This allows genes from different species to be combined to produce novel traits like pesticide or herbicide resistance. While controversial, GMOs have potential benefits like increased crop yields from greater resistance to pests and diseases, requiring fewer agricultural chemicals. They may also have increased nutritional value by adding vitamins not found naturally in certain crops. GMOs could help ensure an adequate global food supply as the population grows dramatically in coming decades.
The document discusses various applications of genetic modification and cloning technologies:
- Scientists are developing genetically modified cabbage that produces scorpion toxin to deter caterpillars without harming humans.
- Researchers have bred cows that produce 25% less methane gas by identifying the bacterium responsible for methane production.
- Goats have been genetically engineered to produce spider silk protein in their milk for manufacturing strong biosteel material.
- South Korean scientists genetically modified cats to glow in the dark by inserting a fluorescent gene.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves inserting or deleting genes, usually from a different species, to give the organism modified or novel genes. GMOs have a variety of uses including agricultural crops that are resistant to herbicides or pests. Common genetically modified crops include soybeans, corn, and papaya. While GMOs can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, they remain a controversial application of biotechnology.
This document outlines a presentation on GMOs by Trixie Devine of GMO Free WV. The presentation defines GMOs and provides examples of genetically modified crops. It discusses potential health risks of GMOs like toxicity, mortality, growth defects, and infertility. Environmental risks mentioned include contaminating other crops, harming bees and other organisms, and creating "superweeds." The presentation recommends avoiding GMO ingredients and supporting companies working against GMOs. It shows a chart detailing company contributions against GMO labeling and concludes by taking questions.
Genetic engineering can help address problems like food shortages by developing crops resistant to threats. The Philippines faces a rice shortage due to black bug infestation. A company has developed weevil-resistant corn through genetic engineering that could help if planted there. However, genetic engineering also presents risks that must be considered, like potential health or environmental impacts, before pursuing this solution. Experts would need to evaluate what traits were modified in the corn, the benefits and risks of genetic engineering, and whether the benefits outweigh the risks.
The document discusses the benefits and risks of genetically modified foods, outlining the top genetically engineered crops which are soybeans, cotton, and corn. It explores the controversy around genetically modified foods in areas like regulatory policies, health effects on humans, and environmental and economic consequences. While genetically modified crops can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, there is uncertainty around their long term impacts on human health and the environment.
This document provides information about genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The document discusses how genetic engineering works by introducing DNA from other species. It then gives examples of common GMOs like Bt crops and Roundup Ready crops. The document also discusses debates around GMO safety and regulation. It concludes by discussing how genetically modified mosquitoes could help reduce diseases like malaria and how sterile insects were used to successfully eradicate screwworm flies in the southern US.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves combining DNA from different sources to create new genes, which are then transferred to an organism to give it modified or novel genes. GMOs have widespread applications in biological research, medicine, agriculture, and more. Some advantages of GMOs include higher crop yields, lower food prices, and using fewer pesticides. However, some disadvantages include possible harm to other organisms, cross-pollination with non-GMO plants, and concerns about risks to health and the environment. Views on GMOs are mixed, as some see benefits in addressing issues like hunger and malnutrition, while others have concerns about their effects.
Genetic engineering involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another. There are several methods for doing this, including coating the genes onto gold particles and firing them into cells, or delivering them via viruses or plasmids from bacteria. For example, the human gene for insulin can be inserted into bacteria via a plasmid. The bacteria are then allowed to reproduce to extract the insulin from the culture solution.
genetic engineering, principles, b pharma 6th sem, biotechnology
What is a gene ?
Definition
History
Process
Molecular tools of genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes
History of restriction enzyme
Mechanism of action
Types of restriction enzymes
Application of restriction enzymes
Blunt ends
Sticky ends
transgenic
cisgenic.
knockout organism.
