Glandular system
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1. The document discusses the glandular system of insects, which is divided into exocrine glands (with ducts) and endocrine glands (without ducts). 2. It provides examples of 16 different exocrine glands in insects, including salivary glands, mandibular glands, maxillary glands, and stink glands, describing their secretions and functions. 3. It also lists 5 types of endocrine glands without ducts, such as neurosecretory cells, corpora cardiaca, and corpora allata, which secrete hormones that regulate various physiological processes.
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Techniques of cell cloning
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
Introduction
What is cloning?
Why we want to do cloning?
History
Technique of cell cloning
Dolly – the sheep
Species cloned
Why persue animal cloning research?
Conclusion
COCKROACH ( structural organization in animal) full pdf
Periplanata americana
morphology, sense organs
anatomy - digestive system
respiratory system
excretory system
nervous system
circulatory system
reproductive system
Useful for NEET 12 th
Mammals elisa
Mammals are a class of animals characterized by hair, mammary glands, and three middle ear bones. They reproduce through various methods including egg-laying, giving birth to underdeveloped young that develop further in pouches, and full gestation with nourishment from mothers via placentas. Mammals go through mating, fertilization, gestation, birth, growth to maturity, and have complex digestive systems. Examples described include cheetahs, opossums, and black bears.
Animal reproduction lecture 2
Dr. Ankesh bisla describe basics of the of animal reproduction for UPSC CSE which comes under veterinary optional subject & also discuss certain topics which are diagram of male reproductive tract , there functions & more.
Zoology 2 22-12
The document summarizes three types of worms: flatworms, tapeworms, and roundworms. Flatworms are bilateral and unsegmented with some having a primitive brain. Tapeworms are parasitic and can be very large, living in the intestines without digestive or nervous systems. Roundworms number in the thousands of species and can feed on decaying or living tissue. They are also bilateral and unsegmented.
1) Why does a fetal pig have anything in its intestine2) Are ther.pdf
1) Why does a fetal pig have anything in its intestine?
2) Are there any differences between the thyroid gland, thymus gland, and spleen in a male and
female pig? Breifly explain.
3) Do all members of the animal kingdom have a coelom? What is a coelom?
4) Is there a cause to the color of a fetal pigs intestines? Explain.
Solution
1). Fetal pig is used to study anatomy and physiology because it seems like similar to the
mamalian. gastrointestinal system of the fetal pig contain simliar structure as like mamalian. it
containing osephagous, stomuch, large intenstine.mesentries serve to connect the oragn. it gains
much needed nutrition from the mother by ambelical codes. other organ developing during fetal
development such as pancreas, gall blader, spleen are contributing in digestive system because it
eill produce digestive enzymes. so after digestion the solid waste remain inside in intenstine
though it will exerted which will sent back to the mother by embelical codes.
2.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is prresent around the trachea, nearer to the larynx. Left and right thyroid
glands are joined ventrally in pigs. The thyroid glands receive an abundant supply of blood from
which they are able to uptake iodine. Iodine is used for the synthesis of hormones which contain
three or four iodine moles or atom, triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine. Thyroid hormones
regulate metabolism and heat genaration in the body. few cells in the thyroid also produce the
calcitonin (Hormones)
Thymus gland
The thymus is a big gland, is located fronter to the heart and lateral extensions into the neck. The
thymus gland is made of lymphoidal tissue and has a important immunological function in
animals. The animal\'s immune system with which it protect itself against inactivating
microorganisms. there is significant difference between male and female thymus gland.
male thymus gland shows the secondary lobulation while female thymus glands shows the
simple lobules.
interlabulor septue were thin andshows less vascular in male pig as comare to them female pig
showed thick and highly vascular property.
medulla of the lobules shoews the hassels corpuscles in male pig. medulla shows isolated island
in the lobules in female pig.
medulla occpy larger area in male pif as compare to female pig.
no difference is shown in spleen of male pif and female pig.
3.Most of the animal kingdome has coelom. coelom mens hollow cavity, infect it the main cavity
shown in most animal and it is present inside in the body to surround and it contain digestive
part. it lines with mesodermal epithelium.
