Dr. Ankesh bisla describe basics of the of animal reproduction for UPSC CSE which comes under veterinary optional subject & also discuss certain topics which are diagram of male reproductive tract , there functions & more.
4. TOPICS UNDER ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
1. Semen quality—Preservation and Artificial Insemination
2. Components of semen
3. Composition of spermatozoa
4. Chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen
5. Factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro.
6. Factors affecting semen production and quality
7. Semen preservation
8. Composition of diluents
9. Sperm concentration, Transport of diluted semen
10. Deep freezing techniques in cows, sheep, goats, swine and poultry.
11. Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception.
12. Infertility ( Anoestrus and repeat breeding )
6. Andrology → It means study of the health of the male reproductive system.
Gynaecology → It means study of the health of the female reproductive system.
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual
Sexual
Sexual reproduction → Combination of a sperm & egg in a process k/a Fertilization.
7. CLEAR VIEW IN MIND – Male reproductive tract & Organs
12. 1) Scrotum & Testes
Skin of Scrotum Testes
• Thermoregulation of Testes
• Functions of Testes
• Contain sebaceous & sweat glands
• Relaxation of skin of scrotum during
summer for evaporation
14. Thermoregulation of testes
For optimum production of spermatozoa temp. of
testes should be atleast 2-5°C lower than body
temperature.
1. Scrotal skin lacks s/c fat
2. Scrotal skin is richly sppilied by sweat glands
3. Cremastor & Dartos muscle – contract during
winter & relaxe during summer
4. Highly convoluted Testicular artery also k/a
internal spermatic artery become entangle with
pampiniform plexus thus arterial blood cooldown
by testicular venous blood.
15. Functions of the Testes
• Production of Testosterone from form interstitial cells / Leydig”s cells present in
b/w thee seminiferous tubules.(endocrine fun.)
• Spermatogonia →→via cell division→→spermatozoa(exocrine fucntion)
• “Blood Testes Barrier” protect the germinal epithelium from immunological
changes.
16. Function of the epididymis(Head ,Body ,Tail )
1. ABSORBTION → of fluid made by testes ( cauda epididymis )
2. SECRETION → to maintain sperm viability
3. MATURATION → migration of cytoplasmic droplet from neck to middle piece lead to high
motility & fertilizing ability.
4. TRANSPORTATION → ciliated epithelium & peristaltic movement of muscle fibres
5. STORAGE → contain nearly 50% of the extragonadal sperms.
Word TRICK → AS MTS or STORY
17. VAS Deferens path
Caudal epididymis
↓
convoluted at distal end of epididymis
↓
run parallel to body of epididymis
↓
Run in inguinal region along with spermatic cord
↓
leave spermatic cord in abdominal cavity
↓
enlarges at terminal end k/a Ampulla
↓
open in cranial portion of pelvic urethra via round prominence k/a seminalis colliculis
NOTE#
Dogs & cats don’t have ampulla
18. Urethra
• Common passage for transportation of URINE & SEMEN.
NOTE#
These glands are present in human.
Absent in Bull & Stallion
21. Accessory sex glands
1) SEMINAL VESICLES
2) PROSTATE GLAND
3) BULBOURETHRAL OR Cowper”s gland
22. Seminal vesicles (vesicular glands)
Location
Paired accessory sex glands
Located cranial & lateral to the ampullae
Opens into the seminais colliculis i.e. common orifice for vas deferens & sem. vesicle
Nature of secretion → vesicular secretion are alkaline if comare to prostate secretion.
Functions : Add Volume → make upto 50% of semen ejaculate
Buffer → potassium bicarbonate
Nutrition → fructose , protein
Secretion contain → fructose , protein , potassium bicarbonate , ascorbic acid , citric acid , soluble phosphate &
several enzymes
Note#
In bull secretion of this gland is yellow due to Riboflavin.
These glands are absent in dogs & cat
23. Prostate glands
Location → cranial portion of pelvic urethra
In bull it has 2 parts → pars propria & pars disseminate
Nature of Secretion → acidic if compare to vesicular secretion.
Secretion contain → Zn , Glycolytic enzyme , proteinases
NOTE#
In Dogs , PH of prostate fluid→ 6.5
In canine prostate fluid concetration of Zn is High
24. Bulbourethral Glands
• Paired glands
• Located on either side of pelvic urethra near ischial arch
• Function → In bull dribbling seen before mounting secretes from
prostate & cowper”s glands which delete harmful substance if present
in urethra & make way clear for semen.
NOTE#
In Boar cowper”S gland is essential for gel formation in semen.