Host organism vector
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
DOLLY THE SHIP
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
Transgenic organisms and methods of their production.Garima
This document provides an overview of transgenic organisms. It begins with definitions of key terms like transgene, genome, plasmid, and restriction enzyme. It then discusses the history of transgenic research, including the first genetically modified organism created in 1973 and the first transgenic animals. The main methods used to produce transgenic animals are described as DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Current applications of transgenic organisms are outlined, such as glowing fish and insects used for pest control. The document concludes by discussing the importance of transgenic organisms in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This technology is used to address issues like food shortages caused by overpopulation. GMOs are designed to increase crop yields and make plants resistant to pests and environmental stressors in order to boost food security. Examples of genetically modified crops include pesticide-resistant rape plants, golden rice enriched with vitamin A, and long-lasting tomatoes that have increased shelf life. While GMOs aim to benefit farmers and consumers, their safety and environmental impacts remain debated topics.
A gene is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity that is responsible for an organism's physical and inheritable characteristics. Genetic engineering involves manipulating or altering the structure of genes to create desired traits in an organism. If genetic material from another species is added, the resulting organism is called transgenic. Genetic engineering can also remove genetic material, creating a knock out organism.
This document discusses the history and process of genetic engineering. It begins by defining genetic engineering as any process that changes genetic material to produce new substances or functions. It then provides background on the discovery of DNA and genes in the 1950s. The document goes on to explain that genetic engineering involves combining DNA from different organisms to create recombinant DNA that can function in a host cell. It describes key techniques and tools used in genetic engineering like vectors, host cells, and enzymes. The document summarizes several important applications of genetic engineering like producing insulin, growth hormones, and treating diseases. It also discusses approaches for gene therapy and the first gene therapy treatment. Finally, the document outlines both potential benefits and ethical concerns of genetic engineering.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Common GMOs include crop plants and microbes. The genetic material is typically transferred between different species, which would not occur naturally. This allows for precise and fast introduction of traits compared to traditional breeding methods. While GMOs hold promise for increasing crop yields and producing medicines, there are also health and environmental safety concerns that require further research.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document discusses the debate around GMOs between proponents and opponents. Proponents claim GMOs increase yields and reduce pesticide use, while opponents argue that GMOs can be toxic, increase chemical inputs, and damage the environment and biodiversity. The document questions whether sufficient human trials were conducted on GMOs before being introduced into the food supply and whether GMO corn regulated as an insecticide poses health risks to consumers. It concludes by polling whether Belizean authorities should permit GMO cultivation.
Benefits and harms of genetic modification (sharath reddy and hrachya hakobian)mlsd
This document discusses the potential benefits and harms of genetic modification. Some benefits include making crops more resistant to disease and drought, increasing crop yields, and providing more nutrients. However, there are also some potential harmful effects, such as harming the food web through cross-pollination, reducing pesticide resistance over time, and possible human health risks like increased antibiotic resistance or allergies. The document also examines some proposed solutions to these issues and ethical concerns around the extent of human genetic engineering of other species and ecosystems.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), from animals to plants and microorganisms.
Genetic engineering involves deliberately manipulating an organism's genes to produce a desired trait. It is done by transferring genes between organisms, such as inserting a gene from one species into a plasmid and introducing that plasmid into a host cell. Genetically modified foods have been produced since the 1990s and include soybeans, corn, canola, and tomatoes. While GM foods aim to create crops with advantages like pest resistance and increased yields, some argue they pose environmental and health risks.
Genetic engineering involves manipulating DNA to modify or add traits to organisms. Key techniques include isolating genes and inserting them into other species using tools like plasmids, biolistics, and transformation. This allows transferring traits between widely different species. Early applications included bacteria producing human insulin and chymosin for cheesemaking. Now many crops are engineered for traits like pest resistance and herbicide tolerance. Genetic engineering holds promise but also risks that require ethical guidelines to ensure its safe and responsible use.
Genetic engineers can alter the DNA of living organisms through techniques like selective breeding, recombinant DNA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and gel electrophoresis. Selective breeding has been used for thousands of years, while recombinant DNA was first used in the 1970s to combine DNA from different organisms. Genetically modified crops and animals can have benefits like increased disease resistance, higher yields, and the ability to produce human proteins, but they are also controversial. DNA analysis techniques like PCR and gel electrophoresis allow the unique identification of individuals for uses such as criminal investigations.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This allows genes from different species to be combined to produce novel traits like pesticide or herbicide resistance. While controversial, GMOs have potential benefits like increased crop yields from greater resistance to pests and diseases, requiring fewer agricultural chemicals. They may also have increased nutritional value by adding vitamins not found naturally in certain crops. GMOs could help ensure an adequate global food supply as the population grows dramatically in coming decades.