4.The colour of intenstine is slightly puple. it is due to the presence of mesnteries. mesenteries
are couple of transperant sheets with the petrineoum that suspended and support mechanical
strength to the visceral part of organ.purplish colour of the mesnteries is due to the
vascularization which include both veins and artery..
HUMAN REPRODUCTION .pptx class XII Biology
The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the main organs involved in both systems, including testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. It also outlines the processes of spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females, as well as fertilization and early embryonic development.
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The abdomen of insects has 11 segments plus a telson. Abdominal segments are called uromeres. The 8th and 9th segments in females and the 9th in males contain modified appendages used for reproduction. There are typically 8 pairs of spiracles on the first eight abdominal segments. Some insects have reductions in abdominal segments. Appendages on the abdomen include styli in wingless insects, tracheal gills in aquatic immature stages, cerci and ovipositors. Abdominal appendages exhibit diversity in form and function.
Lec. 17 Structure and functions of excretory system in insects.ppt
This document discusses the excretory system in insects. It notes that the main excretory organs in insects are the Malpighian tubules and the alimentary canal (rectum). The Malpighian tubules arise from the gut and remove nitrogenous waste from the body. Their structure varies between species but generally has an absorptive proximal region and secretory distal region. Terrestrial insects excrete waste as uric acid or urates while aquatic insects excrete ammonia. Other excretory functions are carried out by the integument, nephrocytes, fat bodies, oenocytes, and tracheal system.
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external genetalia and reproductive system, endocrine glands.pptx
external genetalia and reproductive system, endocrine glands.pptx
COCKROACH ( structural organization in animal) full pdf
COCKROACH ( structural organization in animal) full pdf
1) Why does a fetal pig have anything in its intestine2) Are ther.pdf
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Lec. 17 Structure and functions of excretory system in insects.ppt
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Taxonomy, principles and procedures
This document provides information on taxonomy, principles, procedures, nomenclature, and classification of insects. It discusses key figures in the development of biological classification such as Aristotle and Linnaeus. It describes the main categories and stages of taxonomy including alpha, beta, and gamma taxonomy. Classification is based on external structure, internal characters, developmental history, physiology, and cytogenetics. Binomial nomenclature using scientific names provides a standardized system for insect identification and classification.
Offense and defense behavior in insects
Insects exhibit several types of defense mechanisms including behavioral, structural, chemical, and colorational defenses. Behavioral defenses include jumping, reflex dropping, thanatosis, and threatening poses. Structural defenses include hardened exoskeletons, sclerotized cerci, raptorial legs, and tentacles. Chemical defenses can be endogenous like stink glands and poisonous setae, or exogenous like osmeteria. Colorational defenses include cryptic coloration, revealing coloration, and warning coloration like Batesian and Mullerian mimicry.
Tropism in insects & insect communication
This document discusses insect communication and interactions with plants. It covers how insects communicate through semiochemicals like pheromones, light production, sound production, and body language. Specific examples are provided, such as fig wasps and fig trees having a mutualistic relationship where the wasp pollinates the fig in exchange for food. Different types of pheromones are classified, including sex, aggregation, spacing, trail-marking, and alarm pheromones. The roles of light production and sound production in courtship and prey finding are also briefly explained.
Metamorphosis and immature stages in insects
1. The document discusses the different types of metamorphosis in insects including ametabola, paurometabola, hemimetabola, and holometabola. It also describes types of eggs laid by insects including sculptured, elongated, rounded, and those laid in groups like pedicellate eggs.
2. The types of larvae are described as oligopod, polypod, and apodous with subtypes under each. Pupa types include obtect pupae like chrysalises and tumblers, and exarate pupae. Coarctate pupae form a hardened puparium.
3. Cocoon materials and examples are listed including silken
Reproductive system
1. The document discusses the reproductive systems and types of reproduction in insects. It describes the female and male reproductive systems, including oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
2. There are different types of reproduction discussed, including oviparity, viviparity, and parthenogenesis. Viviparity includes ovoviviparity, pseudoplacental viviparity, haemocoelous viviparity, and adenotrophic viviparity.
