DNA replication is semi-conservative and involves several key enzymes. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the parental DNA, then RNA primase adds short RNA primers to each strand. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand in the 5' to 3' direction, with the leading strand synthesized continuously and the lagging strand synthesized discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together. The end result is two double-stranded DNA molecules that each contain one old and one new strand.
This presentation aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms and key players involved in intracellular transport, highlighting their significance in cellular processes. Overview of Cellular Organization: Briefly describe the different compartments of a eukaryotic cell, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and lysosomes. Emphasize that intracellular transport ensures the efficient distribution of components between these compartments.
This presentation aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms and key players involved in intracellular transport, highlighting their significance in cellular processes. Overview of Cellular Organization: Briefly describe the different compartments of a eukaryotic cell, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and lysosomes. Emphasize that intracellular transport ensures the efficient distribution of components between these compartments.
Antibiotics, anti cancers and chemotherapeutic are inhibitors of replication, transcription or translation of genetic codes.
In this slid I will write about some DNA replication inhibitors.
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model ORDanielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
Introduction
Enzyme involve of DNA repair
Types of DNA repair
direct DNA repair
excision repair system
mismatch repair system
Conclusion
Reference
DNA polymerase –a class of enzyme to all synthesize 5’ to 3’ direction of nucleotides.
DNA polymerase I – a class of enzyme 1st isolated by Escherichia coli, and function is removes of RNA primers ,during DNA replication.
Helicase- any of a group of enzyme that unwind the two strand of DNA to facilitate DNA replication.
Exonuclease – an enzyme capable of cutting phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides located at an end of a DNA strand .
Endonuclease – an enzyme capable of cleaving phosphodiester bonds between nucleotide located internally in a DNA strand .
DNA ligase – a enzyme that fill the gap of nucleotides.
Antibiotics, anti cancers and chemotherapeutic are inhibitors of replication, transcription or translation of genetic codes.
In this slid I will write about some DNA replication inhibitors.
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model ORDanielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
Introduction
Enzyme involve of DNA repair
Types of DNA repair
direct DNA repair
excision repair system
mismatch repair system
Conclusion
Reference
DNA polymerase –a class of enzyme to all synthesize 5’ to 3’ direction of nucleotides.
DNA polymerase I – a class of enzyme 1st isolated by Escherichia coli, and function is removes of RNA primers ,during DNA replication.
Helicase- any of a group of enzyme that unwind the two strand of DNA to facilitate DNA replication.
Exonuclease – an enzyme capable of cutting phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides located at an end of a DNA strand .
Endonuclease – an enzyme capable of cleaving phosphodiester bonds between nucleotide located internally in a DNA strand .
DNA ligase – a enzyme that fill the gap of nucleotides.
a presentation of DNA and the 4 key players or the enzymes that help the DNA to replicate it self
the primase, DNA helicase , DNA ribose and DNA ligase are the enzymes that help the process in DNA replication.
DNA is maintained in a compressed, supercoiled state.
But basis of replication is the formation of strands based on specific bases pairing with their complementary bases
DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.The separation of the two single strands of DNA creates a 'Y' shape called a replication 'fork'. The two separated strands will act as templates for making the new strands of DNA.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
12.2 Replication of DNA
1. 12.2 Replication of DNA
Learning Objectives:
1. Summarize the role of
enzymes involved in the
replication of DNA
2. Explain how leading and
lagging strands of DNA are
synthesized differently
2. Scientists have discovered that DNA was in fact
the genetic material AND the structure of
DNA.
BUT… they still did not know how it
replicated itself.
Watson and Crick speculated on how DNA
might replicate, but actual evidence came
from other’s experiments.
3. How is DNA copied?
• Replication of DNA
–base pairing suggests
that it will allow each
side to serve as a
template for a new
strand
“It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated
immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic
material.” — Watson & Crick
4. Models of DNA Replication
• Alternative models
– become experimental predictions
conservative semiconservative
Can you design
a nifty experiment
to verify?
dispersive
1
2
P
5. • Meselson & Stahl
– label “parent” nucleotides in DNA strands with
heavy nitrogen = 15
N
– label new nucleotides with lighter isotope = 14
N
“The Most Beautiful Experiment in Biology”
1958
parent replication
15
N parent
strands
15
N/15
N
Semiconservative replication
8. • The experiment
showed that DNA
replication was
Semiconservative.
• This means, the DNA
molecule splits and
each half gets
replicated, creating
strands that are half
old and half new.
9. Steps of DNA Replication
(background information)
First, some
background info…
#1. DNA is antiparallel
What does that mean?
• The DNA strands
run opposite of each
other.
10. Steps of DNA Replication
(background information)
#2. DNA can only be
replicated in the 5’
to 3’ direction.
– This means that
when the DNA splits,
it will be replicated in
opposite directions.
11. Steps of DNA Replication
Step 1: The enzyme
DNA Helicase
unwinds and unzips
the parent DNA
molecule.
12.
13. Steps of DNA Replication
Step 2: RNA primase (an enzyme) adds a
short segment of RNA, called an RNA
primer on each DNA strand. This gives
the DNA bases something to attach to
when they are laid down.
14. Steps of DNA Replication
Step 3: DNA polymerase (an enzyme)
adds appropriate nucleotides to the new
DNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
Notice that the
strands are being
replicated in the
opposite direction!
“antiparallel”
15. Steps of DNA Replication
Step 3 (continued):
The strands of DNA are being copied in
opposite directions.
• Leading Strand: Gets replicated in one
continuous piece.
• Lagging Strand: is replicated
discontinuously in small pieces called
Okazaki
Fragments.
16. Steps of DNA Replication
• Step 4: Each Okazaki Fragment on the
Lagging strand of DNA must be joined
together by an enzyme called Ligase.
17. End Product…
• Two complete DNA strands.
– Each strand is half new and half old
18. Cut to the Video…
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBmO_rmXxIw
19. Time for Questions!!!
Learning Objectives: Summarize the role of
enzymes involved in the replication of DNA.
Match the enzyme
with it’s function:
a. Helicase
b. Ligase
c. DNA Polymerase
d. RNA Polymerase
1. Joins Okazaki fragments
together
2. Unwinds and unzips the
parent DNA molecule
3. Adds short segments of RNA
primers to each DNA strand.
4. Adds the appropriate
nucleotides to the new DNA
strand.
20. Learning Objective 2: Explain how leading
and lagging strands of DNA are
synthesized differently.