The document discusses various applications of genetic modification and cloning technologies:
- Scientists are developing genetically modified cabbage that produces scorpion toxin to deter caterpillars without harming humans.
- Researchers have bred cows that produce 25% less methane gas by identifying the bacterium responsible for methane production.
- Goats have been genetically engineered to produce spider silk protein in their milk for manufacturing strong biosteel material.
- South Korean scientists genetically modified cats to glow in the dark by inserting a fluorescent gene.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves inserting or deleting genes, usually from a different species, to give the organism modified or novel genes. GMOs have a variety of uses including agricultural crops that are resistant to herbicides or pests. Common genetically modified crops include soybeans, corn, and papaya. While GMOs can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, they remain a controversial application of biotechnology.
This document outlines a presentation on GMOs by Trixie Devine of GMO Free WV. The presentation defines GMOs and provides examples of genetically modified crops. It discusses potential health risks of GMOs like toxicity, mortality, growth defects, and infertility. Environmental risks mentioned include contaminating other crops, harming bees and other organisms, and creating "superweeds." The presentation recommends avoiding GMO ingredients and supporting companies working against GMOs. It shows a chart detailing company contributions against GMO labeling and concludes by taking questions.
Genetic engineering can help address problems like food shortages by developing crops resistant to threats. The Philippines faces a rice shortage due to black bug infestation. A company has developed weevil-resistant corn through genetic engineering that could help if planted there. However, genetic engineering also presents risks that must be considered, like potential health or environmental impacts, before pursuing this solution. Experts would need to evaluate what traits were modified in the corn, the benefits and risks of genetic engineering, and whether the benefits outweigh the risks.
The document discusses the benefits and risks of genetically modified foods, outlining the top genetically engineered crops which are soybeans, cotton, and corn. It explores the controversy around genetically modified foods in areas like regulatory policies, health effects on humans, and environmental and economic consequences. While genetically modified crops can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, there is uncertainty around their long term impacts on human health and the environment.
This document provides information about genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The document discusses how genetic engineering works by introducing DNA from other species. It then gives examples of common GMOs like Bt crops and Roundup Ready crops. The document also discusses debates around GMO safety and regulation. It concludes by discussing how genetically modified mosquitoes could help reduce diseases like malaria and how sterile insects were used to successfully eradicate screwworm flies in the southern US.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves combining DNA from different sources to create new genes, which are then transferred to an organism to give it modified or novel genes. GMOs have widespread applications in biological research, medicine, agriculture, and more. Some advantages of GMOs include higher crop yields, lower food prices, and using fewer pesticides. However, some disadvantages include possible harm to other organisms, cross-pollination with non-GMO plants, and concerns about risks to health and the environment. Views on GMOs are mixed, as some see benefits in addressing issues like hunger and malnutrition, while others have concerns about their effects.
Genetic engineering involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another. There are several methods for doing this, including coating the genes onto gold particles and firing them into cells, or delivering them via viruses or plasmids from bacteria. For example, the human gene for insulin can be inserted into bacteria via a plasmid. The bacteria are then allowed to reproduce to extract the insulin from the culture solution.
genetic engineering, principles, b pharma 6th sem, biotechnology
What is a gene ?
Definition
History
Process
Molecular tools of genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes
History of restriction enzyme
Mechanism of action
Types of restriction enzymes
Application of restriction enzymes
Blunt ends
Sticky ends
transgenic
cisgenic.
knockout organism.
Host organism vector
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
DOLLY THE SHIP
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
Transgenic organisms and methods of their production.Garima
This document provides an overview of transgenic organisms. It begins with definitions of key terms like transgene, genome, plasmid, and restriction enzyme. It then discusses the history of transgenic research, including the first genetically modified organism created in 1973 and the first transgenic animals. The main methods used to produce transgenic animals are described as DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Current applications of transgenic organisms are outlined, such as glowing fish and insects used for pest control. The document concludes by discussing the importance of transgenic organisms in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
DNA recombinant technology on insulin modificationaulia624292
This document provides information on various biotechnology tools and techniques, including:
- Restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, PCR, vectors, gene libraries, and DNA sequencing which were used in the Human Genome Project to map the human genome.