3. Additional types discussed include polyembryony, where one egg produces multiple embryos, and paedogenesis, where reproduction occurs in immature life stages like larvae instead of adults.
Sense organs
The document discusses the different types of sense organs in insects, including mechanoreceptors, auditory receptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and photoreceptors. It provides examples of each type of sense organ and their functions, such as trichoid sensilla which detect touch, Johnston's organ which detects antennal movements, and compound eyes which allow insects to detect light, form, and color. The sensory organs help insects perform important functions like finding hosts, food, and mates as well as sensing their environment.
Nervous system
This document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system in insects. It describes the main components of individual nerve cells, including the cell body, axon, dendrites, and synaptic terminals. It then discusses the different types of neurons based on structure and function. Finally, it outlines the three main subsystems of the insect nervous system - the central nervous system, visceral nervous system, and peripheral nervous system - and describes their key components and roles in transmitting electrical and chemical signals throughout the body.
Circulatory system in insects
The circulatory system in insects consists of a simple dorsal vessel (heart) and open circulatory system. The dorsal vessel is a tubular structure composed of a single layer of contractile myocardial cells. It has openings called ostia that allow one-way flow of hemolymph into the heart. Contractions of the dorsal vessel pump hemolymph through the body. The ventral diaphragm and accessory pulsatile organs also aid circulation.
Hemolymph is the insect equivalent of blood and lymph. It is a fluid that contains ions, molecules, sugars, proteins and hemocytes (blood cells). The main functions of hemolymph are transport, protection, waste removal, thermal regulation and maintaining osm
Respiratory system
1. Insects rely on a branching tracheal system and spiracles to facilitate gas exchange. Oxygen enters through spiracles and passes through progressively smaller tracheae and tracheoles where gas exchange occurs. Carbon dioxide and water vapor move in the opposite direction.
2. The respiratory system is classified based on the number and location of functional spiracles. Examples include holopneustic (10 pairs), peripneustic (9 pairs), and hypopneustic (10 pairs with some non-functional).
3. Aquatic insects exchange gases through various specialized structures like gills, respiratory siphons, or plastrons that allow gas exchange through the cuticle while submerged.
Excretory system
The document discusses the excretory system of insects, which helps remove waste products and maintain homeostasis. The major excretory organ is the Malpighian tubules, a system of thin tubules that originate near the gut and remove nitrogenous wastes and regulate salt and water levels. In addition to the Malpighian tubules, other excretory organs include nephrocytes, fat bodies, oenocytes, the integument, tracheal system, and rectum, and insects employ strategies like uricotelism, ammonotelism, and storage excretion to efficiently remove wastes.
Types of insect wings
The document discusses the different types of insect wings including their structure, venation, and function. It describes 7 different wing types such as tegmina, elytra, hemelytra, and halteres. The document also covers wing coupling mechanisms like hamulate, amplexiform, and frenate coupling that allow the forewings and hindwings to work together during flight.
Types of insect mouthparts
1. Insects have different types of mouthparts depending on their feeding habits. The two main types are mandibulate, for feeding on solid food, and haustellate, for feeding on liquid food.
2. Examples of different mouthpart types include: biting and chewing (cockroaches, grasshoppers), piercing and sucking (plant bugs, mosquitoes), chewing and lapping (honey bees), rasping and sucking (thrips), mandibulosuctorial (antlion grubs), sponging (house flies), and siphoning (moths, butterflies).
3. Each mouthpart type is adapted to the insect's method of feeding, such as having
Types of insect heads and antennae
The document describes the different types of insect heads including hypognathous, prognathous, and opisthognathuos. It also outlines the various antenna morphologies such as setaceous, filiform, moniliform, and geniculate. Examples are provided for each head and antenna type among common insect orders.
Methods of insect collection, preservation, display and storage by Dr. T. Kri...
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1. The document discusses various methods for collecting, preserving, and displaying insect specimens. It describes different types of nets, traps, and other tools used to capture insects in the field.
2. It then explains the proper techniques for killing, relaxing, pinning, labeling, and storing collected insects. Various preservation methods are covered, including dry preservation, liquid preservation, setting, stretching, and blowing larvae specimens.