- Genetic engineering techniques like DNA cloning, transformation, and applications like disease diagnosis, gene therapy, and GMOs.
- Stem cell types and their potential medical uses.
- Genome sizes of various organisms and comparisons.
- Advantages and disadvantages of genetic modification in plants, animals, and medicine.
Genetically modified Organisms and FoodsBiochemistry
This document summarizes information about genetically modified organisms and foods. It discusses:
- The history of genetic engineering beginning in the 1970s with the first recombinant DNA molecule and transgenic animal.
- The multi-stage process of producing GMOs, including identifying genes of interest, creating recombinant DNA, and inserting the DNA into host cells.
- Both the advantages of GMOs, such as increased crop yields and disease resistance, and the disadvantages, which include risks to biodiversity and potential allergic reactions in humans.
- Examples of genetically modified plants, animals, and other applications like producing insulin and vaccines.
- The ongoing controversies around GMOs regarding their ethics, impacts, and whether they should
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering. This presentation discusses the history and production of GMOs, including bacteria, plants, crops, and animals. GMOs are used for scientific research, food production, and medicine. Modern biotechnology allows scientists to directly modify DNA, unlike traditional breeding which takes longer and produces mixed results. The first GMO was created in 1973 by modifying bacteria, and since then GMOs have been developed for various purposes like producing human proteins and medicines, enhancing crop traits, and creating disease-resistant livestock.
Biotechnology involves using organisms or their components to develop useful products. There are two main types: traditional biotechnology which uses techniques like fermentation and does not involve DNA manipulation, and modern biotechnology which uses recombinant DNA techniques and genetic engineering. Modern biotechnology allows for direct manipulation of genes and has led to products like genetically modified crops and diagnostic tests. The key steps in genetic engineering are extracting DNA from an organism, combining it with other DNA in a lab, inserting it into a host, and having the host express the new genes. Biotechnology has many agricultural and medical applications.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONStanz Ng
Recombinant DNA technology has had widespread global impacts. It has applications in medicine like producing insulin, vaccines, and cancer treatments. In agriculture, it has led to herbicide and insect resistant crops as well as efforts to engineer nitrogen-fixing plants. It also has uses in animal husbandry such as producing transgenic animals. Additional applications include DNA fingerprinting for forensics, producing monoclonal antibodies, and developing diagnostic tests and gene therapies. While offering benefits, it also raises ethical issues that require ongoing research and regulation.
DNA Technology 2 genetic engineering notesRobin Seamon
This document provides an overview of genetic engineering and biotechnology concepts through a series of slides. It discusses how DNA from different organisms can be spliced together, and how genetic engineering involves manipulating genes. Examples are given of inserting select genes into organisms to improve traits or have them mass produce certain proteins. The document also summarizes gene cloning techniques like PCR and discusses applications of genetic engineering in medicine, agriculture, and animal science. Ethical considerations around topics like patenting life forms and conducting safety research are also briefly outlined.
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating an organism's genes. It can be used to remove or insert genes through techniques like recombinant DNA and gene editing. The basics of genetics like genes, genomes, DNA, and chromosomes were discovered in the 1950s-1970s, allowing for genetic manipulation. The first genetically modified organisms were created in the 1970s, including mice and tobacco plants. Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry, but also raises ethical concerns. It is a complex field with great potential but also uncertainties.
This document provides an overview of biotechnology. It begins by defining biotechnology as using living things to make useful products. It then discusses the history and development of biotechnology. The document outlines several types of biotechnology including green (agriculture), red (medical), white (industrial), and blue (aquatic) biotechnology. It provides examples of how each type is used. The document also discusses uses of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture, environmental applications, cloning, and genetic testing. It defines key terms like bacterium and explains the process of DNA replication and how genes are transferred.
Chromosomes contain genes and carry genetic information in a linear sequence. Genes dictate traits by controlling protein synthesis through DNA's sequence of nitrogenous bases. DNA is a double helix of polynucleotides with four bases - A, T, G, C. Genetic technologies like the Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting, stem cell research and genetic engineering can help understand and manipulate genes to treat diseases. However, some techniques raise ethical concerns about safety, consent and commercialization.
1. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves combining DNA from different sources to create novel genes.
2. The history of GMOs began with the discovery of DNA and creation of the first recombinant bacteria in 1973. This led to both benefits from genetic engineering but also safety concerns.
3. GMOs can have advantages like increased yields, nutritional value, pest and disease resistance. However, there are also disadvantages like the risk of gene transfer to weeds and insects developing resistance over time.
1. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves combining DNA from different sources to create novel genes.
2. The history of GMOs began with the discovery of DNA and creation of the first recombinant bacteria in 1973. This led to both benefits like the production of human insulin as well as safety concerns.
3. GMOs offer both advantages like increased yields and nutritional value as well as disadvantages like the risk of gene transfer to weeds and insects developing resistance. The document discusses both pros and cons of GMOs in agriculture.
1. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves combining DNA from different sources to create novel genes.
2. The history of GMOs began with the discovery of DNA and creation of the first recombinant bacteria in 1973. This led to both benefits from genetic engineering but also safety concerns.
3. GMOs can have advantages like increased yields, nutritional value, pest and disease resistance. However, there are also disadvantages like the risk of gene transfer to weeds and insects developing resistance over time.
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. It involves transferring genes within and across species boundaries to produce novel organisms. The first recombinant DNA molecule was created in 1972 by combining DNA from different sources. Genetic engineering can be used to insert new genes into an organism's genome or remove existing genes. The first GMO was a bacterium created in 1973, and genetically engineered human insulin was produced in 1978. Genetic engineering has applications in research, medicine, industry, and agriculture.
Mutations and genetic engineering can alter genes. There are different types of mutations like point mutations, frameshift mutations, and chromosomal inversions that can cause genetic disorders. The Human Genome Project mapped gene sequences to aid in diagnosing and treating diseases. Genetic engineering techniques allow manipulating genes and include gene therapy, transgenic organisms, cloning, and other applications that could help cure diseases but also raise safety concerns if not properly addressed.
This document is a biology investigatory project on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) submitted by a student. It discusses the history of genetic engineering and breeding techniques used to create GMOs. It provides examples of how genetic modification occurs, such as using modified bacteria to introduce new DNA or using CRISPR to edit genes. The document explores applications of GMOs in agriculture and medicine as well as debates around whether GMOs are good or bad and their safety.
The document discusses different types of genetic mutations including point mutations, frame shift mutations, and chromosomal inversions. It also discusses genetic engineering techniques like genetic modification of organisms, gene therapy, cloning, and the potential benefits and concerns of transgenic engineering including creating more productive plants and animals or addressing human diseases. The Human Genome Project aims to map all human genes to better understand genetic diseases.
An effort to present information on GMOs in an easy to understand manner. The presentation covers the myths about GMOs and explains how sustainable and ecological systems must replace such dangerous technology. Please feel free to download/share to build public awareness.
Similar to Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) (20)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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2. OBJECTIVES:
• to further understand what is a genetically
modified organism and its example
• to fortify the fundamental concepts related to
genetics like DNA, genes and its types
• to comprehend the definition and methods of
genetic engineering
• to identify both the bright and dark side
genetically modified organism
4. WHAT ARE GMOS?
• According to the Institute for Responsible
Technology, A GMO (genetically modified
organism) is the result of a laboratory process
where genes from the DNA of one species are
extracted and artificially forced into the genes
an unrelated plant or animal. The foreign genes
may come from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals
or even humans. Because this involves the
transfer of genes, GMOs are also known as
“transgenic”
5. WHAT ARE GMOS?
•A genetically modified organism (GMO)
is an organism whose genetic material
has been altered using techniques in
genetics generally known as recombinant
DNA technology. Whereas, recombinant
DNA technology is the ability to combine
DNA molecules from different sources
the one molecule, according to Science
Daily.