3. Storage and display options like storage boxes and Riker mounts are also outlined to help organize and present collected insect specimens for research, education, or hobby purposes. Proper documentation and care is emphasized to maintain specimen quality over time.Organisation of insect body by Dr. T. Krishna Chaitanya
1. The insect body is divided into three main regions - the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head contains the sensory organs, mouthparts, and brain. The thorax contains the legs and wings. The abdomen contains the digestive and reproductive organs.
2. The head is formed from the fusion of six segments and contains important structures like the compound eyes, antennae, and mouthparts. The thorax is composed of three segments that bear the legs and wings. The abdomen contains 9-11 segments with spiracles and genital structures.
3. Each body region contains sclerotized plates and membranes that make up the external skeleton. The appendages in each region have specific functions - sensory
Insect dominance by Dr. T. Krishna Chaitanya
1. Insects dominate due to several structural, morphological, and physiological advantages over other organisms. These include their ability to fly, adaptability, small size, exoskeleton made of chitin, resistance to desiccation through specialized respiratory and reproductive systems, and high reproductive potential.
2. Insects have specialized respiratory systems like tracheae that directly transfer oxygen to tissues and spiracles that control air intake and water loss.
3. Insects have high reproductive potential through short lifecycles, high fecundity, and specialized reproductive modes like parthenogenesis, polyembryony, and paedogenesis that do not require mating.
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Glandular system
- 1. 1 Dr. T. KRISHNA CHAITANYA Assistant Professor (Agricultural Entomology) School of Agricultural Science & Technology, NMIMS, Shirpur ENTO 131 - Fundamentals of Entomology (3+1)
- 3. • Glandular system is otherwise called as secretary system and is divided in to two major groups based on the presence or absence of ducts. A. Exocrine glands (glands with duct) B. Endocrine glands (glands without duct) 3
- 4. 1. Salivary glands: Salivary glands are modified labial glands which secrete saliva and open beneath hypopharynx. 4
- 5. 2. Mandibular glands: Secrete saliva in caterpillars when salivary glands are modified into silk glands. In queen bee it secretes queen substance. 5
- 6. 3. Maxillary glands: Secretions are useful to lubricate mouth parts. 6
- 7. 4. Pharyngeal glands: Secrete bee milk or royal jelly in nurse bee. 7
- 8. 5. Frontal glands: Secrete sticky defensive fluid in nasute termites. 8
- 9. 6. Setal glands: Glandular seta (Scoli) secrete irritant fluid in hairy/slug caterpillar. 9
- 10. 10 7. Tenant hairs: Secrete sticky fluid found in pulvilli of legs and helps in ceiling walking in house flies.
- 11. 8. Moulting glands: Modified glandular epidermal cells, secrete moulting fluid necessary for moulting 11
- 12. 9. Stink glands (Repugnatorial glands): Secrete bad smelling substance. e.g. Stink bugs, bed bugs. 12
- 13. 10. Osmeteria (Forked gland): Eversible gland in the head of Papilionid larva with defense function. e.g. Citrus butterfly larva. 13
- 14. 11. Androconia (Scented scales): Secretions of glandular scales of male pierid butterflies to attract the opposite sex. 14
- 15. 12. Pheromone glands: Found in abdominal terminalia of one sex and its secretions are released outside to attract opposite sex of the same species. 15
- 16. 13. Wax glands: Dermal glands producing wax in bees and mealy bugs. 16
- 17. 14. Sting glands: Modified accessory glands secreting venom in worker bees and wasps. 17
- 18. 15. Lac glands: Dermal glands secreting resinous substances in lac insect. 18
- 19. 16. Milk glands: Modified accessory gland nourishing larva developing in uterus. e.g. Sheep ked. 19
- 20. B. Endocrine glands (glands without duct): 1. Neurosecretory cells (Brain hormone or bursicon, Prothoracicotrophic, Gonadotrophic, diuretic, hyperglycemic 2. Corpora cardiac – Neurohaemal organs 3. Corpora allata – Juvenile hormone or Neotenin 4. Prothoracic glands – Ecdysone or Moulting Hormone 5. Weismann's ring 20
- 21. 21
- 22. 22
- 23. 23