6. II. REVIEW!T H E F U N D A M E N TA L C O N C E P T S O F
H U M A N B O D Y A N D G E N E T I C S
15. DNA
•Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is a double-helix
structure which is responsible for the main
blueprint of an organism’s physical (both
internal and external) characteristics. They
made up of nucleotides (phosphate group,
sugar and a base). The four bases are:
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine.
NOTE: A CHANGE IN THE DNA WILL CHANGE
EVERYTHING!
19. DNA
•Deoxy (means ‘no oxygen’) +
ribose are found in RNA, is a
"normal" sugar, withone oxygen
atom attached to each carbon
atom, according to Pearson.
20.
21.
22.
23. GENES
•In connection, genes are sequences or
strands of DNA, which determines a
certain trait. (I.e. skin, blood, hair, eye -
colour, shape or type)
•In contrast, an allele is a form of a gene,
which determines the specific trait. (I.e.
white skin, brown eyes, black hair, O
blood type, etc.)
24. GENES
•Genes are expressed in two types:
1) Phenotype and; 2) Genotype.
•The phenotype tells exactly the characteristic,
like ‘brown eyes’, but the genotype is a
portrayal of an organism’s phenotypic
characteristics through letters, such as ‘BB’,
‘Yy’, that are pre-identified through Gregor
Mendel’s Punnett Square Model.
27. WHAT IS A GMO?
•Wrapping up all these facts, Genetically
Modified Organisms are the organisms,
relating to microorganisms, plants,
animals, humans, being transfigured
through the extraction of a gene in the
DNA from other organisms, which were
transferred to them, which we call ‘genetic
engineering’.
30. METHODS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
•Because living organisms have
natural barriers to protect
themselves against the introduction
of DNA from a different species,
genetic engineers must force the
DNA from one organism into
another.
31. METHODS:
Their methods include:
• Using viruses or bacteria to “infect” animal or
plant cells with the new DNA.
• Coating DNA onto tiny metal pellets and
it with a special gun into the cells.
• Injecting the new DNA into fertilized eggs
a very fine needle.
• Using electric shocks to create holes in the
membrane covering sperm, and then forcing
the new DNA into the sperm through these
holes.
36. HISTORY
•Everything started first with selective
breeding of both plants and animals, and
humans became good at it, but they never
understood how it worked.
•Until, we discovered the code of life, DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid, which guides
growth, development, function and
reproduction of everything alive.
37. HISTORY
•Information is encoded in the DNA
structure. Four nucleotides are paired
and make up a code that carries
instructions, which guide the
development of organisms’ internal and
external instructions.
NOTE: If you changed the genetic code,
the organism’s physical structure will
eventually change!
38. HISTORY
•The discovery of the DNA by James
Watson and Francis Crick has become a
great milestone to the other genetic-
related discoveries.
•In the 1960’s, scientists bombarded
plants with radiation to cause random
mutation or change in the genetic code.
39. HISTORY
•In the 1970’s, scientists inserted DNA
snippets into bacteria, plants and animals
study and modify them for research,
medicine, agriculture and etc.
•Past 1974, the first genetically modified
animal, mice are considered a standard tool
for research, saving millions of lives.
•In the 1980’s, the first patent was given for a
microbe engineered to absorb oil.
41. HISTORY
•Today, we produce many chemicals by
means of engineering life, like life-saving
clothing factors, growth hormones and
insulin.
•The first food modified in the lab went
on sale in 1994, the Flavr Savr Tomato,
which has a longer shelf life, where a gene
is suppressing the production of rotting
enzyme.
43. HISTORY
•But, in the 1990’s, a brief threat in the human
engineering happened.
• To treat maternal infertility, babies were made
using a genetic material coming from 3
humans, making them to be the first humans to
to have three genetic parents.
•Now, there are super-muscled pigs,
Featherless chicken, fast-growing salmons
transparent frogs. On the other side, we’ve
made things glow in the dark.
49. HISTORY
•Looking to the future, through genetic
engineering, HIV, Cancer cells and other
genetic diseases and viruses might be
cured, there are hopes that babies can be
designed, and aging signs might be
reversed, and humans have this possibility
to spend more than a thousand years with
their loved ones.
51. ANSWER:
•In the field of medicine, genetically
modified insulins, as medical
applications are widely accepted.
•However, not the same norm goes with
food and agriculture.
53. ANSWER:
•Since the ancient period, until now, we
have been pre-modifying plants and
animals to increase their benefits to
humans, through simple breeding, which
changes automatically and naturally the
genetic code of an organism.
•So, how is it different with what the so-
called, ‘Genetically Modified Organism’ or
‘GMO’?
54. ANSWER:
•First, selective breeding is a happy-
go-lucky method, which in contrast
with genetic engineering. In genetic
engineering, we can choose the
we want. For example, you can make
fruits bigger and more immune to
pests.
56. ANSWER:
•The first objection of GMOs is what we call,
‘Gene Flow’, which means that GM plants
might get mixed with Non-GM plants, which
may cause unwanted characteristics.
• But, there is a method to avoid mixing GM
plants and Non-GM plants, which are
‘Terminator Seeds’, however it’s also a big ANTI-
FACTOR in pursuing GMOs, because it might
produce sterile plants, which may require
farmers to buy new seeds per year.
57. ANSWER:
•This factor resulted to a public protest
to stop this technology, but
unintentionally, seeds from GMO plants
carried by the air have been planted in
different locations or places.
59. ANSWER:
•GMO products, the moment they have
been produced widely, has been
checked and tested by multiple
agencies, which have concluded that
GMOs are safe to be eaten as non-
GMOs.
60. ANSWER:
•However, some plants have been engineered
to create toxic like BT crops, where the
scientists borrowed a gene from bacterium
‘Bacillus Thuringiensis’, which allows plants
produce a poisonous protein that can kill
pests. In this case, the plant makes its own
pesticide, and insects eat it and dies. Isn’t it
threatening? Pesticide sprays could be simply
washed off using water, but what if the
pesticide material is inside the crop?
61. ANSWER:
•But, nothing to worry because poison is
not a big deal and is just a question of
different perspectives. What’s harmless to
some species might kill another set of
species. Like coffee and chocolates, which
can be poisonous for insects and/or
animals, but harmless for us, humans,
unless if taken with no moderation, of
course.
62. ANSWER:
•On another approach, there are GMO plants
that are resistant to weed-killers, which may
help farmers to kill the weeds, without harming
the crop. But, on the dark side of this approach,
it is a big business for the pesticide industry.
•Mostly, all 90% of all cash crops in America are
herbicide-resistant, mostly to glyphosate. In
result, the use of glyphosate has increased.
63. ANSWER:
•Much of this criticism is for modern agriculture
and for business corporations that holds our
food supply and is only a matter of profit and
not life – sustenance, and that food is for
people and not for profits.
•In reality, GMO technology is an ally and not an
enemy, in helping to save and protect nature
and lessen its negative impacts in the
environment.
65. ANSWER:
•For example, in Bangladesh, eggplant
production is a major plant industry,
but harvests are destroyed by pests.
Hence, farmer rely on pesticides. Not
just that it is expensive, but it also
makes farmers sick frequently.
66. ANSWER:
•But, in the introduction of the
genetically modified eggplant during
the year 2013, this phenomenon has
stopped, which resulted to a dramatical
decrease of 80%, farmers’ health has
improved, and their income rose
intensely.
67. ANSWER:
•In some cases, GMO has been the only
option. During the attack of Ringspot
virus in Hawaiian papayas, a genetically
modified Hawaiian papaya has been
introduced, which has prevented the
Hawaiian papaya industry from
collapsing.
68. ANSWER:
•Now, the scientists have been working for a
GMO that will improve our diet, which they
target to produce plants that have more
nutrients, like a fruit with high-anti-oxidant
levels that help fight diseases or rice with
additional vitamins. (I.e. golden rice, purple
tomatoes), and plants resilient to climate
change and that can adapt to erratic weather
and various soil conditions, making them
resistant to droughts or floods.
69. ANSWER:
•Scientists are working on crops
which can filter the air from
nitrogen, like microbes. Nitrogen is
a common fertilizer, but it pollutes
the ground water and speeds up
climate change.
70. ANSWER:
•We can also modify plants
that are super-effective
collectors of carbon
dioxide, which can improve
the atmosphere and
reverse the effects of
climate change.